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Reşat Kasaba Keydar Çağlar Tabak Faruk Migrant Labor in Western Anatolia, 1750-1850 Landholding and Commercial Agriculture in the Middle East 1991 Albany State University of New York Press 113 121 )| false
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Rubin Avi. , 'Ottoman Judicial Changes in the Age of Modernity: A Reappraisal ' (2008 ) 6 History Compass : 1 -22 (doi 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00563.x) .

Rubin Avi. Ottoman Judicial Changes in the Age of Modernity: A Reappraisal History Compass 2008 6 1 22 (doi 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00563.x) )| false
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Rubin Avi , Ottoman Nizamiye Courts: Law and Modernity , (Palgrave Macmillan , New York 2011 ).

Rubin Avi Ottoman Nizamiye Courts: Law and Modernity 2011 New York Palgrave Macmillan )| false
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Savage Mike , Barlow James , Dickens Peter & Fielding Tony , Property, Bureaucracy, and Culture: Middle-Class Formation in Contemporary Britain , (Routledge , New York 1992 ).

Savage Mike Barlow James Dickens Peter Fielding Tony Property, Bureaucracy, and Culture: Middle-Class Formation in Contemporary Britain 1992 New York Routledge )| false
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Scott James C. , Seeing Like a State , (Yale University Press , New Haven 1998 ).

Scott James C. Seeing Like a State 1998 New Haven Yale University Press )| false
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Shaw Stanford J. , 'Local Administration in the Tanzimat ', in Hakkı D. Yıldız (ed), 150. Yılında Tanzimat , (Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları , Ankara 1992 ) 33 -49 .

Shaw Stanford J. Yıldız Hakkı D. Local Administration in the Tanzimat 150. Yılında Tanzimat 1992 Ankara Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları 33 49 )| false
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Shechter Relli , 'Market Welfare in the Early-Modern Ottoman Economy: A Historiographic Overview with Many Questions ' (2005 ) 48 (2 ) jesho : 254 -276 .

Shechter Relli Market Welfare in the Early-Modern Ottoman Economy: A Historiographic Overview with Many Questions jesho 2005 48 2 254 276 )| false
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Somel Selçuk A. , Modernization of Public Education in the Ottoman Empire, 1839-1908: Islamization, Autocracy, and Discipline , (Brill , Leiden 2001 ).

Somel Selçuk A. Modernization of Public Education in the Ottoman Empire, 1839-1908: Islamization, Autocracy, and Discipline 2001 Leiden Brill )| false
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Sönmez Ali , 'Zaptiye Teşkilatı’nın kuruluşu ve Gelişimi ', (Ankara Üniversitesi , Ankara 2005 ).

Sönmez Ali Zaptiye Teşkilatı’nın kuruluşu ve Gelişimi 2005 Ankara Ankara Üniversitesi )| false
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Swanson Glen W. , 'The Ottoman Police ' (1972 ) 7 (nos. 1-2 ) Journal of Contemporary History : 243 -260 .

Swanson Glen W. The Ottoman Police Journal of Contemporary History 1972 7 nos. 1-2 243 260 )| false
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Taylor Charles , Modern Social Imaginaries , (Duke University Press , Durham 2004 ).

Taylor Charles Modern Social Imaginaries 2004 Durham Duke University Press )| false
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Toledano Ehud R. , 'The Emergence of Ottoman-Local Elites (1700-1800): A Framework for Research ', in Ilan Pappé & Moshe Maʾoz (eds), Middle Eastern Politics and Ideas: A History from Within , (Tauris Academic Studies , London 1997 ) 145 -162 .

Toledano Ehud R. Pappé Ilan Maʾoz Moshe The Emergence of Ottoman-Local Elites (1700-1800): A Framework for Research Middle Eastern Politics and Ideas: A History from Within 1997 London Tauris Academic Studies 145 162 )| false
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Toledano Ehud R. , As If Silent and Absent: Bonds of Enslavement in the Islamic Middle East , (Yale University Press , New Haven 2007 ).

Toledano Ehud R. As If Silent and Absent: Bonds of Enslavement in the Islamic Middle East 2007 New Haven Yale University Press )| false
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Tongur Hikmet , Türkiye’de Genel Kolluk Teşkili ve Görevlerinin Gelişimi , (T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları , Ankara 1946 ).

