See, among recent studies, Sacha Stern, Jewish Identity in Early Rabbinic Writings (AGJU 23; Leiden: Brill, 1994); Thomas Willi, Juda-Jehud-Israel: Studien zum Selbstverständnis des Judentums in persischer Zeit (FAT 12; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1995); John M. G. Barclay, Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: From Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE-117 CE) (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1996); Shaye J. D. Cohen, The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); Jörg Frey et al., eds., Jewish Identity in the Greco-Roman World (AGJU 71; Leiden: Brill, 2007); Lee I. Levine and Daniel R. Schwartz, eds., Jewish Identities in Antiquity: Studies in Memory of Menahem Stern (TSAJ 130; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2009); Benedikt Eckhardt, ed., Jewish Identity and Politics between the Maccabees and Bar Kokhba: Groups, Normativity, and Rituals (JSJSup 155; Leiden: Brill, 2012).

See, among recent studies, Sacha Stern, Jewish Identity in Early Rabbinic Writings (AGJU 23; Leiden: Brill, 1994); Thomas Willi, Juda-Jehud-Israel: Studien zum Selbstverständnis des Judentums in persischer Zeit (FAT 12; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1995); John M. G. Barclay, Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: From Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE-117 CE) (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1996); Shaye J. D. Cohen, The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); Jörg Frey et al., eds., Jewish Identity in the Greco-Roman World (AGJU 71; Leiden: Brill, 2007); Lee I. Levine and Daniel R. Schwartz, eds., Jewish Identities in Antiquity: Studies in Memory of Menahem Stern (TSAJ 130; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2009); Benedikt Eckhardt, ed., Jewish Identity and Politics between the Maccabees and Bar Kokhba: Groups, Normativity, and Rituals (JSJSup 155; Leiden: Brill, 2012).)| false
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See Solomon Zeitlin, “The Names Hebrew, Jew, and Israel: A Historical Study,” JQR 43 (1953): 365-79; Peter Tomson, “The Names Israel and Jew in Ancient Judaism and in the New Testament,” Bijdr 47 (1986): 120-40, 266-89; idem, “ ‘Jews’ in the Gospel of John as Compared with the Palestinian Talmud, the Synoptics, and Some New Testament Apocrypha,” in Anti-Judaism and the Fourth Gospel (ed. Reimund Bieringer et al.; Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox, 2001), 176-212; Graham Harvey, The True Israel: Uses of the Names Jew, Hebrew and Israel in Ancient Jewish and Early Christian Literature (AGJU 35; Leiden: Brill, 1996); David Goodblatt, “From Judeans to Israel: Names of Jewish States in Antiquity,” JSJ 29 (1998): 1-36.

See Solomon Zeitlin, “The Names Hebrew, Jew, and Israel: A Historical Study,” JQR 43 (1953): 365-79; Peter Tomson, “The Names Israel and Jew in Ancient Judaism and in the New Testament,” Bijdr 47 (1986): 120-40, 266-89; idem, “ ‘Jews’ in the Gospel of John as Compared with the Palestinian Talmud, the Synoptics, and Some New Testament Apocrypha,” in Anti-Judaism and the Fourth Gospel (ed. Reimund Bieringer et al.; Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox, 2001), 176-212; Graham Harvey, The True Israel: Uses of the Names Jew, Hebrew and Israel in Ancient Jewish and Early Christian Literature (AGJU 35; Leiden: Brill, 1996); David Goodblatt, “From Judeans to Israel: Names of Jewish States in Antiquity,” JSJ 29 (1998): 1-36.)| false
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Kuhn, “Ἰσραήλ, Ἰουδαῖος, Ἑβραῖος in der nach-at.lichen jüdischen Literatur,” TWNT 3:360-70.

Kuhn, “Ἰσραήλ, Ἰουδαῖος, Ἑβραῖος in der nach-at.lichen jüdischen Literatur,” TWNT 3:360-70.)| false
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Ibid., 361. According to Kuhn, Diaspora Jews did begin to adopt Gentile terminology for themselves, but this was a secondary development.

Dunn, The Partings of the Ways: Between Christianity and Judaism and their Significance for the Character of Christianity (2d ed.; London: SCM, 2006), 192. Similar statements are repeated in several of his works.

Dunn, The Partings of the Ways: Between Christianity and Judaism and their Significance for the Character of Christianity (2d ed.; London: SCM, 2006), 192. Similar statements are repeated in several of his works.)| false
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Casey, “Some Anti-Semitic Assumptions in the ‘Theological Dictionary of the New Testament,’ ” NovT 41 (1999): 280-91. Tomson (“Names,” 121 n. 4) alludes to Kuhn’s Nazi sympathies but denies any influence of that allegiance on the entry.

Casey, “Some Anti-Semitic Assumptions in the ‘Theological Dictionary of the New Testament,’ ” NovT 41 (1999): 280-91. Tomson (“Names,” 121 n. 4) alludes to Kuhn’s Nazi sympathies but denies any influence of that allegiance on the entry.)| false
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Harvey, True Israel, 5-8.

