Eighteenth-century critics of the concept of Oriental Despotism understood rights to hold an important place in the governance of Muslim-ruled empires. In asking what we might make of this idea, this article examines a tradition of speaking about the “rights of subjects over the kingdom” in sultanic India from the late fourteenth century onwards. This tradition, drawing to a significant extent from the writings of ‘Ali Hamadānī (d. 1384), articulated normative rights of recipience for sultanic subjects, often embedded in an early Islamic imaginaire. Sketching several iterations of this tradition over five centuries, the article argues that while the critique of the concept of Oriental Despotism, in so far as it dealt with rights, would come to focus centrally on the question of property rights, there was another, less familiar rights tradition that was left thereby in the shadows.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
‘Abd al-Ḥaqq Muhaddith Dehlavī. 1985. Risāla Nūriyya Sulṭaniyya. Ed. Muhammad Saleem Akhtar. Islamabad: Markaz-i Taḥqīqāt.
‘Abd Allah. 1969. Tārīkh-i Dāwūdi. Ed. Shaikh Abdur Rashid. Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University.
Abu Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī. 1380. Kīmiya-yi Sa‘ādat. Ed. Husain Khadiv Jam. Tehran: Shirkat-i Intishārāt-i ‘Ilmī va Farhangī.
Alam, Muzaffar. 2004. Languages of Political Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Alam, Muzaffar and Sanjay Subrahmanyam. 2000. “Introduction,” in The Mughal State, ed. Muzaffar Alam and Sanjay Subrahmanyam. Delhi: Oxford University Press: 1–74.
Alam, Muzaffar and Sanjay Subrahmanyam. 2011. Writing the Mughal World. New Delhi: Permanent Black.
‘Ālamgīr S̱ānī ‘Aẕīẕī. N.d. Majmū‘a-yi ‘Aẕīẕī. Rampur Raza Library MS 1801.
Alvi, Sajida Sultana. 2010. Qaḍī Thanā’ Allāh Pānīpatī, an Eighteenth-Century Sufi-‘Ālim: A Study of his Writings in their Sociopolitical Context. In Perspectives on Mughal India: Rulers, Historians, ‘Ulamā’ and Sufis, ed. Sajida Sultana Alvi. Karachi: Oxford University Press: 177–196.
Alvi, Sajida Sultana. 1989. Advice on the Art of Governance (Mau’iẓah-i Jahāngīrī) of Muḥammad Bāqir Najm-i S̱ānī: an Indo-Islamic Mirror for Princes. Albany: State University of New York.
Anjum, Ovamir. 2012. Politics, Law and Community in Islamic Thought: The Taymiyyan Moment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Anonymous. 1991. Sea of Precious Virtues, translated by Julie Meisami. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Anonymous. N.d. Tazkirat al-Khulafāˀ fī Tauṣiyat al-Mulūk w’al-Umarāˀ. Delhi Persian MSS 910. British Library.
Anooshahr, Ali. 2014. On the Imperial Discourse of the Delhi Sultanate and Early Mughal India. Journal of Persianate Studies 7/2: 157–176.
Anquetil-Duperron, Abraham Hyacinthe. 1778. Législation orientale. Amsterdam: Marc-Michel Rey.
Ashraf ‘Alī Thānavī. 2009. Ḥuqūq al-Islām, trans. Ali Altaf Mian. The Muslim World 99: 325–333.
Auer, Blain. 2012. Symbols of Authority in Medieval Islam: History, Religion, and Muslim Legitimacy in the Delhi Sultanate. London: I.B. Tauris.
Bayly, C.A. 2011. Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Berkey, Jonathan. 2003. The Formation of Islam, 600–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bibliothèque nationale de France. N.d. Supplément Persan 1004.
Bilgrami, Fatima Zehra. 2005. History of the Qadiri Order in India. Delhi: Idara-i Adabiyat.
Brett, Annabel. 1997. Liberty, Right, and Nature: Individual Rights in Later Scholastic Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Buehler, Arthur. 2003. Sharī‘at and ‘Ulamā In Ahmad Sirhindī’s Collected Letters. Die Welt des Islams 43/3: 309–320.
