The Chronology of Roman Trade in the Indian Ocean from Augustus to Early Third Century ce
äºJournal of the Economic and Social History of the OrientSearch for other papers by Matthew Cobb in
Current site
Google Scholar
The archaeological and numismatic evidence for Roman trade in the Indian Ocean from the Augustan annexation of Egypt up to the early third century ce shows that the most intense period of contact and exchange was in the late first century ce. The arguments presented here challenge two major positions, which assert either a peak during the Julio-Claudian period or a continuing intensity of contact until at least the late second century ce.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
-
Abraham Shinu A. Tomber Roberta , Blue Lucy & Abraham Shinu Strategies for Surface Documentation at the Early Historic Site of Pattanam, Kerala: The Malabar Region Archaeological Survey Migration, Trade and People: Part 1 2009 London 14 28
-
Agarwala Prakash N. The History of Indian Business 1985 New Delhi Vikas
-
Alston Richard Soldiers and Society in Roman Egypt 1995 London Routledge
-
Alston Richard Alston Richard & Lieu Samuel N.C. Fraying Round the Edges: Models of Change on the Margins Aspects of the Roman East 2007 Brepols Sydney 1 32
-
Bagnall Roger S. , Johnson Janet H. , Gragg Gene B. , Hammon Philip C. , Dols Michael , el-Nahal Galal , Killean Carolyn G. , Bates Michael & Whitcomb Donald S. Whitcomb Donald S. & Johnson Janet H. Epigraphy Quseir al-Qadim 1978: Preliminary Report 1979 Cairo American Research Center in Egypt 243 249
-
Bagnall Roger S. , Helms Christina & Verhoogt Arthur M.F.W. Documents from Berenike 2000 Vol. 1 Bruxelles Fondation Ãgyptologique Reine Ãlisabeth
-
Barnard Hans & Rose Pamela J. Sidebotham Steven E. & Wendrich Willamina Z. Eastern Desert Ware from Berenike and Kab Marfuʾa Berenike 1999/2000 Report 2007 Los Angeles Cotsen Institute of Archaeology 183 199
-
Begley Vimala Begley Vimala Chronology The Ancient Port of Arikamedu: New Excavations and Researches 1989-1992 2004 Vol. 2 Paris Ãcole Française dâExtrême-Orient 1 16
-
Berghaus Peter Jha Amal K. Roman Coins from India and Their Imitations Coinage, Trade and Economy 1991 Nashik Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies 108 121
-
Berghaus Peter Jha Amal K. MacDowall David W. & Jha Amiteshwar Evidence of Die-Links of Roman Coins and Their Indian Imitation Found in India Foreign Coins Found in the Indian Sub-Continent 2004 Nashik Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies 53 54
-
Bernard André De Koptos à Kosseir Leiden Brill
-
Bernstein William J. A Splendid Exchange 2008 New York Atlantic Monthly Press
-
Blue Lucy Locating the Harbour: Myos Hormos/Quseir al-Qadim: A Roman and Islamic Port on the Red Sea Coast of Egypt International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 2007 36 2 265 281
-
Blue Lucy Peacock David , Blue Lucy & Whitewright Julian The Amphora Wharf Myos Hormos: Quseir al-Qadim Roman and Islamic Ports on the Red Sea 2011 Vol. 2 Oxford Archaeopress 35 42 BAR International Series 2286
-
Blue Lucy , Whitewright Julian & Thomas Ross Peacock David , Blue Lucy & Whitewright Julian Ships and Shipsâ Fittings Myos Hormos: Quseir al-Qadim Roman and Islamic Ports on the Red Sea 2011 Vol. 2 Oxford Archaeopress 179 209 bar International Series 2286
-
Bolin Sture State and Currency in the Roman Empire to 300 ad 1958 Stockholm Almqvist & Wiksell
-
Bopearachchi Osmund Ray Himanshu P. & Salles Jean-François Seafaring in the Indian Ocean: Archaeological Evidence from Sri Lanka Tradition and Archaeology 1996 New Delhi Manohar 59 77
-
Bowersock Glen W. Roman Arabia 1983 Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