Harvey, True Israel, 5-8.)| false
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Casey, “Anti-Semitic Assumptions,” 282-83.

Casey, “Anti-Semitic Assumptions,” 282-83.)| false
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As observed by Tomson, “ ‘Jews’ in John,” 181-82.

As observed by Tomson, “ ‘Jews’ in John,” 181-82.)| false
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Mason, “Jews, Judaeans, Judaizing, Judaism: Problems of Categorization in Ancient History,” JSJ 38 (2007): 457-512 at 480. The “Jew/Judean” translation debate, which is in the background of Mason’s article, is not of importance to the present task.

Mason, “Jews, Judaeans, Judaizing, Judaism: Problems of Categorization in Ancient History,” JSJ 38 (2007): 457-512 at 480. The “Jew/Judean” translation debate, which is in the background of Mason’s article, is not of importance to the present task.)| false
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Ibid., 483-88. These categories, of course, overlap, and multiple schemes of categorization are possible as Mason himself recognizes.

Ibid., 481-82. Tomson (“Names,” 125-26) also notes that a separation between religion and nation was “non-existent and unthinkable in the ancient period.” In a similar vein, Dunn (“Who Did Paul Think He Was? A Study of Jewish-Christian Identity,” NTS 45 [1999]: 174-93, esp. 180-81) recognizes that Jewish markers of identity that we typically associate with religion would have been understood as pertaining to ancestral laws and customs; see also Cohen, From the Maccabees to the Mishnah (2d ed.; Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox, 2006), 51-53.

Bickerman, Der Gott der Makkabäer: Untersuchungen über Sinn und Ursprung der makkabäischen Erhebung (Berlin: Schocken, 1937), 28.

Bickerman, Der Gott der Makkabäer: Untersuchungen über Sinn und Ursprung der makkabäischen Erhebung (Berlin: Schocken, 1937), 28.)| false
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See Casey, “Anti-Semitic Assumptions,” 282.

See Casey, “Anti-Semitic Assumptions,” 282.)| false
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Tomson, “Names,” 120.

Tomson, “Names,” 120.)| false
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See Walter Gutbrod, “Ἰσραήλ, Ἰουδαῖος, Ἑβραῖος in der griechisch-hellenistischen Literatur,” TWNT 3.370-76; Stern (Jewish Identity, 10) also observes that “Israel” appears to be unknown to non-Jews. On the Roman inscription, see Ross S. Kraemer, “On the Meaning of the Term ‘Jew’ in Greco-Roman Inscriptions,” HTR 82 (1989): 35-53, esp. 38-41. The community at Delos also referred to themselves as Israelites, but the connection with Gerizim likely indicates Samaritan origins; see A. T. Kraabel, “New Evidence of the Samaritan Diaspora Has Been Found on Delos,” BA 47 (1984): 44-46. The closest we get to non-Jewish identification of the Jewish people as “Israel” is the allusion in Alexander Polyhistor and Pompeius Trogus to the patriarch Israel. It is not, however, used as an eponym. On this, see Goodblatt, “Varieties of Identity in Late Second Temple Judah,” in Jewish Identity and Politics, 11-28, esp. 17-18.

See Walter Gutbrod, “Ἰσραήλ, Ἰουδαῖος, Ἑβραῖος in der griechisch-hellenistischen Literatur,” TWNT 3.370-76; Stern (Jewish Identity, 10) also observes that “Israel” appears to be unknown to non-Jews. On the Roman inscription, see Ross S. Kraemer, “On the Meaning of the Term ‘Jew’ in Greco-Roman Inscriptions,” HTR 82 (1989): 35-53, esp. 38-41. The community at Delos also referred to themselves as Israelites, but the connection with Gerizim likely indicates Samaritan origins; see A. T. Kraabel, “New Evidence of the Samaritan Diaspora Has Been Found on Delos,” BA 47 (1984): 44-46. The closest we get to non-Jewish identification of the Jewish people as “Israel” is the allusion in Alexander Polyhistor and Pompeius Trogus to the patriarch Israel. It is not, however, used as an eponym. On this, see Goodblatt, “Varieties of Identity in Late Second Temple Judah,” in Jewish Identity and Politics, 11-28, esp. 17-18.)| false
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Cowey and Maresch, Urkunden des Politeuma, 95-96.

Cowey and Maresch, Urkunden des Politeuma, 95-96.)| false
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Ibid., 61.

Ibid., 104-5.

See also Casey, “Anti-Semitic Assumptions,” 282.

See also Casey, “Anti-Semitic Assumptions,” 282.)| false
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Goodblatt, “Judeans to Israel,” 7-8; idem, Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 149.

Goodblatt, “Judeans to Israel,” 7-8; idem, Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 149.)| false
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See Goodblatt, “Judeans to Israel,” 9; idem, Elements, 150.

See Goodblatt, “Judeans to Israel,” 9; idem, Elements, 150.)| false
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Tomson, “Names,” 130 n. 36a; “ ‘Jews’ in John,” 182.

