In Denmark, the recognition of religious minority associations dates back to absolutism in the late 1600s when it was exerted by royal grace. However, the legal basis was not established as foreseen in the constitution of 1849, and recognition continued to be an ad hoc administrative act, which was modelled over the acts of grace during absolutism. By tradition, the cases were handled by the bishop of Copenhagen. After a criticism of this practice, the government established an expert committee in 1998 to take over the work of the bishop. In the absence of a dedicated law, the committee developed rules for recognition. The considerations and experiences of the expert committee are discussed in light of theories of contemporary public governance and with a view to the ‘by grace’ principle of absolutism. The article also discusses the preparation of the first law on recognition of religious minority associations from 2018.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Bækgaard, Martin , & Mads Leth Felsager Jakobsen , “Bureaukrati og hierarki [Bureaucracy and Hierarchy],” in: Jens Blom-Hansen et al. (eds.), Offentlig forvaltning: Et politologisk perspektiv (Copenhagen: Hans Reitzels Forlag , 2014), 27–51.
Berg, Annemette Løkke Borg, Lene Lindberg Marcussen , & Karen Stoklund , Christiansfeld: A Moravian Settlement. Danish World Heritage Nomination (Kolding: Kolding Municipality, 2014).
“Betænkning 1544. Folkekirkens Styre [White Paper 1544. Governance of the Established Church]” (Copenhagen: Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs, 2014) .
“Betænkning 1564. En samlet lovregulering om andre trossamfund end folkekirken. Betænkning fra Trossamfundsudvalget [White Paper 1564. A Comprehensive Legal Regulation of Denominations Other than the Established Church]” (Copenhagen: Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs, 2017) .
Bøgh, Anders , “Håndfæstning [Coronation Charter]” (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2012). http://www.danmarkshistorien.dk (accessed 17 May 2020).
Bottoni, Rossella , Rinaldo Cristofori , & Silvio Ferrari (eds.), Religious Rules, State Law, and Normative Pluralism: A Comparative Overview (Switzerland: Springer, 2016).
Brødremenigheden i Christiansfeld, 2020. http://www.brødremenigheden.dk (accessed 17 May 2020) .
Christensen, Liselotte J. , “Ideologier bag den politiske håndtering af religionsforholdene i Danmark [Ideologies Behind the Political Handling of the Matters of Religion in Denmark],” in: Lisbet Christoffersen et al. (eds.), Fremtidens danske religionsmodel (Copenhagen: Anis, 2012), 199–205.
Christoffersen, Lisbet , “Ved Lov? [By Law?],” Ugeskrift for Retsvæsen B 50 (1998), 505–510.
Christoffersen, Lisbet , “Den aktuelle danske religionsretlige model [The Topical Danish Model for Regulation of Religion],” in: Lisbet Christoffersen et al. (eds.), Fremtidens danske religionsmodel (Copenhagen: Anis, 2012), 239–258.
Christoffersen, Lisbet , “Denmark: On Law and Religion in Denmark,” in: Gerhard Robbers & W. Cole Durham Jr . (eds.), Encyclopedia of Law and Religion, pre-print (Brill, 2015). https://rucforsk.ruc.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/51809994/Brill_Denmark.pdf (accessed 20 May 2020).
Doe, Norman , Law and Religion in Europe: A Comparative Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
Ekman, Ernst , “The Danish Royal Law of 1665,” The Journal of Modern History 29/2 (1957), 102–107.
“European Convention on Human Rights as Amended by Protocols Nos. 11 and 14, Supplemented by Protocols Nos. 1, 4, 6, 7, 12, 13 and 16” (Strasbourg: European Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe, 2010) .
Falk, Allan , “Anordningen af 29de Marts 1814: Et frihedsbrev? [The Decree of 29 March 1814: A Letter of Freedom?],” Rambam: Tidsskrift for jødisk kultur og forskning 23 (2014), 27–35.
