Survey in the Taurus Mountains: Methodologies of the Pisidia Survey Project
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Abstract
The Pisidia Survey Project has employed architectural survey methods to study the remains of several ancient cities in the regionâs landscape. In doing so it has revealed the urban infrastructure of Pisidia. Most recently, the Pisidian city of Pednelissos was studied, where additional use of geophysical and ceramic survey broadened the range of results and helped resolve problems that had remained unanswered for a long time. For the late antique period, widespread Christian building was one of the most significant changes to affect Pisidian cities and as such will be a focus of discussion. Churches and other buildings encroached upon public areas, transforming the urban fabric. In order to understand the interaction between city and territory through time, the rural surroundings of Pednelissos were investigated using a range of survey methods, including architectural survey, ceramic collection (grab sample), ceramic survey, geophysical survey and satellite-based research. The results showed that the area thrived, especially during Late Antiquity, and that long-term settlement patterns altered little before the dramatic changes of the 7th/8th c.
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Alcock S. E. & Cherry J. F. Side-by-Side Survey. Comparative Regional Studies in the Mediterranean World 2004 Oxford 2004
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Aydal S., Mitchell S. & Vandeput L. â1996 Yılı Pisidia yüzey araÅtırmasıâ XV. AraÅtırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 1998 2 Ankara 275 294 1998
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Aydal S., Mitchell S., Robinson T. & Vandeput L. âThe Pisidian Survey 1995: Panemoteichos and Ãren Tepeâ AnatSt 1997 47 141 172 1997
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Behrwald R. âInscriptions from Pednelissusâ AnatSt 2003 53 117 130 2003
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Behrwald R. & Brandt H. âNeue Inschriften aus Pednelissosâ Chiron 2009 257 269 2009
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Bintliff J. L. Vermeulen F., Burgers G.-J., Keay S. & Corsi C. âContemporary issues in surveying complex urban sites in the Mediterranean region: the example of the city of Thespiai (Boeotia, Central Greece)â Urban Landscape Survey in Italy and the Mediterranean 2012 Oxford 44 52 2012
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Bintliff J. L. & Snodgrass A. M. âMediterranean survey and the cityâ Antiquity 1988 62 57 71 1988
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Coulton J. J. The Balboura Survey and Settlement in Southwest Anatolia Balboura and the History of Highland Settlement 2012a 1 London (British Institute at Ankara Monograph 43 2012
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Hellenkemper H. & Hild F. Tabula Imperii Byzantini, 8. Lykien und Pamphylien 2 2004 Vienna 2004
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Horsley G. H. & Mitchell S. The Inscriptions of Central Pisidia 2000 Bonn (Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien 57 2000
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Jackson M., Zelle M., Vandeput L. & Köse V. âPrimary evidence for Late Roman D Ware production in southern Asia Minor: a challenge to âCypriot Red Slip wareâ â AnatSt 2012 62 89 114 2012
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Karas U. & Ristow S. âKirchenbauten in Pednelissos (Pisidien)â JAC 2003 46 134 155 2003
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Kenkel F. Böhlendorf-Arslan B., Uysal A. O. & Witt-Orr J. âThe Cypriote Red Slip ware and its derivatives from Pednelissos in Pisidiaâ Ãanak. Late Antique and Medieval Pottery and Tiles in Mediterranean Archaeological Contexts 2007 Istanbul 131 146 (Byzas 7) 2007
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Köse V. Mitchell S. & Katsari C. âThe origin and development of market-buildings in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minorâ Patterns in the Economy of Roman Asia Minor 2005 Swansea 139 166 2005
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Kolb F. BurgâPolisâBischofssitz. Geschichte der Siedlungskammer von Kyaneai in der südwesttürkei 2008 Mainz-am-Rhein 2008
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Lanckoronski von K. Städte Pamphyliens und Pisidiens Pisidien 1892 2 Vienna 1892
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Lanckoronski von K. Städte Pamphyliens und Pisidiens Pamphylien 1890 1 Vienna 1890
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Laufer E. Lorentzen J., Pirson F., Schneider P. I. & Wulf-Rheidt U. âPednelissos, Sillyon, Adada: »Römische« Stadtmauern und kilikische Piraten?â Aktuelle Forschungen zur Konstruktion, Funktion und Semantik antiker Stadtbefestigungen 2010 Istanbul 165 194 2010 (Byzas 10)
