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* See my remarks in Lokalkulturen im alten China (Leiden 1943, pp. 246-248 and especially vol. 2, pp. 438-442). 2 For Islam see Z. Validi Togan: Tiirkili tarihi% (Istanbul 1947, p. 533) and especially A. Inan : Orta Asya tarihinde sznxflar (Dogu, vol. 4, No. 39/40 p. 9-13, Zonguldak 1946). A. Inan in this article studies the social elements of the great Mazdaist rebellion of 488-531, the Babek-rebellion of 816-838, the Serbedar-rebellion of 1338-1381 and the rebellion of *eyh Bedreddin, Judge of Simavna. At least the last leader was a pure Musulman, but strongly influenced by Mazdaist ideas. F. Kopriilu in his foot-notes to his translation of W. Barthold: I slam medeniyeti tarihi, (p. 165) points out that the Mu- sulman sect of the Bekta�i arc influenced by Manicheism. For some late proofs for Mazdaism and Manicheism in China, see my article Mazdaizin ve Manilaeiznz hakkxnda l/Utlar (Ulku, Ankara io4i, June, pp. 295-301) and Bull. Chin. Studies, vol. 5, 1945, P. 97. 3 Akbar's connection with a messianic form of Islam has especially been pointed out by Y. H. Bayur: Hindistan tarihi (vol. 2, pp. 76-77 and 99-118; Ankara 1947). · 4 Tsou Yen, Huai-nan-tse and Liu Hsin's systems as well as the revolutionary , systems at the end of the first century B.C. and in the early century A.D. as far as they belong to the same line of tradition, had only a very weak messianic philosophy. This became strong in this line of tradition only during the 2nd century A.D. The first real popular messianic movement started independently in the early years of the first century A.D. with a man who declared himself god (Hou Han-shu ch. 54, p. 4a). 5 Some material on messianic movements in medieval times is given in my Das Toba- Reich Nordchinas (Leiden 1949, pp. 240-269) ; further material on Maitreya-cults in my Die buddhistische Kirche in der Toba-Zeit (Revue de la Faculte de Langues, Ankara, t946, vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 309-310).
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