Sixteenth-century Polish-Lithuania was a multicultural country that took pride in its policy of religious tolerance. Among its many denominations was an Anabaptist sect known as the Polish Brethren or Arians. The relative openness of the society to conversion allowed individuals to explore a spectrum of religious options in search of a denomination that would fulfil their personal spiritual needs. Yet, such choices could sever friendships and family ties. The story of an Arian, Balcer Wilkowski, whose son Gaspar converted to Roman Catholicism, serves as a poignant example. Through literary analysis of his writing, this paper demonstrates how Wilkowski senior deployed scriptural references, and in particular the Parable of the Prodigal Son, to express his reaction to his son’s apostasy. While obligated by his own spiritual commitments to condemn Gaspar’s conversion, as a father he continued to search for a theological justification for the hope that his son might return to the Arian fold.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Bajer Peter Paul , Scots in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 16th–18th Centuries: The Formation and Disappearance of an Ethnic Group (Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2012).
Brady Thomas A. , “The Protestant Reformation in German History,” Occasional Paper No. 22 (Washington d.c.: German Historical Institute, 1998), 9–34.
Calma Clarinda E. , “Communicating Across Communities,” Journal of Jesuit Studies 1/4 (2014), 589–606.
Calvin John , Commentary on Harmony of the Evangelists, Matthew, Mark, and Luke (Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society, 1845).
Chmaj Ludwik , Bracia Polscy: Ludzie, idee, wpływy (Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1957).
Diefendorf Barbara B. , “Houses Divided: Religious Schism in Sixteenth-century Parisian Families,” in: Zimmerman Susan & Weissman Ronald F.E. (eds.), Urban Life in the Renaissance (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1989), 80–99.
Diefendorf Barbara B., “Give Us Back Our Children: Patriarchal Authority and Parental Consent to Religious Vocations in Early Counter-Reformation France,” The Journal of Modern History 68/2 (1996), 265–307.
Evans Gillian R. , Problems of Authority in the Reformation Debates (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
Ginzburg Carlo , “Microhistory and World History,” in: Jerry H. Bentley , Sanjay Subrahmanyam , & Merry E. Wiesner-Hank (eds.), The Cambridge World History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), vol. 6, 446–473.
Grabowski Ambroży , Starożytności historyczne polskie: Czyli pisma i pamiętniki do dziejow dawnej Polski, listy królow i znakomitych mężów, przypowieści, przysłowia i t.p. Z rękopismów zebrał i przydał żywoty uczonych Polaków, vol. 1. (Cracow: Józef Czech, 1840).
Haeger Barbara , “The Prodigal Son in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-century Netherlandish Art: Depictions of the Parable and the Evolution of a Catholic Image,” Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art 16/2–3 (1986), 128–138.
Kossowski Aleksander , “Z życia arjan polskich w Lublinie,” Reformacja w Polsce 5/19–20 (1928), 77–80.
Kot Stanisław , “Dysputacyj Braci Polskich katalog z rękopisu Andrzeja Lubienieckiego Młodszego,” Reformacja w Polsce 9–10 (1937–1939), 456–464.
McGrath Alister E. , The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformation (New York: Blackwell, 1987).
Misiurek Jerzy , Chrystologia Braci Polskich: Okres przedsocyniański (Lublin: Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski, 1983).
Misiurek Jerzy , Spory Chrystologiczne W Polsce w drugiej połowie xvi wieku (Lublin: Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski, 1984).
Morris Anita Boyd , “Pictures of Debauchery: Profane Images of the Prodigal Son’s Revels in Seventeenth-century Dutch Paintings,” Dutch Crossing 35/3 (2011), 213–228.
Oberman Heiko A. , The Dawn of the Reformation (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1992).
Płokarz Józef , “Jan Niemojewski, studium z dziejów arjan polskich,” Reformacja w Polsce 2/5–6 (1922), 71–117.
Putnam Lara , “To Study the Fragments/Whole: Microhistory and the Atlantic world,” Journal of Social History 39/3 (2006), 615–630.
Radoń Sławomir , Z dziejów polemiki antyariańskiej w Polsce xvi—xvii wieku (Cracow: Universitas, 1993).
Salmonowicz Stanisław , “Geneza i treść uchwał konfederacji warszawskiej,” Odrodzenie i Reformacja w Polsce 19 (1974), 7–30.