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Laufer E. De Staebler P., Müth S., Schneider P. & Schnelle M. âPednelissosâ Fokus Fortifikation: Studies in Ancient Fortifications in the Eastern Mediterranean in press in press
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Loots L., Waelkens M. & Depuydt F. Waelkens M. & Loots L. âThe city fortifications of Sagalassos from the Hellenistic to the Late Roman periodâ Sagalassos V. Report of the Survey and Excavation Campaigns of 1996 and 1997 2000 Leuven 595 634 2000 (Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia. Monographiae 11A)
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Machatschek A. & Schwarz M. Bauforschungen in Selge 1981 Vienna 1981 (Ergänzungsbände zu den Tituli Asiae Minoris 9)
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Martens F., MuÅ¡iÄ B., Poblome J. & Waelkens M. Vermeulen F., Burgers G.-J., Keay S. & Corsi C. âThe integrated urban survey at Sagalassosâ Urban Landscape Survey in Italy and the Mediterranean 2012 Oxford 84 93 2012
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Martens F., Vanhaverbeke H. & Waelkens M. Vanhaverbeke H., Poblome J., Vermeulen F., Waelkens M. & Brulet R. âTown and suburbium at Sagalassos. An interaction investigated through surveyâ Thinking about Space. The Potential of Surface Survey and Contextual Analysis in the Definition of Space in Roman Times 2008 Turnhout 127 149 (Studies in Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology 8 2008
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Mitchell S. Anatolia. Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor, 1. The Celts in Anatolia and the Impact of Roman Rule 1993 Oxford 1993
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Mitchell S. Cremna in Pisidia. An Ancient City in Peace and War 1995 London 1995
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Mitchell S. Sey Y. âThe development of classical cities and settlements in Late Roman Anatoliaâ Housing and Settlement in Ancient Anatolia. A Historical Perspective 1996a Istanbul 193 205 1996
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Mitchell S. âPisidiaâ Anatolian Archaeology 1996b 2 19 21 1996
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Mitchell S. Matthews R. âThe Pisidian Surveyâ Ancient Anatolia. Fifty Yearsâ Work by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara 1998 London 237 253 1998
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Mitchell S. Belke K., Hild F., Koder J. & Soustal P. âThe settlement of Pisidia in Late Antiquity and the Byzantine period: methodological problemsâ Byzanz als Raum. Zu Methoden und Inhalten der historischen Geographie des östlichen Mittelmeerraumes 2000 Vienna 139 152 2000 (Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für die Tabula Imperii Byzantini 7)
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Mitchell S. A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284â641 2007 Oxford 2007
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Mitchell S. & Waelkens M. Pisidian Antioch. The Site and its Monuments 1998 London 1998
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Sokolicek A. âDie Stadtmauer von Antiochia ad Pisidiam. Die arbeiten im Sommer 2010 ÃJh 2011 80 269 290 2011
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Talloen P. âReport on the 2005 excavation and restoration campaign at Sagalassos, 5. Test soundings in the sanctuary of Apollo Klariosâ 28. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 2007 2 Ankara 327 330 2007
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Vandeput L. âPisidia Survey Projectâ Heritage Turkey 2012 2 28 29 2012
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Vandeput L. âLate Antiquity in the Taurus Mountains: remains in Pednelissos and its territoryâ Colloquium Anatolicum 2009 8 23 44 2009
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Vandeput L. Meyer M. âKontinuität und Wandel in der urbanen Architektur Pisidiens in der späthellenistischer Zeit und in der frühen Kaiserzeitâ Neue ZeitenâNeue Sitten. Zu Rezeption und Integration italischen Kulturguts in Kleinasien 2007 Vienna 133 142 2007
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Vandeput L. The Architectural Decoration in Roman Asia Minor. Sagalassos: a Case Study 1997 (Studies in Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology 1) (Turnhout 1997)
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Vandeput L. & Köse V. âPisidia Survey Project: survey in the territorium of Pednelissosâ XXVII. AraÅtırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 2010 2 Ankara 179 194 2010
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Vandeput L. & Köse V. âPisidia Survey Project 2007: remains in the territory of Pednelissosâ XXVI. AraÅtırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 2009 3 Ankara 45 58 2009
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Vandeput L. & Köse V. âPisidia Survey Project 2008. Research in the territory of Pednelissosâ Anatolian Archaeology 2008 14 32 33 2008