Busch, Allison. 2018. ‘Unhitching the Oxcart of Delhi’: A Mughal-Period Hindi Account of Political Insurgency. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 28/3: 415–439.
Chittick, William. 1998. Self-disclosure of God: Principles of Ibn al-‘Arabī’s Cosmology. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Coller, Ian. 2020. Muslims and Citizens: Islam, Politics, and the French Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Cook, Michael. 2000. Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cook, Michael. 2003. Forbidding Wrong in Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Decosimo, David. 2015. An Umma of Accountability: al-Ghazālī against Domination. Soundings 98/3: 260–288.
Dehérain, Henri. 1929. La vie de Pierre Ruffin, orientaliste et diplomate, 1742–1824. 2 volumes. Paris: Geuthner.
Desan, Suzanne. 2013. Foreigners, Cosmopolitanism, and French Revolutionary Universalism. In The French Revolution in Global Perspective, eds. by Suzanne Desan, Lynn Hunt, and William Max Nelson. Ithaca: Cornell University Press: 86–100.
DeWeese, Devin. 1988. The Eclipse of the Kubravīyah in Central Asia. Iranian Studies 21/1: 45–83.
DeWeese, Devin. 2012. Sayyid ‘Ali Hamadani and Kubrawi Hagiographical Traditions. In Studies on Sufism in Central Asia, ed. idem. Farnham: Variorum: 121–158.
Digby, Simon. 1975. ‘Abd al-Quddus Gangohi (1456–1537 A.D.): The Personality and Attitudes of a Medieval Indian Sufi. Medieval India: A Miscellany 3: 1–66.
Dworkin, Ronald. 1984. Rights as Trumps. In Theories of Rights, ed. Jeremy Waldron. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 153–167.
Eamon, Anver. 2006. Ḥuqūq Allāh and Ḥuqūq al-ʿIbād: A Legal Heuristic for a Natural Rights Regime. Islamic Law and Society 13/3: 325–391.
Edelstein, Daniel. 2009. The Terror of Natural Right: Republicanism, the Cult of Nature, and the French Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
El-Hibri, Tayeb. 2018. Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. New York: Columbia University Press.
Elias, Jamal. 2000. A Second ‘Alī: The Making of Sayyid ‘Alī Hamadānī in Popular Imagination. Muslim World 90/3–4: 395–419.
Faruqui, Munis. Awrangzīb. Encyclopaedia of Islam, 3rd edition (online).
Fath Allah Sabzāwārī. N.d. Akhlāq-i Ẕahīriya. MS 5–15510. National Library of Iran.
Fenech, Louis. 2013. The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fisher, Michael H. 2004. Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain 1600–1857. Delhi: Permanent Black.
Guha, Ranajit. 1982. A Rule of Property for Bengal: An Essay on the Idea of Permanent Settlement. Delhi: Orient Longman.
Guha, Sumit. 1998. Wrongs and Rights in the Maratha Country: Antiquity, Custom and Power in Eighteenth-century India. In Changing Concepts of Rights and Justice in South Asia, ed. Sumit Guha. New York: Oxford University Press: 14–29.
Habib, Irfan. 2014. The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1556–1707, 3rd ed. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Habib, Irfan. 1998. Ẓiya Baranī’s Vision of the State. Medieval History Journal 2 /1: 19–36.
Hallissey, Robert Charles. 1977. The Rajput Rebellion against Aurangzeb: A Study of the Mughal Empire in Seventeenth-Century India. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
Hamadānī, Mīr Sayyid ‘Alī. 1385. Zakhīrat al-Mulūk. Edited by Sayyid Mahmud Anwari. Tabriz: Intishārāt-I Muˀasasa-I Tārīkh o Farhang-i Īrān.
Ingram, Brannon D. 2018. Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Islam, Riazul. 2002. Sufism in South Asia: Impact on Fourteenth Century Muslim Society. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
‘Ismat Allah ibn A‘zam ibn ‘Abd al-Rasūl Sahāranpūrī. N.d. Raqīb Bāb al-Ma‘rūf w’al-Munkar. Delhi Persian MSS, 219, British Library.
Johansen, Baber. 1999. Contingency in a Sacred Law: Legal and Ethical Norms in the Muslim Fiqh. Leiden: Brill.