Tomson, “Names,” 130 n. 36a; “ ‘Jews’ in John,” 182.)| false
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Goodblatt, “Judeans to Israel,” 13-18. He has since revised his position: “Although I doubt that this was a calque of common Greek usage, it remains a possibility” (Elements, 159).

Goodblatt, “Judeans to Israel,” 13-18. He has since revised his position: “Although I doubt that this was a calque of common Greek usage, it remains a possibility” (Elements, 159).)| false
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So Goodblatt, “Judeans to Israel,” 18.

So Goodblatt, “Judeans to Israel,” 18.)| false
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Goodblatt, “Varieties of Identity,” 22-26.

Goodblatt, “Varieties of Identity,” 22-26.)| false
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Goodblatt, Elements, 156-57.

Goodblatt, Elements, 156-57.)| false
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Tomson, “Names,” 133. Yet immediately after this, he remarks that the story “glorifies the redemption of the Jews by a Jewish heroine.”

Tomson, “Names,” 133. Yet immediately after this, he remarks that the story “glorifies the redemption of the Jews by a Jewish heroine.”)| false
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See, for example, m. Ketub. 7:6; m. Ned. 11:12 paralleled in t. Ned. 7:8; t. ʿAbod. Zar. 4:6; y. Moʿed Qaṭ. 83b; y. Sanh. 25d; y. Taʿan. 66c.

See, for example, m. Ketub. 7:6; m. Ned. 11:12 paralleled in t. Ned. 7:8; t. ʿAbod. Zar. 4:6; y. Moʿed Qaṭ. 83b; y. Sanh. 25d; y. Taʿan. 66c.)| false
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So also Goodblatt, “Varieties of Identity,” 18.

So also Goodblatt, “Varieties of Identity,” 18.)| false
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See H.-J. Zobel, “לארשי,” ThWAT 3:986-1012 for a detailed list of the occurrences of “Israel” in the Hebrew Bible and its referents.

See H.-J. Zobel, “לארשי,” ThWAT 3:986-1012 for a detailed list of the occurrences of “Israel” in the Hebrew Bible and its referents.)| false
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Miller and Hayes, A History of Ancient Israel and Judah (2d ed.; Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox, 2006), 114; so also Goodblatt (“Varieties of Identity,” 15) who says that “ ‘Israel’ is the more inclusive of the two ethnonyms.”

Miller and Hayes, A History of Ancient Israel and Judah (2d ed.; Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox, 2006), 114; so also Goodblatt (“Varieties of Identity,” 15) who says that “ ‘Israel’ is the more inclusive of the two ethnonyms.”)| false
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See also Harvey, True Israel, 164-66. A modern parallel would be the interrelated yet distinct semantic ranges of England and the United Kingdom or Holland and the Netherlands.

See also Harvey, True Israel, 164-66. A modern parallel would be the interrelated yet distinct semantic ranges of England and the United Kingdom or Holland and the Netherlands.)| false
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So also Jason Staples, “What Do the Gentiles Have to Do with ‘All Israel’? A Fresh Look at Romans 11:25-27,” JBL 130 (2011): 371-90, esp. 374-75.

So also Jason Staples, “What Do the Gentiles Have to Do with ‘All Israel’? A Fresh Look at Romans 11:25-27,” JBL 130 (2011): 371-90, esp. 374-75.)| false
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See, for example, Ant. 9.280 in which Josephus states that the Assyrians carried the northern tribes out of Judea (ἐκ τῆς Ἰουδαίας), though he is surely aware that the territory of Judah in that period only extended to the border with Ephraim.

See, for example, Ant. 9.280 in which Josephus states that the Assyrians carried the northern tribes out of Judea (ἐκ τῆς Ἰουδαίας), though he is surely aware that the territory of Judah in that period only extended to the border with Ephraim.)| false
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See Michael E. Fuller, The Restoration of Israel: Israel’s Re-gathering and the Fate of the Nations in Early Jewish Literature and Luke-Acts (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2006), 255-57 for a brief but helpful discussion of the twelve-tribe motif in the Dead Sea Scrolls.

See Michael E. Fuller, The Restoration of Israel: Israel’s Re-gathering and the Fate of the Nations in Early Jewish Literature and Luke-Acts (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2006), 255-57 for a brief but helpful discussion of the twelve-tribe motif in the Dead Sea Scrolls.)| false
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See E. P. Sanders, Jesus and Judaism (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1985); Fuller, Restoration of Israel ; James M. Scott, ed., Restoration: Old Testament, Jewish, and Christian Perspectives (JSJSup 72; Leiden: Brill, 2001).

See E. P. Sanders, Jesus and Judaism (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1985); Fuller, Restoration of Israel ; James M. Scott, ed., Restoration: Old Testament, Jewish, and Christian Perspectives (JSJSup 72; Leiden: Brill, 2001).)| false
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See Stern, Jewish Identity, 11-13.

See Stern, Jewish Identity, 11-13.)| false
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So Dunn, The Theology of Paul the Apostle (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1998), 505-6.

So Dunn, The Theology of Paul the Apostle (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1998), 505-6.)| false
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Ibid., 15.