In this article, I discuss the legacy of Faḫr al-DÄ«n al-RÄzÄ«âs commentary on Avicennaâs Canon of Medicine in Islamic medical commentary after 1100. I argue that Faḫr al-DÄ«nâs legacy lies in the exegetical practices, the method of verification (taḥqÄ«q) he introduced into Islamic medical scholarship through his commentary on the Canon. I first argue that the features that characterise the method of verification in works such as Faḫr al-DÄ«nâs commentary on Avicennaâs Pointers and Reminders are present in the commentary on the Canon, even if Faḫr al-DÄ«nâs introduction to the latter work does not allude to these practices in the way that the introductions to his later works do. Based on an analysis of Galenâs prescription about exegetical best-practice in his Hippocratic commentaries and Muḥammad ibn ZakarÄ«yÄ al-RÄzÄ«âs (d. ca. 925) introduction to Doubts on Galen, I argue next that Faḫr al-DÄ«nâs introduction of the verification method into the Islamic medical discourse was a watershed moment in the tradition. I use Ibn al-Quffâs (d. 1286) commentary on the Hippocratic Aphorisms to show how these methods were imitated by later medical commentators. This final section illustrates the enormous exegetical interest that the Canon of Medicine attracted, suggesting other promising trajectories for research into Faḫr al-DÄ«nâs medical legacy.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Galen. TafsÄ«r ǦÄlÄ«nÅ«s li-kitÄb AfÄ«dÄ«miyÄ bi-tarǧama Ḥunayn b. IsḥÄq. Madrid, Escorial Library, MS arabe 805.
al-RÄzÄ«, Faḫr al-DÄ«n. Å arḥ al-KullÄ«yÄt. Gotha, Forschungs- und Landesbibliothek, MS or. 1916.
al-RÄzÄ«, Faḫr al-DÄ«n. Å arḥ al-KullÄ«yÄt. Konya, Yusuf AÄa, MS 4980.
al-RÄzÄ«, Faḫr al-DÄ«n. Å arḥ al-KullÄ«yÄt. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Arch. Seldon A 64.
al-RÄzÄ«, Faḫr al-DÄ«n. Å arḥ al-KullÄ«yÄt. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS hebr. 1208.
AltaÅ, EÅref. âFahreddin er-Râzîânin Eserlerinin Kronolojisi.â In Islâm DüÅüncesinin Dönüṣüm ÃaÄında Fahreddin er-Râzî. Ed. by Ãmer Türker and Osman Demir. Istanbul: ISAM, 2011, 91â164.
Avicenna. Avicennaâs De Anima. Ed. by Fazlur Rahman. London: Oxford University Press, 1959.
Avicenna. Al-QÄnÅ«n fÄ« l-á¹ibb. Ed. by QÄsim M. Raǧab, 3 vols. Baghdad: DÄr al-muṯannÄ, ca. 1970.
Barnes, Jonathan. âMetacommentary.â In Method and Metaphysics: Essays in Ancient Philosophy I. Ed. by Maddalena Bonelli. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, 195â210.
Brockelmann, Carl. Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur. 2 vols. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1943â49. 3 Supplement vols. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1937â42.
De Lacy, Phillip H. âGalenâs Concept of Continuity.â Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 20 (1979): 355â69.
Dietrich, Albert. Medicinalia Arabica: Studien über arabische medizinische Handschriften in türkischen und syrischen Bibliotheken. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1966.
Dols, Michael. Majnūn: The Madman in Medieval Islamic Society. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.
Dozy, Reinhard. Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes, 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1881.
El-Rouayheb, Khaled. âOpening the Gate of Verification: The Forgotten Arab-Islamic Florescence of the 17th Century.â International Journal of Middle East Studies 38 (2006): 263â81.
El-Rouayheb, Khaled. Relational Syllogisms and the History of Arabic Logic, 900â1900. Leiden: Brill, 2010.
El-Rouayheb, Khaled. Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century: Scholarly Currents in the Ottoman Empire and the Maghreb. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Endress, Gerhard. âReading Avicenna in the Madrasa: Intellectual Genealogies and Chains of Transmission of Philosophy and the Sciences in the Islamic East.â In Arabic Theology, Arabic Philosophy. From the Many to the One: Essays in Celebration of Richard M. Frank. Ed. by James E. Montgomery. Lueven: Peeters, 2006, 371â423.
Fancy, Nahyan. âMedical Commentaries: A Preliminary Examination of Ibn al-NafÄ«sâs Shurūḥ, the MÅ«jaz and Commentaries on the MÅ«jaz.â Oriens 41 (2013): 525â45.
Fancy, Nahyan. Science and Religion in Mamluk Egypt: Ibn al-Nafīs, Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection. New York: Routledge, 2013.