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Vandeput L. & Köse V. âPisidien Survey Projekt: Survey-Kampagne 2004 in Pednelissosâ XXIII. AraÅtırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 30â05â3â6-2005 2006 Ankara 235 244 2006
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Vandeput L. & Köse V. âPisidien Survey Projekt: Survey-Kampagne 2002 in Pednelissosâ XXI. AraÅtırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 26â30 Mayıs 2003 2004 Ankara 345 360 2004
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Vandeput L. & Köse V. âPisidien Survey Projekt: erste Kampagne in Pednelissosâ XX. AraÅtırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 27â31 Mayıs 2002 2003 Ankara 315 328 2003
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Vandeput L. & Köse V. âPisidia Survey Project: Melli 2000â AnatSt 2002 52 145 152 2002
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Vandeput L., Köse V. & Jackson M. âResults of the 2010 Pisidia Survey Project. Fieldwork in the territory of Pednelissosâ XXIX. AraÅtırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 2012 3 Ankara 269 292 2012
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Vandeput L., Köse V. & Jackson M. âPisidia Survey Project 2009: research in the territory of Pednelissosâ XXVIII. AraÅtırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 2011 3 Ankara 75 90 2011
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Vandeput L., Köse V., Zelle M. & Laufer E. âPisidien Survey Projekt: Survey-Kampagne 2003 in Pednelissosâ XXII. AraÅtırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 24â28 Mayıs 2004â, Konya 2005 Ankara 235 244 2005
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Vanhaverbeke H. & Waelkens M. The Chora of Sagalassos. The Evolution of the Settlement Pattern from Prehistoric until Recent Times 2003 Turnhout (Studies in Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology 5) 2003
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Vanhaverbeke H., Martens F. & Waelkens M. Poulter A. âAnother view on Late Antiquity. Sagalassos (SW Anatolia), its suburbium and its countryside in Late Antiquityâ The Transition to Late Antiquity, on the Danube and Beyond 2007 Oxford 611 148 2007
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Vanhaverbeke H., Martens F., Waelkens M. & Poblome J. Bowden W., Lavan L. & Machado C. âLate Antiquity in the territory of Sagalassosâ Recent Research on the Late Antique Countryside 2004 Leiden 247 280 (Late Antique Archaeology 2) 2004
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Vanhaverbeke H., Waelkens M., Jacobs I., Lefere M., Kaptijn E. & Poblome J. âThe 2008 and 2009 survey season in the territory of Sagalassosâ 28. AraÅtırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 2011 3 Ankara 139 153 2011
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Vanhaverbeke H., Waelkens M., Vyncke K., De Laet V., Aydal S., MuÅ¡iÄ B., De Cupere B., Poblome J., Braekmans D., Degryse P., Marinova E., Verstraeten G., Van Neer W., Å lapÅ¡ak B., MedariÄ I., Ekinci H. A. & Erbay M. O. â âPisidianâ culture? The Classical-Hellenistic site at Düzen Tepe near Sagalassus (southwest Turkey)â AnatSt 2010 60 105 129 2010
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Vionis A. K., Poblome J. & Waelkens M. âThe hidden material culture of the Dark Ages. Early Medieval ceramics at Sagalassos (Turkey): new evidence (ca. AD 650â800)â AnatSt 2009 59 147 166 2009
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Waelkens M. âErste Stadt Pisidiens, Freund und Bundgenosse der Römerâ AntW 2011 62 71 2011. 3
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Waelkens M. âThe 1998â99 excavation and restoration season at Sagalassosâ 22. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 2001 2 Ankara 159 180 2001
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Waelkens M. & Poblome J. Sagalassos. City of Dreams 2011 Tongeren (exhibition catalogue: Gallo-Romeins Museum Tongeren 29.10.2011â17.06.2012) 2011
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Waelkens M., Vanhaverbeke H., Martens F., Talloen P., Poblome J., Kellens N., Putzeys T., Degryse P., Van Thuyne T. & Van Neer W. Krause J.-U. & Witschel C. âThe late antique to Early Byzantine City in southwest Anatolia. Sagalassos and its territory: a case studyâ Die Stadt in der Spätantike: Niedergang oder Wandel? 2006 Stuttgart 199 255 (Historia Einzelschriften 190) 2006
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Zelle M. Meyer M. âSpäthellenistische und frühkaiserzeitliche Keramik in Pednelissos und ihre Aussagekraft zu kulturellem Wandelâ Neue Zeitenâneue Sitten. Zu Rezeption und Integration römischen und italischen Kulturguts in Kleinasien 2007 Vienna 195 202 2007
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1
For an overview see Mitchell (1998) 237â53.