Ferrari, Silvio , “Law and Religion in a Secular World: A European Perspective,” Ecclesiastical Law Journal 14/3 (2012), 355–370.
Ferrari, Silvio , “Religious Rules and Legal Pluralism: An Introduction,” in: Rossella Bottoni , Rinaldo Cristofori , & Silvio Ferrari (eds.), Religious Rules, State Law, and Normative Pluralism: A Comparative Overview (Switzerland: Springer, 2016), 1–25.
Fetzer, Joel S. , & J. Christopher Soper , Muslims and the State in Britain, France, and Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
Folketingstidende [Proceedings of the Folketing] 1968–69, tillæg B. https://www.folketingstidende.dk/ebog/19681B?s=1 (accessed 20 May 2020) .
Frandsen, Steen Bo , “Denmark 1848: The Victory of Democracy and the Shattering of the Conglomerate State,” in: Dieter Dowe et al. (eds.), Europe in 1848: Revolution and Reform (New York & Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2001), 289–311.
Geertz, Armin W. , & Mikael Rothstein , “Religious Minorities and New Religious Movements in Denmark,” Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions 4/2 (2001), 298–309.
Geertz, Armin W. , & Mikael Rothstein , “Recognition of Minority Denominations in the Kingdom of Denmark,” Res Cogitans 2/4 (2007), 27–48.
Hall, John A. , Ove Korsgaard , & Ove K. Pedersen , Building the Nation: N.F.S. Grundtvig and Danish Identity (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2015).
Haupt, Heinz-Gerhard , & Dieter Langewiesche , “The European Revolution of 1848: Its Political and Social Reforms, Its Politics of Nationalism, and Its Short- and Long-term Consequences,” in: Dieter Dowe et al. (eds.), Europe in 1848: Revolution and Reform (New York & Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2001), 1–23.
Holm, Anders , “Mellem frihed og orden: Den danske religionsmodel kirkehistorisk betragtet [Between Freedom and Order: The Danish Model of Religion Regarded Church Historically],” in: Lisbet Christoffersen et al. (eds.), Fremtidens danske religionsmodel (Copenhagen: Anis, 2012), 171–182.
Holst, Rikke , “Huguenotterne i Danmark, 1681– [The Huguenots of Denmark, 1681–]” (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2018). http://www.danmarkshistorien.dk (accessed 20 May 2020).
“Høringssvar: Trossamfundsudvalgets betænkning [Responses to Hearings],” Document 57677/17, 8 May 2017 (Copenhagen: Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs) .
Human Rights Council, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion and Belief on His Mission to Denmark,” A/HRC/34/50/Add.1 2017 (United Nations, 2017) .
Ingesman, Per , “Reformation and Confessionalisation in Early Modern Denmark,” in: Lars Ivar Hansen , Rognald Heiseldal Bergesen , & Ingebjørg Hage (eds.), Protracted Reformation in Northern Norway: Introductory Studies (Stamsund: Orkana Akademisk, 2014), 29–48.
Johansen, Kirstine Helboe , & Helene Helboe Pedersen , “The Power Over the Marriage Ritual: Positions in the Administrative Consultation Prior to the Implementation of Same-sex Marriages in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark,” Journal of Church and State 58/4 (2015), 731–752.
Jonas, Uffe , “On the Church, the State and the School: Grundtvig as Enlightenment Philosopher and Social Thinker,” in: John A. Hall , Ove Korsgaard , & Ove K. Pedersen (eds.), Building the Nation: N.F.S. Grundtvig and Danish Identity (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2015), 173–193.
“Kildepakke om de reformerte [Binder with Sources on the Reformed]” (Fredericia: Fredericia Museum and Fredericia Gymnasium, 2015), 5, 9. https://fredericiahistorie.dk/sites/fredericiahistorie.subsites.fredericia.dk/files/kildepakke_om_de_reformerte_-_museerne_i_fredericia_2015.pdf (accessed 23 March 2020) .