Tongur Hikmet Türkiye’de Genel Kolluk Teşkili ve Görevlerinin Gelişimi 1946 Ankara T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları )| false
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Watenpaugh Keith D. , Being Modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class , (Princeton University Press , Princeton 2006 ).

Watenpaugh Keith D. Being Modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class 2006 Princeton Princeton University Press )| false
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Weber Max , Guenther Roth & Clause Wittich (eds), Economy and Society , (University of California Press , Berkeley 1978 ).

Weber Max Roth Guenther Wittich Clause Economy and Society 1978 Berkeley University of California Press )| false
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Yazbak Mahmoud , 'The Municipality of a Muslim Town: Nablus 1864-1914 ' (1999 ) 67 Archiv Orientalni: Journal of African and Asian Studies : 339 -360 .

Yazbak Mahmoud The Municipality of a Muslim Town: Nablus 1864-1914 Archiv Orientalni: Journal of African and Asian Studies 1999 67 339 360 )| false
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Yetkin Sabri , Ege’de Eşkıyalar , (Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları , Istanbul 2003 ).

Yetkin Sabri Ege’de Eşkıyalar 2003 Istanbul Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları )| false
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Yolalıcı Emin M. , XIX. Yüzyılda Canik (Samsun) Sancağınin Sosyal Ekonomik Yaps , (Türk Tarih Kurumu , Ankara 1998 ).

Yolalıcı Emin M. XIX. Yüzyılda Canik (Samsun) Sancağınin Sosyal Ekonomik Yaps 1998 Ankara Türk Tarih Kurumu )| false
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Young George , Corps de droit ottoman: Recueil des codes, lois, règlements, ordonnances et actes les plus importants du droit intérieur, et d’études sur le droit coutumier de l’Empire ottoman , (Clarendon Press , Oxford 1906 ).

Young George Corps de droit ottoman: Recueil des codes, lois, règlements, ordonnances et actes les plus importants du droit intérieur, et d’études sur le droit coutumier de l’Empire ottoman 1906 vol. 2 Oxford Clarendon Press )| false
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Zarinebaf Fariba , 'Maintien de l’ordre et contrôle social à Istanbul au xviii siècle ', in Jean-Marc Berlier (ed), Metiérs de police: Être policier en Europe, XVIII-XX siècle , (Presses Universitaires de Rennes , Rennes 2008 ) 87 -96 .

Zarinebaf Fariba Berlier Jean-Marc Maintien de l’ordre et contrôle social à Istanbul au xviii siècle Metiérs de police: Être policier en Europe, XVIII-XX siècle 2008 Rennes Presses Universitaires de Rennes 87 96 )| false
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Zarinebaf Fariba , Crime and Punishment in Istanbul, 1700-1800 , (University of California Press , Berkeley 2010 ).

Zarinebaf Fariba Crime and Punishment in Istanbul, 1700-1800 2010 Berkeley University of California Press )| false
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Zürcher Erik J. , The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk’s Turkey , (I.B. Tauris , London 2010 ).

Zürcher Erik J. The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk’s Turkey 2010 London I.B. Tauris )| false
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C.V. Findley, Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789-1922 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980). For a discussion of the process in the criminal justice system in which practice was followed by regulation and then by legislation, see O. Paz, Crime, Criminals, and the Ottoman State: Anatolia between the Late 1830s and the Late 1860s. PhD diss. (Tel Aviv University, 2011).

C.V. Findley, Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789-1922 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980). For a discussion of the process in the criminal justice system in which practice was followed by regulation and then by legislation, see O. Paz, Crime, Criminals, and the Ottoman State: Anatolia between the Late 1830s and the Late 1860s. PhD diss. (Tel Aviv University, 2011).)| false
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Ibid., 148. On the continuation of the division between rulers and ruled, see Paz, “Crime, Criminals, and the Ottoman State”: 48-68, 279-94.