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2
For a recent overview: Waelkens (2011); Waelkens and Poblome (2011).
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3
Lanckoronski (1890); Lanckoronski (1892).
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4
Mitchell (1998) 237.
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6
Vanhaverbeke et al. (2010). Other evidence for this period is provided by the remains at Panemoteichos, see Aydal et al. (1997).
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8
Vionis et al. (2009).
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9
Mitchell (2000); Hellenkemper and Hild (2004) 451, 665, 791â92 on Middle Byzantine churches in Ariassos, Cremna and Pednelissos.
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10
Mitchell (1998) 238; Mitchell (2000) 142â44; Vionis et al. (2009) 161â62. Terminology varies. Mitchell (2000) refers to the years A.D. 300 to 600 as Late Antiquity. Vanhaverbeke et al. (2004) 250â51 on the contrary, makes a different division, based upon local ceramic phases. In Sagalassos, the period from A.D. 300 to 470/75 is referred to as the Late Imperial period, while the timespan between A.D. 450/75 and A.D. 640/50 is termed the Early Byzantine period. For survey results, the broader timeframe (A.D. 300 to 600) makes more sense.
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11
E.g. Horsley and Mitchell (2000); Behrwald (2003); Behrwald and Brandt (2009).
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12
E.g. Vandeput (1997).
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13
Köse (2005).
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16
Mitchell (1998) 243â44; Mitchell (1996a) 194â95, Vandeput (2007).
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23
Mitchell and Waelkens (1998) 210â17.
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25
Mitchell (1995) 230.
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26
Karas and Ristow (2003) 155. One of the churches in the necropolis of Melli also seems to have been converted into a smaller chapel at some point: Vandeput and Köse (2002) fig. 7. Hellenkemper and Hild (2004) 451, 665, 791â92 date the reduced chapels within larger Early Christian churches to the Middle Byzantine period, e.g. in Ariassos, Cremna and Pednelissos.
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27
Mitchell (1996a) 196â97. The construction of (sections of ) city walls around cities did of course occur in Late Antiquity, for instance in Pisidian Antioch: Sokolicek (2011).
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30
Mitchell (2000) 141â42; Mitchell (2007) 29â42; Waelkens (2006) 217â27.
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31
Mitchell (1995) 219â32; Waelkens et al. (2006) 217â31.
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32
Waelkens et al. (2006); Vionis et al. (2009) 148â49, 162.
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33
Laufer (2010) 182â93.
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34
Bintliff and Snodgrass (1988) 59â60; Bintliff (2012); Martens et al. (2008) 127 with a brief overview of projects in Greece.
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36
Martens et al. (2008); Martens et al. (2012).
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39
Vandeput (2007) 135â38; Behrwald (2003).
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46
Mitchell (1996a) 193â95; Vanhaverbeke et al. (2007) 642â43.
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47
Mitchell (1998) 248.