Korsgaard, Ove , N.F.S. Grundtvig: As a Political Thinker (Copenhagen: DJØF Publishing, 2014).
Lausten, Martin Schwarz , “The Early Reformation in Denmark and Norway 1520–1559,” in: Ole Peter Grell (ed.), The Scandinavian Reformation from Evangelical Movement to Institutionalisation of Reform (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 12–41.
Lehnhof, Lance S. , “Freedom of Religious Association: The Right of Religious Organizations to Obtain Legal Entity Status Under the European Convention,” Brigham Young University Law Review 2002/2 (2002), 561–610.
Letter from Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs Mette Bock to Folketingets Kirkeudvalg, Document 141942/17, 22 November 2017 (Copenhagen: Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs) .
Lodberg, Peter , “Mindretalspositionens kulturteoretiske begrundelse [The Culture-theoretical Justification for the Minority Position],” in: Lisbet Christoffersen , Anders Jørgensen , & Svend Andersen (eds.), Religionsretlig lovgivning: Kirkeretsantologi 2019. Trossamfundslov. Blasfemibestemmelse (Copenhagen: Eksistensen Akademisk, 2019), 61–69.
Løgstrup, Birgit , “Enevældens indførelse 1660 [Introduction of Absolutism 1660]” (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2009). http://www.danmarkshistorien.dk (accessed 20 May 2020).
Løgstrup, Birgit , “Kongeloven af 1665 [The Royal Law of 1665]” (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2012). http://www.danmarkshistorien.dk (accessed 20 May 2020).
Løgstrup, Birgit , “Enevældens indførelse 1660–1661 [Introduction of Absolutism 1660–1661]” (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2014). http://www.danmarkshistorien.dk (accessed 20 May 2020).
“Lov om trossamfund uden for folkekirken [Law on Denominations Outside the Established Church],” law no. 1533 of 19 December 2017 , Lovtidende A, 20 December 2017.
Mettele, Gisela , “Constructions of the Religious Self: Moravian Conversion and Transatlantic Communication,” Journal of Moravian History 7/2 (2007), 7–36.
Møller, Jes Fabricius , “Katolikkernes stilling og antikatolicismen i Danmark 1800–1849 [The Position of the Catholics and Anti-Catholicism in Denmark 1800–1849],” Kirkehistoriske Samlinger (2012), 113–135.
Møller, Jes Fabricius , & Uffe Østergård , “Lutheran Orthodoxy and Anti-Catholicism in Denmark 1536–2011,” in: Yvonne Maria Werner & Jonas Harvard (eds.), European Anti-Catholicism in a Comparative and Transnational Perspective, European Studies vol. 31 (Amsterdam & New York: Brill & Rodopi, 2013), 165–189.
Montesquieu (Charles de Secondat), The Spirit of the Laws, trans. & ed. by Anne M. Cohler, Basia Carolyn Miller, & Harold Samuel Miller (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989) .
Nielsen, Marie Vejrup , & Lene Kühle , “Religion and State in Denmark: Exception Among Exceptions?” Nordic Journal of Religion and Society 24/2 (2011), 173–188.
Østergaard, Bent , Indvandrerne i Danmarks historie: Kultur- og religionsmøder [Immigrants in the History of Denmark: Encounters of Culture and Religion] (Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag, 2007).
Pedersen, Else Marie Wiberg , Se min kjole: De første kvindelige præsters historie [See My Gown: The History of the First Female Pastors] (Copenhagen: Samleren, 1998).
Riesebrodt, Martin , The Promise of Salvation: A Theory of Religion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010).
Ritzau, “Jelved opgiver kirkeaftale: V og K vil ikke være med [Jelved Gives Up Reaching an Agreement Regarding the Church: V and K Did Not Want to Participate],” 31 October 2014. https://www.fyens.dk/indland/Jelved-opgiver-kirkeaftale-V-og-K-vil-ikke-vaere-med/artikel/2599811 (accessed 23 March 2020) .