Fancy, Nahyan. âWomb Heat versus Sperm Heat: Hippocrates against Galen and Ibn SÄ«nÄ in Ibn al-NafÄ«sâs Commentaries.â Oriens 45 (2017): 150â75.
Flemming, Rebecca. âCommentary.â In The Cambridge Companion to Galen. Ed. by Richard J. Hankinson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, 323â54.
Freytag, Georg W. Lexicon Arabico-Latinum. Hallis Saxonum: C.A. Schwetschke & Sons, 1830â37.
GAL/GAL S. S. Brockelmann. Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur.
Galen. Galeni Opera Omnia. Ed. by Carolus Gottlob Kühn, 20 vols. Leipzig: Libraria Caroli Cnoblichii, 1821â33.
Galen. Galeni In Hippocratis Epidemiarum librum I commentaria III. Ed. by Ernst Wenkebach and transl. by Franz Pfaff. CMG, vol. 10.1. Berlin: Academy of the Sciences, 1934.
Galen. Galeni In Hippocratis Epidemiarum librum VI commentaria IâVI. Ed. by Ernst Wenkebach and transl. by Franz Pfaff. CMG, vol. 10.2.2. Berlin: Academy of the Sciences, 1956.
Galen. Galeni De praecognitione. Ed. by Vivian Nutton. CMG, vol. 8.1. Berlin: Academy of the Sciences, 1979.
Galen. Galeni In Hippocratis Epidemiarum Librum I Commentariorum IâIII, CMG Suppl. Or., vol 1. Ed. by Uwe Vagelpohl. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2014.
Galen. al-MaqÄla al-ṯÄnÄ«ya min Å arḥ ǦÄlÄ«nÅ«s li-Fuṣūl AbuqrÄá¹ bi-tarǧama Ḥunayn b. IsḥÄq. Ed. by Peter Pormann, Kamran Karimullah, Nicola Carpentieri, Taro Mimura, Emily Selove, Aileen Das, Hammood Obaid. Manchester: University of Manchester, 2017. DOI: 10.3927/51689327.
Galen. al-MaqÄla al-ṯÄliṯa min Å arḥ ǦÄlÄ«nÅ«s li-Fuṣūl AbuqrÄá¹ bi-tarǧama Ḥunayn b. IsḥÄq. Ed. by Peter Pormann, Kamran Karimullah, Nicola Carpentieri, Taro Mimura, Emily Selove, Aileen Das, Hammood Obaid. Manchester: University of Manchester, 2017. DOI: 10.3927/51689446.
Galen. al-MaqÄla ar-rÄbiÊ¿a min Å arḥ ǦÄlÄ«nÅ«s li-Fuṣūl AbuqrÄá¹ bi-tarǧama Ḥunayn b. IsḥÄq. Ed. by Peter Pormann, Kamran Karimullah, Nicola Carpentieri, Taro Mimura, Emily Selove, Aileen Das, Hammood Obaid. Manchester: University of Manchester, 2017. DOI: 10.3927/51931732.
Griffel, Frank. âOn Fakhr al-DÄ«n al-RÄzÄ«âs Life and the Patronage He Received.â Journal of Islamic Studies (2007): 313â44.
Hamarneh, Sami. The Physician, Therapist and Surgeon: Ibn al-Quff. Cairo: Atlas Press, 1974.
Hippocrates. Oeuvres complètes dââ¯Hippocrate. Ed. by Ãmile Littré. 10 vols. Paris: Baillière, 1839â61.
Ibn AbÄ« Uá¹£aybiÊ¿a. Ê¿UyÅ«n al-anbÄʾ fÄ« á¹abaqÄt al-aá¹ibbÄʾ. Ed. by Augustus Müller, 2 vols. Königsberg: self-published, 1884 [reprinted Hants, UK: Gregg International, 1972].
Ibn al-Qifá¹Ä«. TÄrīḫ al-ḥukamÄʾ. Ed. by Augustus Müller and Julius Lippert. Leipzig: Dieterichâsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1903.
Ibn al-Quff. al-MaqÄla al-ṯÄnÄ«ya min Å¡arḥ al-Fuṣūl AbuqrÄt li-AbÄ« l-Faraǧ b. al-Quff. Ed. by Peter Pormann, Kamran Karimullah, Nicola Carpentieri, Taro Mimura, Emily Selove, Aileen Das, Hammood Obaid, Elaine Van Dalen. Manchester: University of Manchester, 2017. DOI: 10.3927/52131995.
Ibn al-Quff. al-MaqÄla al-rÄbiÊ¿a min Å¡arḥ al-Fuṣūl AbuqrÄt li-AbÄ« l-Faraǧ b. al-Quff. Ed. by Peter Pormann, Kamran Karimullah, Nicola Carpentieri, Taro Mimura, Emily Selove, Aileen Das, Hammood Obaid, Elaine Van Dalen. Manchester: University of Manchester, 2017. DOI: 10.3927/52132103.