O. Paz, “Documenting Justice: New Recording Practices and the Establishment of an Activist Criminal Court System in the Ottoman Provinces (1840-Late 1860s).” Islamic Law and Society 21 (2014): 81-113; M. Yazbak, “The Municipality of A Muslim Town: Nablus 1864-1914.” Archiv Orientalni: Journal of African and Asian Studies 67 (1999): 339-60.

O. Paz, “Documenting Justice: New Recording Practices and the Establishment of an Activist Criminal Court System in the Ottoman Provinces (1840-Late 1860s).” Islamic Law and Society 21 (2014): 81-113; M. Yazbak, “The Municipality of A Muslim Town: Nablus 1864-1914.” Archiv Orientalni: Journal of African and Asian Studies 67 (1999): 339-60.)| false
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Ibid., 209-10.

C.V. Findley, “Did the Late Ottoman Empire Have a Muslim Middle Class.” History and History of Civilizations 1 (2012): 1335. For works supporting this division, see Göçek, Rise of the Bourgeoisie and Özdalga, “Introduction”: 4. Kemal Karpat argues that, while the urban middle class was non-Muslim, that in the countryside was Muslim; see K.H. Karpat, Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays (Leiden: Brill, 2002): 48-9.

C.V. Findley, “Did the Late Ottoman Empire Have a Muslim Middle Class.” History and History of Civilizations 1 (2012): 1335. For works supporting this division, see Göçek, Rise of the Bourgeoisie and Özdalga, “Introduction”: 4. Kemal Karpat argues that, while the urban middle class was non-Muslim, that in the countryside was Muslim; see K.H. Karpat, Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays (Leiden: Brill, 2002): 48-9.)| false
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Findley, “Did the Late Ottoman Empire Have a Muslim Middle Class”; T. Abou-Hodeib, “The Material Life of the Ottoman Middle Class.” History Compass 10/8 (2012) (doi 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2012.00866.x); H. Exertzoglou, “The Cultural Uses of Consumption: Negotiating Class, Gender, and Nation in the Ottoman Urban Centers during the 19th Century.” ijmes 35/1 (2003): 77-101.

Findley, “Did the Late Ottoman Empire Have a Muslim Middle Class”; T. Abou-Hodeib, “The Material Life of the Ottoman Middle Class.” History Compass 10/8 (2012) (doi 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2012.00866.x); H. Exertzoglou, “The Cultural Uses of Consumption: Negotiating Class, Gender, and Nation in the Ottoman Urban Centers during the 19th Century.” ijmes 35/1 (2003): 77-101.)| false
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Findley, “Did the Late Ottoman Empire Have a Muslim Middle Class,” 1335-6.

Findley, “Did the Late Ottoman Empire Have a Muslim Middle Class,” 1335-6.)| false
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See D. Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000). See also H. Harootunian, “Ghostly Comparisons.” In Impacts of Modernities, ed. T. Lamarre and K. Nae-hui (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2004), S.N. Eisenstadt, “Multiple Modernities.” Daedalus 129 (2000): 1-29, and C. Taylor, Modern Social Imaginaries (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004): 2.

See D. Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000). See also H. Harootunian, “Ghostly Comparisons.” In Impacts of Modernities, ed. T. Lamarre and K. Nae-hui (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2004), S.N. Eisenstadt, “Multiple Modernities.” Daedalus 129 (2000): 1-29, and C. Taylor, Modern Social Imaginaries (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004): 2.)| false
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A. Rubin, Ottoman Nizamiye Courts: Law and Modernity (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011): 7.

A. Rubin, Ottoman Nizamiye Courts: Law and Modernity (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011): 7.)| false
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E.J. Zürcher, The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk’s Turkey (London: I.B. Tauris, 2010): 110-2.

E.J. Zürcher, The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk’s Turkey (London: I.B. Tauris, 2010): 110-2.)| false
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F. Zarinebaf, Crime and Punishment in Istanbul, 1700-1800 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010). On similar developments in Europe, see M. Neocleous, “Theoretical Foundations of the ‘New Police Science.’ ” In The New Police Science: The Political Power in Domestic and International Governance, ed. M. D. Dubber and M. Valverde (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006): 17-41.

