1 See my articles on "The Vocalism of Sino-Tibetan", Journ. Amer. Or. Soc. 60 (1940), 302-337; 61 (1941), 18-31, and "Problems in Sino-Tibetan Phonetics", JAOS 64 (1944), 137-143 for medial vowels and final consonants and vowels; "Phonetique compar6c de quelques prefixes simples en sino-tibétain", Bull. Soc. Ling. Paris 46 (1950), fasc. x, pp. 144-171 for prefixes; and "The Initials of Sino-Tibetan", JAOS 70 (19S0), 96-103, and "Equations for Some Sino-Tibetan Initials", JAOS (at press) for initials. 2 Bernhard Karlgren practically worked out the phonetic equations for the principal Chinese dialects when he established the reconstruction of Ancient Chinese in his Etudes sur la phonologie chinois (Archives d'fitudes Orientales, v. 15), 1915, followed by his Analytic Dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese, Paris, 1933, and Grammata Serica, Stockholm, 1940. See also Henri Maspero, "Le dialecte de Tch'ang-ngan sous les T'ang", BEFEO zo (1920), no. 2. Work on the Daic languages was carried on by Maspero in his "Contribution 1'etude du système phonétique des langues thai", BEFEO II (1911), by K. Wulff in "Chinesisch und Tai sprachver- gleichende Untersuchungen", Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Hist.-filolog. meddelelset, v. 20, pt. 3

1 Dwags is spoken in an area along the Gtsan-po or south of that river, and southeast of Lhasa. The area in which the dialect is spoken has not been precisely defined, but on the better of the older atlases one will find Tak-po, and on the map at the end of F. W. Thomas' Nam (London, 1948) is Dwags-po. I For Tibeto-Burmic *ar�a > O. B. o, see "Vocalism" (p. 348 n. i above), Table io, p. 336. 1 Archaic Bodish gtgcig. z -tig "one" (in "eleven"). b 0. B. -e > R. -i. Old Bodish -n is a suffix used especially with adjectives. It is rather late and is not used with native Rgyarong words. Its use in Dwags is one indication of the close relationship of Dwags to Old Bodish. I The fullest account of Rgyarong morphology so far published is that by Kin P'eng, "Etude sur le Jyarung, dialecte de Tsa-kou-nao", Han Hiue, Bulletin du Centre d'Études S4nologiques de Pdkin 3 (Peking, 1949), fasc. 3 and 4, pp. 211-310. Although the analysis of the morphology is far from complete, the use of certain prefixes, as kV- and tV-, seems to be most nearly paralleled in some Kukish languages of the Naga Hills. In contrast, Dwags seems to use about the same particles as other Bodish dialects, perhaps in a slightly different way.

1 The number is the entry number in Bernhard Karlgren's Analytic Dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese (Paris, 1933). 3 Sources: B(rian) H(oughton) Hodgson, "Sifan and Horsok Vocabularies", JASB 22 (1853), 117-151; George Campbell, Specimens of the Languages of India ... (Calcutta, 1874). Abbreviations: Bur., Burmese; C, Campbell; D., Dwags; H, Hodgson; K., Kukish (all Kukish forms are reconstructions, hence the asterisk has been omitted); n., noun; O. B., Old Bodish; pf., perfect. 3 For *-u � -i, see Final Vowel below.

1 Perhaps a diminutive in -e; but see p. 354 n. i. I For *-u > i, see Final Vowels below. 3 See "Phonetique" (p. 348 n. i above). I Dialectically dative.

1 This seems to be the rule. But corresponding to 0. B. rta "horse", both Hodgson and Campbell give D. te, but Campbell ta-la "on a horse". Also note O. B. zla-ba "moon", D. le (H), la (C). And perhaps O. 13. rna-ba blag-pa "listen", D. ne-blap ear (H, C) (-blap < blag-pa? Or is it D. blap "leaf" ?). Possibly Dwags a approaches ä and hence some fluctuation between a and e in recording. 2 In Dwags gyet eight (0. B. brgyad), the -e- is probably due to the fronting effect of the prece- ding y and the following dental.