Ibrahim, Bilal. âFaḫr al-DÄ«n al-RÄzÄ«, Ibn al-Hayṯam and Aristotelian Science: Essentialism versus Phenomenalism in Post-Classical Islamic Thought.â Oriens 41 (2013): 379â431.
Iskander, Albert Z. A Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts on Medicine and Science in the Wellcome Historical Medical Library. London: The Wellcome Historical Medical Library, 1967.
Jaffer, Tariq. RÄzÄ«: Master of Quranic Interpretation and Theological Reasoning. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Karimullah, Kamran I. âTransformation of Galenâs Textual Legacy from Classical to Post-Classical Islamic Medicine: Commentaries on the Hippocratic Aphorisms.â Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 5 (2017): 311â58.
Karimullah, Kamran I. âAvicenna and Galen, Philosophy and Medicine: Contextualising Discussions of Medical Experience in Medieval Islamic Physicians and Philosophers.â Oriens 45 (2017): 105â49.
Kazimirski, Albert. Dictionnaire Arabe-Français, 2 vols. Paris: Maisonneuve, 1860.
Lamoreaux, John C. Ḥunayn ibn IsḥÄq on His Galen Translations. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 2017.
Langermann, Tzvi. âCriticism of Authority in the Writings of Moses Maimonides and Fakhr al-DÄ«n al-RÄzÄ«.â Early Science and Medicine 7 (2002): 255â74.
Magdelaine, Caroline. Histoire du texte et édition critique, traduite et commentée des Aphorismes dââ¯Hippocrate, 3 vols. PhD diss., Université de Paris-Sorbonne IV, 1994.
Mansfeld, Jaap. Prolegomena: Questions to be Settled Before the Study of an Author or a Text. Leiden: Brill, 1994.
Nicolae, Daniel S. A Medieval Court Physician at Work: Ibn JumayÊ¿âs Commentary on the Canon of Medicine. PhD diss., Oxford University, 2012.
Nutton, Vivian. âGalen of Pergamum.â In Brillâs New Pauly: Antiquity volumes. Ed. by Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider. Leiden: Brill, 2006. DOI: 10.1163/1574â9347_bnp_e417950.
Pormann, Peter E. and N. Peter Joosse. âCommentaries on the Hippocratic Aphorisms in the Arabic Tradition: The Example of Melancholy.â In Epidemics in Context: Greek Commentaries on Hippocrates in the Arabic Tradition. Ed. by Peter E. Pormann. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012, 211â49.
Pormann, Peter E. and Emilie Savage-Smith. Medieval Islamic Medicine. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.
al-Å Ä«rÄzÄ«, Quá¹b al-DÄ«n. Durrat al-tÄǧ li-Ä¡urrat al-dubÄǧ. Ed. by Muḥammad MiÅ¡kÄt. Tehran: Maǧlis, 1938â42.
al-RÄzÄ«, Faḫr al-DÄ«n. al-MabÄḥiṯ al-maÅ¡riqÄ«ya fÄ« Ê¿ilm al-ilÄhÄ«yÄt wa-l-á¹abīʿīyÄt, 2 vols. Hyderabad: Maá¹baÊ¿at maǧlis dÄʾirat al-maÊ¿Ärif al-NiáºÄmÄ«ya, 1343 [1924 or 1925].
al-RÄzÄ«, AbÅ« Bakr Muḥammad ibn ZakarÄ«yÄ. KitÄb al-Å ukÅ«k li-l-RÄzÄ«. Ed. by Muá¹£á¹afÄ L. Ê¿Abd al-Ä anÄ«. Cairo: Maá¹baÊ¿at dÄr al-kutub wa-l-waṯÄʾiq al-qawmÄ«ya, 2005.
Roggema, Barbara. âIbn KammÅ«naâs and Ibn al-Ê¿IbrÄ«âs Responses to Fakhr al-DÄ«n al-RÄzÄ«âs Proofs of Muḥammadâs Prophethood.â Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 2 (2014): 193â213.
Rosenthal, Franz. ââ¯âLife is Short, the Art is Long:â Arabic Commentaries on the First Hippocratic Aphorisms.â Bulletin of the History of Medicine 40 (1966): 226â45.
Savage-Smith, Emilie. A New Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford Volume I: Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Savage-Smith, Emilie. âMedicine in Medieval Islam.â In The Cambridge History of Science Volume 2: Medieval Science. Ed. by David C. Lindberg and Michael H. Shank, 139â67. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Schwarb, Gregor. âThe 13th Century Copto-Arabic Reception of Fakhr al-DÄ«n al-RÄzÄ«: Al-RashÄ«d AbÅ« l-Khayr Ibn al-ṬabÄ«bâs RisÄlat al-BayÄn al-Aáºhar fÄ« l-radd Ê¿alÄ man yaqÅ«lu bi-l-qaá¸Äʾ wa-l-qadar.â Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 2 (2014): 143â69.
