This paper surveys reused and recycled material culture from the Roman period, particularly that found in late antique contexts. While there is a focus on Late/Post Roman material from Britain, examples from wider Late Antiquity are also included. Reuse and recycling is clearly part of normal Roman practice, however particular instances must be evaluated within their specific contexts and the varied motives that exist for reuse behaviour need to be considered. Reuse seems to increase significantly in the late 4th c. onwards in Britain, and this well-documented evidence can most readily be explained firstly in relation to the wider problems with production and distribution systems that led to a collapse in the availability of new durable material culture at the end of the 4th c. and secondly with regard to wider cultural change.
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See Peña (2007) 61â118. An example is the badly-fitting, poorly made stoppers for amphorae from the Culip D wreck of ca. A.D. 70â80: Parker (1992) 157.
Price (1998b) 9.
Forster (1908) 250â51; Wallace (2006) 266.
Biddulph (2005) 38; Symonds (2000) 122â23.
Coulston (2010) 59.
Bishop (2011) 126.
Peña (2007) 238.
See e.g. Gerrard (2009) 173â76; Gelichi (2007) 382. An Early Roman vessel recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme database, LVPL-F9BE12, showed two successive repairs to the same area.
Soldberg (2004) 204â207.
Faith Morgan, pers.comm; see Harris (2012) 119â20 for some examples.
Biró (2003) 22.
Marsh (1981) 227â28; see also Willis (2006) 11.3.
Barker et al. (1997) 218; Cool (2006) 232â33.
Evans and Ratkai (2010) 115.
Bishop (2011) 124â25.
Bishop (2011) 129.
Woodward and Leach (1993) cat. no. 8. Portable Antiquities Scheme database: FASW-EBA-195; IOW-8CF662; LEIC-EBF202; LVPL-01AD05; NCL-A3EAE5; NMGW-8D3F02; NMGW-98F701; SOMDOR755. Late Roman repaired examples seemingly do not yet appear in the PAS records, but the bias towards early material reflects the generally large numbers of Early Roman brooches recorded on the PAS database.
Cool (2010) 284.
White (2007) 21.
Millett and Graham (1986) cat. no. 128.
Hirst (1985) gr. 56 no. 5; Evison (1987) gr. 48 no. 14; White (1988) 215.
See White (1988); Eckardt and Williams (2003); Fleming (2012) 14â15, 20; Swift (2012) 194â202.
Marsh (1981) appendix IV; Willis (2006) 8.5.2.
Peña (2007) 196â208.
Mould (2011) 170.
Swift (2012) 179â86.
Blockley et al. (1995) cat. no. 467.
Cool (1990) 81, 86.
Annable and Eagles (2010) gr. 104 no. 10.
White (1988) 98â101.
Basford (2012); Farwell and Molleson (1993) 264, grave 370. This example was a late 3rd c. coin.
Hunter and Painter (2013).
Wilson (2002) 15.2.5 no. 1.
Hobbs (2013).
Guest (2005) 110â15.
Dungworth (1997) 907; Fleming (2012) is an extended discussion of the topic.
Waugh (1966) see especially fig. 1.
Price (1998a) 339; Keller (2005) 66â67.
Price (2010) 48.
Foster and Jackson (2010) 3074.
Munro (2011) 81â82.
Keller (2005) 69â74.
Summarised by Lauwers (2007) 60; for the individual sites, see Bass (1984), Crawford (1990) 78â86, and Degryse et al. (2006).
Roppo (1969); Cameron (1996) is a more recent treatment.
Price (1998b) 9; Swift (forthcoming) includes a systematic study of this material from Roman Britain.
Price (1998b) 9.
Biró (2003) 19.
Greep (1994) is a major study of this material; on the chronology, see Greep (1994) 86.
Peña (2007) 250â71; Viane, Waelkens, and Ottenburgs (1997) 412â17.
Peña (2007) 196â208.
Peña (2007) 159; Fulford and Peacock (1984) 251, 265.
Marsh (1981) appendix IV; Plouviez (1985) 85; Cool (2002) 39â40; some sites with multiple examples and wide-ranging context dates are Lullingstone: Meates (1987) 28; York: Cool, Lloyd-Morgan and Hooley (1995) 1553; Castleford: Cool and Philo (1998) 225; and Frocester: Price (2000) 169.
Cool (2000) 52â53, 60.
Appadurai (1986) 14â15; Kopytoff (1986) 66â68.
See Graeber (2001) for an in-depth consideration of concepts of value.
Evans and Millett (1992) 226; this article discusses residuality in pottery deposits in depth, but concludes that it is dependent on a number of variable factors, such as pottery supply to the site.
See Swift (2012) 194 for further discussion of this.
Soldberg (2004) 206â209.
Wilson (1995) 127.
Longley et al. (1998); see also Willis (2006) 11.5.
Wilson (1995) 127.
Willis (2006) 11.5.
Hoard deposits: Fleming (2012). Compositional analysis: Dungworth (1997); Foster and Jackson (2010).
Although see Caple (2010), who argues for a symbolic significance related to the original object, even in metalwork recycled through melting, in the Anglo-Saxon period. This is likely to have been on a much smaller scale that Roman period recycling.
Swift (2012); Swift (forthcoming).
Martin-Kilcher (2000).
Crummy (1983) 36; Swift (2012) 182â86.
Cool (2010) 284.
González-Ruibal (2003); McCracken (1988) 72â74.
Painter (2013) 231â32.
Lockyear (2007) 218â21.
| å ¨é¨æé´ | è¿å»ä¸å¹´ | è¿å»30天 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| æè¦æµè§æ¬¡æ° | 622 | 169 | 6 |
| å ¨ææµè§æ¬¡æ° | 84 | 15 | 0 |
| PDFä¸è½½æ¬¡æ° | 132 | 30 | 0 |
This paper surveys reused and recycled material culture from the Roman period, particularly that found in late antique contexts. While there is a focus on Late/Post Roman material from Britain, examples from wider Late Antiquity are also included. Reuse and recycling is clearly part of normal Roman practice, however particular instances must be evaluated within their specific contexts and the varied motives that exist for reuse behaviour need to be considered. Reuse seems to increase significantly in the late 4th c. onwards in Britain, and this well-documented evidence can most readily be explained firstly in relation to the wider problems with production and distribution systems that led to a collapse in the availability of new durable material culture at the end of the 4th c. and secondly with regard to wider cultural change.
| å ¨é¨æé´ | è¿å»ä¸å¹´ | è¿å»30天 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| æè¦æµè§æ¬¡æ° | 622 | 169 | 6 |
| å ¨ææµè§æ¬¡æ° | 84 | 15 | 0 |
| PDFä¸è½½æ¬¡æ° | 132 | 30 | 0 |