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Joseph Halévy, Racial Scholarship and the âSumerian Problemâ
in Philological EncountersSearch for other papers by Netanel Anor in
Current site
Google Scholar
This article deals with the different racial approaches that influenced the academic debate known as âThe Sumerian problemâ. The so-called âproblemâ under discussion was the racial affiliation of the inventors of the first writing system, the cuneiform script. The notion of âraceâ, which tied religion, language and culture into one essence, played a key role here. Some scholars were eager to prove the ânon-Semitic characterâ of such a major invention. Others were convinced that only âSemitesâ inhabited ancient Babylonia and thus were the only possible inventors of writing. The focus of this paper is Joseph Halévy, who was the determined leader of the âanti-Sumeristâ camp. This article will show that Halévy shared many essentialist views with his anti-Semitic protagonists. He did this by applying a âpro-Semiticâ approach to the âSumerian-problemâ.
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Abrahami Phillipe Lyon Brigitte & Michel Cécile âUn système dâidéogrammes: âSumérien ou rien?ââ Hisoires de dÄhiffrements 2009 Paris Ãdition Errance 111 128
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Baumgarten Jean âJules Oppert et la naissance de lâassyriologieâ Histoire Ãpistémologie Langage 2001 23 2 77 99
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Benes Tuska In Babelâs Shadow: Language, Philology, and Nation in Nineteenth-Century Germany 2008 Detroit Wayne State University Press
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Bernal Martin Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization 1987 New Brunswick, N.J. Rutgers University Press
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Byrnes Robert Francis Antisemitism in Modern France, Volume I: The prologue to the Dreyfus Affair 1950 New Brunswick, N.J. Rutgers University Press
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Carena Omar History of the Near Eastern Historiography and its Problems: 1852-1985, Part One: 1852-1945 1989 Kavelaer Butzon u. Bercker
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Cathcart Kevin J. âThe Earliest Contributions to the Decipherment of Sumerian and Akkadianâ Cuneiform Digital Library Journal 2011 1 1 12 http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlj/2011/cdlj2011_001.html.
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Cooper Jerrold S. âPosing the Sumerian Question: Race and Scholarship in the Early History of Assyriologyâ Aula Orientalis 1991 9 47 66
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Halévy Joseph âObservations Critiques sur les Prétendus Touraniens de la Babylonieâ Journal Asiatique 1874 June 7 3 461 536
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Halévy Joseph La prétendue langue dâAccad: est-elle touranienne? 1875 Paris Ernest Leroux
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Halévy Joseph La nouvelle évolution de lâAccadisme 1876 Paris Ernest Leroux
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Halévy Joseph Documents Religieux de lâAssyrie et de la Babylonie 1882 Paris Maisonneuve
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Halévy Joseph Précis dâallographie Assyro-Babylonienne 1912 Paris Ernest Leroux
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Hincks Edward âOn the Khorsabad Inscriptionsâ Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy 1850 22 3 72
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Jones Tom B. The Sumerian Problem 1969 New-York Wiley
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Larsen Mogens Trolle. The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land, 1840-1860 1996 London Routledge
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Lehmann Reinhard G. Friedrich Delitzsch und der Babel-Bibel-Streit 1994 Freiburg (Schweitz) Universitäts Verlag Freiburg Schweitz
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Lenormant François Ãtudes accadiennes 1873 Paris Maisonneuve
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Lenormant François La langue primitive de la Chaldée et les idiomes touraniens: étude de philologie et dâhistoire suivie dâun glossaire accadien 1875 Paris Maisonneuve
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Mangold Sabine âEine weltbürgerliche Wissenschaftâ Die deutsche Orientalistik im 19. Jahrhundert 2004 Stuttgart Franz Steiner Verlag
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Marchand Suzanne L. German Orientalism in the Age of Empire: Religion, Race, and Scholarship 2009 Cambridge Cambridge University Press
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Marasal Erika âThe beginnings of Sumerology (i): From Early Sketches to a First Complete Grammarâ Aula Orientalis 2014 32 2 283 297
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Mosse George L. Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism 1985 Madison University of Wisconsin Press
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Olender Maurice Les langues du Paradis: Aryens et Sémites, un couple providentiel 1989 Paris Le Seuil
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Oppert Jules âSumérien ou rien?â Journal Asiatique 1875 May-June 8 1 442 500
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Poliakov Léon Le mythe aryen: essai sur les sources du racisme et des nationalismes 1971 Paris Calmann Lévy
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Polotsky Hans Jakob âHalevy Josephâ Encyclopedia Judaica 1971 Vol. 7 Jerusalem Keter 1185 1186
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Renan Ernest De la part des peuples sémitiques dans lâhistoire de la civilisation 1862 Paris Michel Lévy, frères
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Renan Ernest Histoire du peuple dâIsraël 1887 Paris Calmann Lévy
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Roaf Micheal Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East 1990 Oxford Andromeda
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Said Edward Orientalism 1978 New-York Pantheon Books
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Schrader Eberhard Höllenfahrt der Istar: Ein altbabylonisches Epos 1874 Giessen J. Rickersche Buchhandlung
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Schrader Eberhard âIst das Akkadische der Keilschriften eine Sprache oder eine Schrift?â Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 1875 29 1 52
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Shavit Yaacov & Eran Mordechai The Hebrew Bible Reborn: From Holy Scripture to the Book of Books; A History of Biblical Culture and the Battles over the Bible in Modern Judaism 2007 Berlin, New-York Walter De Gruyter
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×ר×ת×, ש×××. ש×××©× ×©×§××× ×××-×××××. ×ר×ש×××: ×× ×צ×ק ××-צ××, תש×"×.