Rytter, Jens Elo , “Bør staten stille demokratiske minimumskrav til trossamfund som betingelse for særrettigheder? Overvejelserne bag Det Rådgivende Udvalgs hidtidige praksis og flertalspositionen i Trossamfundsudvalget [Should the State Impose Minimum Democratic Requirements on Denominations as a Condition of Special Rights? Considerations Behind the Previous Practice of the Advisory Board and the Majority Position of the Law-preparing Committee],” in: Lisbet Christoffersen , Anders Jørgensen , & Svend Andersen (eds.), Religionsretlig lovgivning: Kirkeretsantologi 2019. Trossamfundslov. Blasfemibestemmelse (Copenhagen: Eksistensen Akademisk, 2019), 71–93.
The Constitutional Act of Denmark of June 5th, 1953 (Copenhagen: The Folketing, 2013) .
Torfing, Jacob , et al., Interactive Governance: Advancing the Paradigm (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).
“Vejledende retningslinjer til: Godkendelse som trossamfund eller menighed. Udarbejdet af Det Rådgivende Udvalg vedr. Trossamfund” [Indicative Guidelines to: Recognition as Denomination or Congregation. Devised by the Advisory Board on Denominations], 6th revised ed. (Copenhagen: Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs, 2011) .
Vinding, Niels Valdemar , “De fra folkekirken afvigende trossamfund [The Denominations Deviating from the Established Church],” in: Lisbet Christoffersen et al. (eds.), Fremtidens danske religionsmodel (Copenhagen: Anis, 2012), 291–307.
Warburg, Margit , “Lige ret for Loke så vel som for Thor? Religionsbegreber og retspraksis i forbindelse med religioner uden for Folkekirken [Equal Rights for Loki as Well as for Thor? Concepts of Religion and Legal Practice in Relation to Religions Outside the Established Church],” Chaos: Dansk-norsk tidsskrift for religionshistoriske studier 26 (1996), 9–32.
Warburg, Margit , “Restrictions and Privileges: The Legal and Administrative Practice Towards Minority Religions in the usa and Denmark,” in: Eileen Barker & Margit Warburg (eds.), New Religions and New Religiosity (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1998), 262–275.
Warburg, Margit , “Det Rådgivende Udvalg vedr. Trossamfund: Nogle forvaltningsteoretiske betragtninger fra de første 20 formative år [The Advisory Board on Denominations Some Administrative-theoretical Considerations from the First 20 Formative Years],” in: Lisbet Christoffersen , Anders Jørgensen , & Svend Andersen (eds.), Religionsretlig lovgivning: Kirkeretsantologi 2019. Trossamfundslov. Blasfemibestemmelse (Copenhagen: Eksistensen Akademisk, 2019), 95–107.
Weber, Max , Readings and Commentary on Modernity, ed. by Stephen Kalberg (Malden: Blackwell, 2005).
Weber, Max , “Bureaucracy,” in: Tony Waters & Dagmar Waters (eds.), Weber’s Rationalism and Modern Society: New Translations on Politics, Bureaucracy, and Social Stratification (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), 75–127.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 415 | 101 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 63 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 119 | 22 | 0 |
In Denmark, the recognition of religious minority associations dates back to absolutism in the late 1600s when it was exerted by royal grace. However, the legal basis was not established as foreseen in the constitution of 1849, and recognition continued to be an ad hoc administrative act, which was modelled over the acts of grace during absolutism. By tradition, the cases were handled by the bishop of Copenhagen. After a criticism of this practice, the government established an expert committee in 1998 to take over the work of the bishop. In the absence of a dedicated law, the committee developed rules for recognition. The considerations and experiences of the expert committee are discussed in light of theories of contemporary public governance and with a view to the ‘by grace’ principle of absolutism. The article also discusses the preparation of the first law on recognition of religious minority associations from 2018.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 415 | 101 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 63 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 119 | 22 | 0 |