Kaicker, Abhishek. 2020. The King and the People. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kavandi, Sahar and Maryam Fathi. 2014. Bar rasī-yi nuskha-hā-yi khaṭṭī risāla-yi akhlāq-i ẕahīriya. Āˀina Paz̲h̲ uhish 147, accessed online, http://historylib.com/articles/1586/.
Khan, Gulfishan. 1993. Indian Muslim Perceptions of the West During the Eighteenth Century. D. Phil. Thesis, Oxford University.
Khan, Iqtidar Alam. 1969. Shaik̲h̲ ‘Abdul Quddus Gangōhī’s Relations with Political Authorities: A Reappraisal. Medieval India: A Miscellany IV: 73–90.
Kinra, Rajeev. 2020. Revisiting the History and Historiography of Mughal Pluralism. ReOrient 5/2: 137–182.
Kolff, D.H.A. 1990 Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450–1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kumar, Sunil. 2011. Courts, Capitals and Kingship: Delhi and its Sultans in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries CE. In Court Cultures in the Muslim World: Seventh to Nineteenth Centuries, eds. Jan-Peter Hartung and Albrecht Fuess. London, Routledge: 123–148.
Kumar, Sunil. 2017. Transitions in the Relationship between Political Elites and the Sufis: The Thirteenth- and Fourteenth-Century Delhi Sultanate. In State Formation and Social Integration in Pre-Modern South and Southeast Asia: A Comparative Study of Asian Society, eds. Noboru Karashima and Masashi Hirosue. Tokyo, The Toyo Bunko: 203–238.
Lees, William Nassau. 1867. The Land and Labour of India, a Review. London: Williams and Norgate, 1867.
Lefèvre, Corinne. 2017. Pouvoir impérial et élites dans l’Inde moghole de Jahāngīr (1605–27). Paris: Les Indes savantes.
MacLean, Derryl N. 2003. The Sociology of Political Engagement: The Mahdawiyah and the State. In India’s Islamic Traditions, 711–1750, ed. Richard Eaton. New Delhi: Oxford University Press: 150–166.
Malcolm, Noel. 2019. Useful Enemies: Islam and The Ottoman Empire in Western Political Thought, 1450–1750. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mian, Ali Altaf and Nancy Nyquist Potter. 2009. Invoking Islamic Rights in British India: Mawlana Ashraf ‘Ali Thanawi’s Ḥuqūq al-Islam. The Muslim World 99: 312–334.
Minault, Gail. 1990. Sayyid Mumtaz Ali and ‘Huquq un-Niswan’: An Advocate of Women’s Rights in Islam in the Late Nineteenth Century. Modern Asian Studies 24/1: 147–172.
Mīrzā Nathan. N.d. Bahāristān-i Ghaybī. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Supplément Persan 254.
Moin, A. Azfar. 2017. The ‘Ulama’ as Ritual Specialists. In The Wiley-Blackwell History of Islam, eds. Armando Salvatore, Roberto Tottoli, Babak Rahimi. Walden: Wiley-Blackwell, 377–392.
Nayeem, M.A. 1985. Mughal Administration of Deccan under Nizamul Mulk Asaf Jah. Bombay: Jaico.
Nayeem, M.A. 1980–2007. Mughal Documents: Catalogue of Aurangzeb’s Reign. Hyderabad: State Archives, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh.
O’Hanlon, Rosalind. 2010. Letters Home: Banaras Pandits and the Maratha Regions in Early Modern India. Modern Asian Studies 44/2: 201–240.
Pitts, Jennifer. 2018. Boundaries of the International: Law and Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Qureshi, Ishtiaq Hussein. 1944. The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi. 2nd edition. Lahore: Muhammad Ashraf.
Raphael, D.D. 1965. Human Rights. Aristotelian Society Supplements 39: 205–218.
Ray, Anirudha. 1977. An Indian in Revolutionary France, 1793–1794. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 38: 675–684.
Rizvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas. 1978 [2003]. A History of Sufism in India. Two volumes. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
Roy, Nirod Bhushan. 1934. The Successors of Sher Shah. Dhaka: S.A. Gunny.