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× ×ª× ×סר××, "××××¢ ×× × ×¡×¢ ×××-××× ××××? ×ש×ר××××××, פ××××××§× ×תר××ת ×××× ×-19 ×××××× ×××× ×-20." קשת ××××©× 13 (סת×× ×ª×©×¡"×): 149-163.
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×××ר ×¢××××, "×¢×צ×× ×××¨× ×©× ××סף ××××." פע××× 100 (תשס"×): 73-89.
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ס×××× ×§×¤××, "××סף ××××- ×סע ×××ש ×××××× ×פ×ש××- ×ק××× ××ער×ת." "פע××× 58 .(×ª×©× "×): 5-66
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3
Edward Said, Orientalism (New-York: Pantheon Books, 1978), 42.
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5
Maurice Olender, Les langues du Paradis: Aryens et Sémites, un couple providentiel (Paris: Le Seuil, 1989), 14.
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6
Ibid., 20-23. See also a more recent account of the role of these scholars in the construction of a racial world history on the basis of language by Tuska Benes, In Babelâs Shadow: Language, Philology, and Nation in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2008), especially 207-250.
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9
See, for example: Micheal Roaf, Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East (Oxford: Andromeda, 1990), 152-153.
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18
Edward Hincks, âOn the Khorsabad Inscriptionsâ, Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy 22 (1850): 57, 65.
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23
François Lenormant, Ãtudes Accadiennes (Paris: Maisonneuve, 1873). For a recent history of the study of the Sumerian language, see Erika Marasal, âThe beginnings of Sumerology (i) From Early Sketches to a First Complete Grammarâ, Aula Orientalis 32/2: 283-297. See pp. 285-89 on the role of Lenormant and Oppert in this enterprise. See p. 289 and 291 for the mention of Halévyâs thesis.
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29
Joseph Halévy, âObservations Critiques sur les Prétendus Touraniens de la Babylonieâ, Journal Asiatique 7:3 (June 1874): 461-536.
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30
Ibid., 534.
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31
Ibid., 535.
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34
Joseph Halévy, La prétendue langue dâAccad: est-elle touranienne? (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1875).
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35
Ibid., 13.
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37
Ibid., 31.
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38
Ibid., 31.
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42
Eberhard Schrader, Höllenfahrt der Istar: Ein altbabylonisches Epos (Giessen: J. Rickersche Buchhandlung, 1874), 58.
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43
Ibid., 58-59. See also his paraphrase of this idea, almost in the same words, in his answer to Halévy: Eberhard Schrader, âIst das Akkadische der Keilschriften eine Sprache oder eine Schrift?â Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 29 (1875): 50.
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46
Joseph Halévy, La nouvelle évolution de lâAccadisme (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1875).
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47
Ibid., 3.
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58
George L. Mosse, Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985), 52 ff.
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59
Léon Poliakov, Le mythe aryen: essai sur les sources du racisme et des nationalismes (Paris: Calmann Lévy, 1971), 266.
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60
Ibid., 264.
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68
Ernest Renan, De la part des peuples sémitiques dans lâhistoire de la civilisation (Paris: Michel Lévy, frères, 1862).
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70
Renan, De la part des peuples sémitiques, 10-12.
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71
Ibid., 14-16.
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74
Joseph Halévy, La nouvelle évolution de lâAccadisme (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1876): 4.
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77
Ibid., 11-13. This argument appears to be Halévyâs way of affirming the rabbinic literary topos of the patriarch Abraham coming from a polytheistic background, and only then adopting monotheism. To cite only the most famous example for this topos, found in the Haggadah and read by Jews at least once a year in Passover eve: ×ִתְּ×Ö´×Ö¸Ö¼× ×¢×Ö¹×Ö°×Öµ× ×¢Ö²××Ö¹×Ö¸× ×Ö¸×¨Ö¸× ×Ö¸××Ö¼ ×Ö²××ֹתֵ×× ×Ö¼, ×Ö°×¢Ö·×ְשָ××× ×§Öµ×¨Ö°×Ö¸× ×Ö¼ ×Ö·×ָּק×Ö¹× ×Ö·×¢Ö²×Ö¹×ָת×Ö¹. âIn the beginning our fathers served idols; but now the Omnipresent One has brought us close to His serviceâ.
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80
See Ibid., 10.
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Joseph Halévy, Racial Scholarship and the âSumerian Problemâ
in Philological EncountersSearch for other papers by Netanel Anor in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
This article deals with the different racial approaches that influenced the academic debate known as âThe Sumerian problemâ. The so-called âproblemâ under discussion was the racial affiliation of the inventors of the first writing system, the cuneiform script. The notion of âraceâ, which tied religion, language and culture into one essence, played a key role here. Some scholars were eager to prove the ânon-Semitic characterâ of such a major invention. Others were convinced that only âSemitesâ inhabited ancient Babylonia and thus were the only possible inventors of writing. The focus of this paper is Joseph Halévy, who was the determined leader of the âanti-Sumeristâ camp. This article will show that Halévy shared many essentialist views with his anti-Semitic protagonists. He did this by applying a âpro-Semiticâ approach to the âSumerian-problemâ.
| Insgesamt | Letzte 365 Tage | In den letzten 30 Tagen | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aufrufe von Kurzbeschreibungen | 355 | 0 | 0 |
| Gesamttextansichten | 4753 | 279 | 31 |
| PDF-Downloads | 2156 | 242 | 14 |