Salmonowicz Stanisław , “O tolerancji religijnej w ‘modelu polskim’ (xvi–xviii w.),” in: idem, Kilka minionych wieków: Szkice i studia z historii ustroju Polski (Cracow: Universitas, 2009), 38–44.
Stec Wiesław , Literacki kształt polskich polemik antyjezuickich z lat 1578–1625 (Białystok: Dział Wydawnictw Filii uw, 1988).
Szczygieł Ryszard , “Ugoda Żydów lubelskich z gminą miejską w sprawie udziału w życiu gospodarczym miasta z 1555 roku,” in: Kowalski Waldemar & Muszyńska Jadwiga (eds.), Żydzi wśród Chrześcijan w dobie szlacheckiej Rzeczypospolitej (Kielce: Kieleckie Towarzystwo Naukowe, 1996), 43–50.
Tazbir Janusz , “Dysputacje religijne w Polsce xvi W,” in: idem, Państwo bez stosów: Szkice Z dziejów tolerancji w Polsce w xvi i xvii w . (Cracow: Universitas, 2000), 279–300.
Tipson Baird , “A Dark Side of Seventeenth-century English Protestantism: The Sin Against the Holy Spirit,” Harvard Theological Review 77/3–4 (1984), 301–330.
Tworek Stanisław , Zbór lubelski i jego rola w ruchu ariańskim w Polsce w xvi–xvii wieku (Lublin: Wydawnictwo Lubelskie, 1966).
Wajsblum Marek , “Dyteiści małopolscy,” Reformacja w Polsce 5/17–18 (1928), 32–97.
Wilczek Piotr , Erazm Otwinowski: Pisarz ariański (Warsaw: Gnome Books, 1994).
Wilczek Piotr , “Jezuici i arianie: Wprowadzenie do lektury polskich polemik wyznaniowych na przełomie xvi i xvii w.,” Czasopismo Zakładu Narodowego im. Ossolińskich 10 (1999), 15–26.
Wilkowski Balcer , “List Balcera Wilkwskiego, ojca, do Kaspra Wilkowskiego, doktora, syna swego, do papiestwa przepadłego,” in: Tazbir Janusz & Szczucki Lech (eds.), Literatura ariańska w Polsce xvi wieku: Antologia (Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza, 1959), 461–471.
Wilkowski Kasper [Gaspar]. Przyczyny Nawrócenia do wiary Powszechney od Sekt Nowokrzczeńcow Samosateńskich (Vilna: Wilkowski, 1583).
Wilkowski Kasper [Gaspar]. Z Nowokrzczeńcami Rosprawa (Vilna: s.n., 1584).
Zakrzewska-Dubasowa Mirosława , “Przyczynek do historii jarmarków lubelskich,” Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio F, Nauki filozoficzne i humanistyczne 20 (1968), 59–74.
Zakrzewska-Dubasowa Mirosława , Ormianie w dawnej Polsce (Lublin: Wydawnictwo Lubelskie, 1982).
Załęski Stanisław , Jezuici w Polsce. T. 1, Walka z różnowierstwem 1555–1608. Cz. 1, 1555–1586 (Lvov: Drukarnia Ludowa, 1900).
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 529 | 121 | 10 |
| Full Text Views | 199 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 67 | 5 | 0 |
Sixteenth-century Polish-Lithuania was a multicultural country that took pride in its policy of religious tolerance. Among its many denominations was an Anabaptist sect known as the Polish Brethren or Arians. The relative openness of the society to conversion allowed individuals to explore a spectrum of religious options in search of a denomination that would fulfil their personal spiritual needs. Yet, such choices could sever friendships and family ties. The story of an Arian, Balcer Wilkowski, whose son Gaspar converted to Roman Catholicism, serves as a poignant example. Through literary analysis of his writing, this paper demonstrates how Wilkowski senior deployed scriptural references, and in particular the Parable of the Prodigal Son, to express his reaction to his son’s apostasy. While obligated by his own spiritual commitments to condemn Gaspar’s conversion, as a father he continued to search for a theological justification for the hope that his son might return to the Arian fold.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 529 | 121 | 10 |
| Full Text Views | 199 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 67 | 5 | 0 |