Shihadeh, Ayman. âFrom al-GhazÄlÄ« to al-RÄzÄ«: 6th/12th Century Developments in Muslim Philosophical Theology.â Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 15 (2005): 141â79.
Shihadeh, Ayman. The Teleological Ethics of Fakhr al-DÄ«n al-RÄzÄ«. Leiden: Brill, 2006.
Shihadeh, Ayman. âA Post-GhazÄlian Critic of Avicenna: Ibn GhaylÄn al-BalkhÄ« on the Materia Medica of the Canon of Medicine.â Journal of Islamic Studies 24 (2013): 135â74.
Shihadeh, Ayman. Doubts on Avicenna. Leiden: Brill, 2016.
Shihadeh, Ayman. âAl-RÄzÄ«âs (d. 1210) Commentary on Avicennaâs Pointers: The Confluence of Exegesis and Aporetics.â In The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy. Ed. by Khaled El-Rouayheb and Sabine Schmidtke. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. 296â325.
Von Staden, Heinrich. ââ¯âA Woman Does Not Become Ambidextrous:â Galen and the Culture of Scientific Commentary.â In The Classical Commentary: Histories, Practices, Theory. Ed. by Roy Gibson and Christina Shuttleworth Kraus. Leiden: Brill, 2002, 109â32.
Von Staden, Heinrich. âStaging the Past, Staging Oneself: Galen on Hellenistic Exegetical Traditions.â In Galen and the World of Knowledge. Ed. by Christopher Gill, Tim Whitmarsh and John Wilkins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, 132â56.
Takahashi, Hidemi. âReception of Islamic Theology among Syriac Christians in the Thirteenth Century: The Use of Fakhr al-DÄ«n al-RÄzÄ« in Barhebraeusâ Candelabrum of the Sanctuary.â Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 2 (2014): 170â92.
Ullmann, Manfred. Wörterbuch zu den griechisch-arabischen Ãberzetzungen des 9. Jahrhunderts. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2002.
Ullmann, Manfred. Die Medizin im Islam. Leiden: Brill, 1970.
Ullmann, Manfred. Wörterbuch der klassischen arabischen Sprache. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1970â1983.
Walbridge, John. The Science of Mystic Lights: Quá¹b al-DÄ«n al-ShÄ«rÄzÄ« and the Illuminationist Tradition in Islamic Philosophy. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1992.
Wisnovsky, Robert. âAvicennism and Exegetical Practice in the Early Commentaries on the IshÄrÄt.â Oriens 41 (2013): 349â78.
Zimmermann, Fritz W. Al-Farabiâs Long Commentary and Short Treatise on Aristotleâs De Interpretatione. London: Oxford University Press, 1981.
| å ¨é¨æé´ | è¿å»ä¸å¹´ | è¿å»30天 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| æè¦æµè§æ¬¡æ° | 2400 | 227 | 31 |
| å ¨ææµè§æ¬¡æ° | 144 | 7 | 0 |
| PDFä¸è½½æ¬¡æ° | 189 | 15 | 0 |
In this article, I discuss the legacy of Faḫr al-DÄ«n al-RÄzÄ«âs commentary on Avicennaâs Canon of Medicine in Islamic medical commentary after 1100. I argue that Faḫr al-DÄ«nâs legacy lies in the exegetical practices, the method of verification (taḥqÄ«q) he introduced into Islamic medical scholarship through his commentary on the Canon. I first argue that the features that characterise the method of verification in works such as Faḫr al-DÄ«nâs commentary on Avicennaâs Pointers and Reminders are present in the commentary on the Canon, even if Faḫr al-DÄ«nâs introduction to the latter work does not allude to these practices in the way that the introductions to his later works do. Based on an analysis of Galenâs prescription about exegetical best-practice in his Hippocratic commentaries and Muḥammad ibn ZakarÄ«yÄ al-RÄzÄ«âs (d. ca. 925) introduction to Doubts on Galen, I argue next that Faḫr al-DÄ«nâs introduction of the verification method into the Islamic medical discourse was a watershed moment in the tradition. I use Ibn al-Quffâs (d. 1286) commentary on the Hippocratic Aphorisms to show how these methods were imitated by later medical commentators. This final section illustrates the enormous exegetical interest that the Canon of Medicine attracted, suggesting other promising trajectories for research into Faḫr al-DÄ«nâs medical legacy.
| å ¨é¨æé´ | è¿å»ä¸å¹´ | è¿å»30天 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| æè¦æµè§æ¬¡æ° | 2400 | 227 | 31 |
| å ¨ææµè§æ¬¡æ° | 144 | 7 | 0 |
| PDFä¸è½½æ¬¡æ° | 189 | 15 | 0 |