F. Zarinebaf, Crime and Punishment in Istanbul, 1700-1800 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010). On similar developments in Europe, see M. Neocleous, “Theoretical Foundations of the ‘New Police Science.’ ” In The New Police Science: The Political Power in Domestic and International Governance, ed. M. D. Dubber and M. Valverde (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006): 17-41.)| false
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H. Inalcik, Application of the Tanzimat and Its Social Effects (Lisse: Peter Ridder, 1976): 97-128; S.J. Shaw, “Local Administration in the Tanzimat.” In 150. Yılında Tanzimat, ed. H.D. Yıldız (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 1992): 33; A. Rubin, “Ottoman Judicial Changes in the Age of Modernity: A Reappraisal.” History Compass 6 (2008): 1.

H. Inalcik, Application of the Tanzimat and Its Social Effects (Lisse: Peter Ridder, 1976): 97-128; S.J. Shaw, “Local Administration in the Tanzimat.” In 150. Yılında Tanzimat, ed. H.D. Yıldız (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 1992): 33; A. Rubin, “Ottoman Judicial Changes in the Age of Modernity: A Reappraisal.” History Compass 6 (2008): 1.)| false
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F. Ergut, Modern Devlet ve Polis: Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Toplumsal Denetimin Diyalektiği (Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2004): 120.

F. Ergut, Modern Devlet ve Polis: Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Toplumsal Denetimin Diyalektiği (Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2004): 120.)| false
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O.N. Ergin, Mecelle-i umur-i Belediyye (Istanbul: Istanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Yayını, 1995): 2: 875-8.

O.N. Ergin, Mecelle-i umur-i Belediyye (Istanbul: Istanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Yayını, 1995): 2: 875-8.)| false
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Ergin, Mecelle-i umur-i Belediyye, 2: 880-5; H. Alyot, Türkiye’de Zabıta: Tarihi Gelişim ve Bugünkü Durum (Ankara: İçişleri Bakanlığı Yayınları, 1947): 66-7; N. Arslan, “II. Mahmut Döneminde Modern Polis Teşkilatının Kuruluş Girişimleri Ilk Karakol Binalrı.” Istanbul 37 (1997).

Ergin, Mecelle-i umur-i Belediyye, 2: 880-5; H. Alyot, Türkiye’de Zabıta: Tarihi Gelişim ve Bugünkü Durum (Ankara: İçişleri Bakanlığı Yayınları, 1947): 66-7; N. Arslan, “II. Mahmut Döneminde Modern Polis Teşkilatının Kuruluş Girişimleri Ilk Karakol Binalrı.” Istanbul 37 (1997).)| false
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N. Özbek, “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda İç Güvenlik, Siyaset ve Devlet, 1876-1909.” Türklük Araştırmaları 16 (2004): 70-1.

N. Özbek, “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda İç Güvenlik, Siyaset ve Devlet, 1876-1909.” Türklük Araştırmaları 16 (2004): 70-1.)| false
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O. Paz, “The Usual Suspect: Working Migration and Law Enforcement in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Anatolia.” Continuity and Change 30/2 (2015): 223-49.

O. Paz, “The Usual Suspect: Working Migration and Law Enforcement in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Anatolia.” Continuity and Change 30/2 (2015): 223-49.)| false
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G. Young, Corps de droit ottoman: Recueil des codes, lois, règlements, ordonnances et actes les plus importants du droit intérieur, et d’études sur le droit coutumier de l’Empire ottoman (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906): 2: 289.

G. Young, Corps de droit ottoman: Recueil des codes, lois, règlements, ordonnances et actes les plus importants du droit intérieur, et d’études sur le droit coutumier de l’Empire ottoman (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906): 2: 289.)| false
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N. Zemon Davis, The Return of Martin Guerre (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1985); S. Faroqhi, “The Life and Death of Outlaws in Çorum.” In Coping With the State: Political Conflict and Crime in the Ottoman Empire 1550-1720, ed. S. Faroqhi (Istanbul: Isis, 1995): 148-9.