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49
For instance: Alcock and Cherry (2004) esp. the chapters on âMethodological issuesâ and âComparative studies in the Mediterraneanâ; Martens et al. (2008) 128; Bintliff (2012) 45.
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50
Kolb (2008) 13â15, fig. 2.
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51
Vanhaverbeke et al. (2007) 613â14; Martens et al. (2008) fig. 2; Vanhaverbeke et al. (2011).
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52
Coulton (2012a) 4â9, figs. 1.5â1.7; Coulton (2012b) 201â14, figs. 19.1â19.14.
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55
Mitchell (1998) 248â49; Vanhaverbeke et al. (2004) 249â50.
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56
Vandeput and Köse (2009) 45.
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59
Bintliff (2012) 48; Martens et al. (2008). To date, the collected grab samples of three out of six fieldwork seasons have been processed, in that the collected sherds were washed and determined (where possible). Significant pieces were drawn and photographed. Study of the remaining material at the Archaeological Museum in Antalya is scheduled to take place in the near future, depending on whether a permit is issued by the Turkish authorities. Results mentioned here should therefore necessarily be considered preliminary remarks only.
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60
Vandeput and Köse (2008); Vandeput and Köse (2010); Vandeput et al. (2011); Vandeput et al. (2012); Jackson et al. (2012).
-
61
Jackson et al. (2012) fig. 2.
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63
Jackson et al. (2012) 95â96, figs. 8â9 (Kadirgürü mevkiisi, Gebiz).
-
64
Jackson et al. (2012) 96, fig. 3.
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65
Jackson et al. (2012) 111, table 3.
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68
Vandeput and Köse (2009); Vandeput and Köse (2010); Vandeput et al. (2011); Vandeput et al. (2012), Vandeput (2009); Vandeput (2012).
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71
Coulton (2012a) 99â100, 169â75. Only very few inscriptions were discovered in the territory of Pednelissos: Behrwald and Brandt (2009).
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72
Vanhaverbeke and Waelkens (2003) 242â51; Vanhaverbeke et al. (2004) 254â68; Vanhaverbeke et al. (2007) 621â623; Waelkens et al. (2006) 237â41. The development in Kyaneai seems to have been completely different. The population in the rural areas seem to have lived almost entirely in villages: Kolb (2008) 406â17.
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73
Vanhaverbeke et al. (2004) 250â51; Vanhaverbeke et al. (2007); Waelkens et al. (2006) 227â45.
| å ¨é¨æé´ | è¿å»ä¸å¹´ | è¿å»30天 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| æè¦æµè§æ¬¡æ° | 392 | 46 | 9 |
| å ¨ææµè§æ¬¡æ° | 44 | 2 | 0 |
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Survey in the Taurus Mountains: Methodologies of the Pisidia Survey Project
äºLate Antique ArchaeologySearch for other papers by Lutgarde Vandeput in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Veli Köse in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Abstract
The Pisidia Survey Project has employed architectural survey methods to study the remains of several ancient cities in the regionâs landscape. In doing so it has revealed the urban infrastructure of Pisidia. Most recently, the Pisidian city of Pednelissos was studied, where additional use of geophysical and ceramic survey broadened the range of results and helped resolve problems that had remained unanswered for a long time. For the late antique period, widespread Christian building was one of the most significant changes to affect Pisidian cities and as such will be a focus of discussion. Churches and other buildings encroached upon public areas, transforming the urban fabric. In order to understand the interaction between city and territory through time, the rural surroundings of Pednelissos were investigated using a range of survey methods, including architectural survey, ceramic collection (grab sample), ceramic survey, geophysical survey and satellite-based research. The results showed that the area thrived, especially during Late Antiquity, and that long-term settlement patterns altered little before the dramatic changes of the 7th/8th c.
| å ¨é¨æé´ | è¿å»ä¸å¹´ | è¿å»30天 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| æè¦æµè§æ¬¡æ° | 392 | 46 | 9 |
| å ¨ææµè§æ¬¡æ° | 44 | 2 | 0 |
| PDFä¸è½½æ¬¡æ° | 37 | 2 | 0 |