S̱anāˀ Allah Pānīpatī. 1849. Ḥaqīqat al-Islām. Lucknow: Muḥammad Muṣṭafa Khān.
Sarkar, Jagadish Narayan. 1984. Mughal Polity. Delhi: Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i-Delhi.
Sarkar, Tanika. 2000. A Prehistory of Rights: The Age of Consent Debate in Colonial Bengal. Feminist Studies 26/3. Points of Departure: India and the South Asian Diaspora: 601–622.
Sartori, Andrew. 2014. Liberalism in Empire: An Alternative History. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Siddiqui, Iqtidar Husain. 1995. Sher Shah Sur and His Dynasty. Jaipur: Publication Scheme.
Siddiqui, Iqtidar Husain. 1972. Wajh’-i-Ma’ash Grants under the Afghan Kings. In Medieval India: A Miscellany, vol. 2, ed. K.A. Nizami. London: Asia Publishing House, 19–45.
Steinfels, Amina. 2001. Reflections on a Mystic Mirror: The Beinecke manuscript of Ali Hamadani. The Yale University Library Gazette, Occasional Supplement 4: 55–66.
Sturman, Rachel. 2012. The Government of Social Life in Colonial India: Liberalism, Religious Law, and Women’s Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stuurman, Siep. 2007. Cosmopolitan Egalitarianism in the Enlightenment: Anquetil Duperron on India and America. Journal of the History of Ideas 68/2: 255–278.
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. 1992. The Mughal State—Structure or Process? Reflections on Recent Western Historiography. Indian Economic and Social History Review 29/3: 291–321.
Subtelny, Maria. 2003. A Late Medieval Persian Summa on Ethics: Kashifi’s Akhlāq-i Muḥsinī. Iranian Studies 36/4: 601–614.
Terzioğlu, Derin. 2010. Sunna-minded Sufi Preachers in Service of the Ottoman State: The Naṣīḥatnāme of Hasan Addressed to Murad IV. Archivum Ottomanicum 27: 241–312.
Tierney, Brian. 1997. The Idea of Natural Rights: Studies on Natural Rights, Natural Law and Church Law, 1150–1625. Atlanta: Scholar’s Press, 1997.
Tirmizi, S.A.I. 1989. Mughal Documents, 1526–1627. Delhi: Manohar.
Travers, Robert. 2007. Ideology and Empire in Eighteenth-Century India: The British in Bengal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Trimingham, J. Spencer. 1971. The Sufi Orders in Islam. Oxford: Clarendon.
Tuck, Richard. 1979. Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Whelan, Frederick. 2001. Oriental Despotism: Anquetil-Duperron’s Response to Montesquieu. History of Political Thought 22: 619–647.
Wilson, H.H. 1855 [1968]. A Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms and of Useful Words Occurring in Official Documents Relating to the Administration of the Government of British India. London: Wm H. Allen & co. [reprint, Delhi: Munshiram].
Yavari, Neguin. 2014. Advice for the Sultan: Prophetic Voices and Secular Politics in Medieval Islam. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ziyā al-Dīn Baranī. 2013. Tārīkh-i Firūz Shāhī [Facsimile]. Rampur: Raza Library.
Ziyā al-Dīn Baranī. 1972. Fatāwā-i Jahāndārī. Ed. Afsar Saleem Khan. Lahore: University of Punjab.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1419 | 216 | 15 |
| Full Text Views | 95 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 246 | 25 | 0 |
Eighteenth-century critics of the concept of Oriental Despotism understood rights to hold an important place in the governance of Muslim-ruled empires. In asking what we might make of this idea, this article examines a tradition of speaking about the “rights of subjects over the kingdom” in sultanic India from the late fourteenth century onwards. This tradition, drawing to a significant extent from the writings of ‘Ali Hamadānī (d. 1384), articulated normative rights of recipience for sultanic subjects, often embedded in an early Islamic imaginaire. Sketching several iterations of this tradition over five centuries, the article argues that while the critique of the concept of Oriental Despotism, in so far as it dealt with rights, would come to focus centrally on the question of property rights, there was another, less familiar rights tradition that was left thereby in the shadows.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1419 | 216 | 15 |
| Full Text Views | 95 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 246 | 25 | 0 |