N. Zemon Davis, The Return of Martin Guerre (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1985); S. Faroqhi, “The Life and Death of Outlaws in Çorum.” In Coping With the State: Political Conflict and Crime in the Ottoman Empire 1550-1720, ed. S. Faroqhi (Istanbul: Isis, 1995): 148-9.)| false
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G.W. Swanson, “The Ottoman Police.” Journal of Contemporary History 7/1-2 (1972): 255-6; N. Lévy, “Savoirs et savoir-faire dans la police ottomane au tournant des XIX^e et XX^e siècles.” In Métiers de police: Etre policier en Europe, XVIII^e-XX^e siècle, ed. Jean-Marc Berlier et al. (Rennes: Presses Universtaires de Rennes, 2008): 266-7.

G.W. Swanson, “The Ottoman Police.” Journal of Contemporary History 7/1-2 (1972): 255-6; N. Lévy, “Savoirs et savoir-faire dans la police ottomane au tournant des XIX^e et XX^e siècles.” In Métiers de police: Etre policier en Europe, XVIII^e-XX^e siècle, ed. Jean-Marc Berlier et al. (Rennes: Presses Universtaires de Rennes, 2008): 266-7.)| false
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S. Özmucur and Ş. Pamuk, “Real Wages and Standards of Living in the Ottoman Empire, 1489-1914.” Journal of Economic History 62/2 (2002): 318; Ş. Pamuk, “Prices in the Ottoman Empire, 1469-1914.” ijmes 36 (2004): 454-6.

S. Özmucur and Ş. Pamuk, “Real Wages and Standards of Living in the Ottoman Empire, 1489-1914.” Journal of Economic History 62/2 (2002): 318; Ş. Pamuk, “Prices in the Ottoman Empire, 1469-1914.” ijmes 36 (2004): 454-6.)| false
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S.A. Somel, Modernization of Public Education in the Ottoman Empire, 1839-1908: Islamization, Autocracy, and Discipline (Leiden: Brill, 2001): 163-4.

S.A. Somel, Modernization of Public Education in the Ottoman Empire, 1839-1908: Islamization, Autocracy, and Discipline (Leiden: Brill, 2001): 163-4.)| false
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Alyot, Türkiye’de zabıta, 98.

Alyot, Türkiye’de zabıta, 98.)| false
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Somel, Modernization of Public Education, 162-3.

Somel, Modernization of Public Education, 162-3.)| false
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Alyot, Türkiye’de zabıta, 106; Sönmez, “Zaptiye Teşkilatı”: 127.

Alyot, Türkiye’de zabıta, 106; Sönmez, “Zaptiye Teşkilatı”: 127.)| false
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Alyot, Türkiye’de zabıta, 106.

Alyot, Türkiye’de zabıta, 106.)| false
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Somel, Modernization of Public Education, 163.

Somel, Modernization of Public Education, 163.)| false
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M.E. Yolalıcı, XIX. Yüzyılda Canik (Samsun) Sancağınin Sosyal Ekonomik Yaps (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1998); Somel, Modernization of Public Education: 164. For food prices and frequently used commodities, see Pamuk, “Prices in the Ottoman Empire”: 451-86, esp. pages 452-4.

M.E. Yolalıcı, XIX. Yüzyılda Canik (Samsun) Sancağınin Sosyal Ekonomik Yaps (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1998); Somel, Modernization of Public Education: 164. For food prices and frequently used commodities, see Pamuk, “Prices in the Ottoman Empire”: 451-86, esp. pages 452-4.)| false
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S. Yetkin, Ege’de Eşkıyalar (Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2003): 76.

S. Yetkin, Ege’de Eşkıyalar (Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2003): 76.)| false
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G. Young, Corps de droit ottoman: Recueil des codes, lois, règlements, ordonnances et actes les plus importants du droit intérieur, et d’études sur le droit coutumier de l’Empire ottoman (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906): 2: 289.

G. Young, Corps de droit ottoman: Recueil des codes, lois, règlements, ordonnances et actes les plus importants du droit intérieur, et d’études sur le droit coutumier de l’Empire ottoman (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906): 2: 289.)| false
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E.R. Toledano, As If Silent and Absent: Bonds of Enslavement in the Islamic Middle East (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007): 108-12; O. Paz, “The Policeman and State Policy.”

E.R. Toledano, As If Silent and Absent: Bonds of Enslavement in the Islamic Middle East (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007): 108-12; O. Paz, “The Policeman and State Policy.”)| false
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