Paul Rouzer, Articulated Ladies: Gender and the Male Community in Early Chinese Texts (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001), 136.

Paul Rouzer, Articulated Ladies: Gender and the Male Community in Early Chinese Texts (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001), 136.)| false
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Laurence A. Schneider, A Madman of Ch’u: The Chinese Myth of Loyalty and Dissent (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), 79–84.

Laurence A. Schneider, A Madman of Ch’u: The Chinese Myth of Loyalty and Dissent (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), 79–84. )| false
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Hu Wenkai, Lidai funü, 157.

Hu Wenkai, Lidai funü, 157.)| false
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Hu Wenkai, Lidai funü, 80–81.

Hu Wenkai, Lidai funü, 80–81.)| false
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Xie Wuliang, Zhongguo funü, 23. Translated in Kang-i Sun Chang and Haun Saussy, eds., Women Writers of Traditional China: An Anthology of Poetry and Criticism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999), 180–81. For more historical background on Ming widow chastity, refer to Katherine Carlitz, “Shrines, Governing-Class Identity, and the Cult of Widow Fidelity in Mid-Ming Jiangnan,” Journal of Asian Studies 56.3 (1997): 612–40, and see pages 615–16, and her article “The Social Uses of Female Virtue in Late Ming Editions of Lienü Zhuan,” Late Imperial China 12.2 (1991): 117–48, and see page 122.

Xie Wuliang, Zhongguo funü, 23. Translated in Kang-i Sun Chang and Haun Saussy, eds., Women Writers of Traditional China: An Anthology of Poetry and Criticism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999), 180–81. For more historical background on Ming widow chastity, refer to Katherine Carlitz, “Shrines, Governing-Class Identity, and the Cult of Widow Fidelity in Mid-Ming Jiangnan,” Journal of Asian Studies 56.3 (1997): 612–40, and see pages 615–16, and her article “The Social Uses of Female Virtue in Late Ming Editions of Lienü Zhuan,” Late Imperial China 12.2 (1991): 117–48, and see page 122.)| false
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Xie Wuliang, Zhongguo funü, 23. Translated in Chang and Saussy, eds., Women Writers of Traditional China, 180.

Xie Wuliang, Zhongguo funü, 23. Translated in Chang and Saussy, eds., Women Writers of Traditional China, 180.)| false
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Carlitz, “Social Uses,” 122. This Ming trend of prizing virtuous women’s suffering continued and intensified in the Qing, spurring a cult of widow chastity. Susan Mann, “Widows in the Kinship, Class, and Community Structures of Qing Dynasty China,” Journal of Asian Studies 46.1 (1987): 37–56.

Carlitz, “Social Uses,” 122. This Ming trend of prizing virtuous women’s suffering continued and intensified in the Qing, spurring a cult of widow chastity. Susan Mann, “Widows in the Kinship, Class, and Community Structures of Qing Dynasty China,” Journal of Asian Studies 46.1 (1987): 37–56. )| false
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Xie Wuliang, Zhongguo funü, 22.

Xie Wuliang, Zhongguo funü, 22.)| false
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Liu Shu, Geshan yiji, 5.4a.

Liu Shu, Geshan yiji, 5.4a.)| false
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“Shangui,” in Liu Shu, Geshan yiji, 1.26a.

“Shangui,” in Liu Shu, Geshan yiji, 1.26a.)| false
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Su Jingyuan, “Bukan jian e,” 39–40.

Su Jingyuan, “Bukan jian e,” 39–40.)| false
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Liu Shu, Geshan yiji, 3.2a.

Liu Shu, Geshan yiji, 3.2a.)| false
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Liu Shu, Geshan yiji, 5.18b.

Liu Shu, Geshan yiji, 5.18b.)| false
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Hawkes, Songs of the South, 45–58.

Hawkes, Songs of the South, 45–58.)| false
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Hu Wenkai, Lidai funü, 317.

Hu Wenkai, Lidai funü, 317.)| false
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Zhong Huiling, Qingdai nüzuojia zhuanti, 5–13.

Zhong Huiling, Qingdai nüzuojia zhuanti, 5–13.)| false
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Xiaorong Li, “Engendering Heroism: Ming-Qing Women’s Song Lyrics to the Tune Man Jiang Hong,” Nan Nü: Men, Women and Gender in China 7.1 (2005): 1–39.

Xiaorong Li, “Engendering Heroism: Ming-Qing Women’s Song Lyrics to the Tune Man Jiang Hong,” Nan Nü: Men, Women and Gender in China 7.1 (2005): 1–39.)| false
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Wu Zao, “Qiao ying,” 252. Translated in Idema and Grant, Red Brush, 688.

Wu Zao, “Qiao ying,” 252. Translated in Idema and Grant, Red Brush, 688.)| false
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Wu Zao, “Qiao ying,” 254. Translated in Idema and Grant, Red Brush, 691–92.

Wu Zao, “Qiao ying,” 254. Translated in Idema and Grant, Red Brush, 691–92.)| false
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Wu Zao, “Qiao ying,” 254. Translated in Idema and Grant, Red Brush, 691.

Wu Zao, “Qiao ying,” 254. Translated in Idema and Grant, Red Brush, 691.)| false
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Sima Qian, Shiji, 84.5a, in Siku quanshu. This image also becomes the basis for paintings of Qu Yuan, see Ralph Croizier, “Qu Yuan and the Artists: Ancient Symbols and Modern Politics in the Post-Mao Era,” Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 24 (1990): 25–50, and see pages 29–30.

Sima Qian, Shiji, 84.5a, in Siku quanshu. This image also becomes the basis for paintings of Qu Yuan, see Ralph Croizier, “Qu Yuan and the Artists: Ancient Symbols and Modern Politics in the Post-Mao Era,” Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 24 (1990): 25–50, and see pages 29–30. )| false
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Wu Zao, “Qiao ying,” 255. Translated in Idema and Grant, Red Brush, 692.

Wu Zao, “Qiao ying,” 255. Translated in Idema and Grant, Red Brush, 692.)| false
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Hua Wei, Ming Qing funü xiqu ji, 257.

Hua Wei, Ming Qing funü xiqu ji, 257.)| false
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Robertson, “Literary Authorship,” 375–86.

Robertson, “Literary Authorship,” 375–86.)| false
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