-
Bowman Alan & Wilson Andrew Bowman Alan & Wilson Andrew Quantifying the Roman Economy: Integration, Growth, Decline? Quantifying the Roman Economy 2009 Oxford Oxford University Press 3 84
-
Brancaccio Pia & Liu Xinru Dionysus and Drama in the Buddhist Art of Gandhara Journal of Global History 2009 4 2 219 244
-
Brun Jean-Pierre Cuvigny Hélène Chronologie de lâéquipement de la route à lâépoque gréco-romaine Le route de Myos Hormos 2006a Vol. 1 Cairo Institut Français dâArchéologie Orientale 187 205
-
Brun Jean-Pierre Cuvigny Hélène Méthodes et conditions de fouille des fortins et des dépotoirs ou les affres dâun Gallo-Romain en Ãgypte Le route de Myos Hormos 2006b Vol. 1 Cairo Institut Français dâArchéologie Orientale 61 71
-
Bülow-Jacobsen Adam , Cuvigny Hélène & Fournet Jean-Luc The Identification of Myos Hormos: New Papyrological Evidence Le Bulletin de IâInstitut français dâarchéologie orientale 1994 94 27 42
-
Burnett Andrew Bopearachchi Osmund & Weerakkody Don P.M. Roman Coins from India and Sri Lanka Origin, Evolution and Circulation of Foreign Coins in the Indian Ocean 1998 Sri Lanka Manohar 179 189
-
Cambon Pierre Hierbert Fredrik & Cambon Pierre Bagram: Alexandria of the Caucasus, Capital of the Kushan Empire Afghanistan: Crossroads of the Ancient World 2011 London British Museum Press 145 209
-
Cappers René T.J. Roman Foodprints at Berenike 2006 Los Angeles Cotsen Institute of Archaeology
-
Carson Robert A.G. Coins of the Roman Empire 1990 London Routledge
-
Casson Lionel P. Vindob G 40822 and the Shipping of Goods from India Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 1986 23 3-4 73 79
-
Casson Lionel The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary 1989 Princeton Princeton University Press
-
Chami Felix A. Further Archaeological Research on Mafia Island Azania 2000 35 1 214
-
Cherian P.J. Pattanam to Challenge Euro-Centric Notions and Help Rewrite the History of Indian Ocean Trade Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology 2009-10 6 153 158
-
Cherian P.J. , Ravi Prasad G.V. , Dutta Koushik , Ray Dinesh K. , Selvakumar Veerasamy & Shajan K.P. Chronology of Pattanam: A Multi-Cultural Port Site on the Malabar Coast Current Science 2009 97 2 236 240
-
Cobb Matthew A. Roman Trade in the Indian Ocean during the Principate 2011 Swansea University PhD diss.
-
Copeland Penny Peacock David , Blue Lucy & Whitewright Julian Metal and Metal Working Myos Hormos: Quseir al-Qadim Roman and Islamic Ports on the Red Sea 2011 Vol. 2 Oxford Archaeopress 89 120 bar International Series 2286
-
Copeland Penny , Thomas Ross , Masser Paul , Philips James & van Rengen Wilfried Peacock David & Blue Lucy The Roman Town Myos Hormos: Quseir al-Qadim Roman and Islamic Ports on the Red Sea 2006 Vol. 1 Oxford Oxbow Books 116 154
-
Curtin Philip D. Cross-Cultural Trade in World History 1984 Cambridge Cambridge University Press
-
Cuvigny Hélène Ostraca de Krokodilô. La correspondance militaire et sa circulation 2005 Cairo Institut Français dâArchéologie Orientale
-
Cuvigny Hélène Cuvigny Hélène Introduction Le route de Myos Hormos 2006a Vol. 1 Cairo Institut Français dâArchéologie Orientale 1 35
-
Cuvigny Hélène Cuvigny Hélène Les documents écrits de la route de Myos Hormos à lâ époque gréco-romaine (inscriptions, graffiti, papyrus, ostraca) Le route de Myos Hormos 2006b Vol. 2 Cairo Institut Français dâArchéologie Orientale 265 294
-
Cuvigny Hélène Cuvigny Hélène Le fonctionnement du réseau Le route de Myos Hormos 2006c Vol. 2 Cairo Institut Français dâArchéologie Orientale 295 359
-
Cuvigny Hélène Le route de Myos Hormos 2006d vol. 1 Cairo Institut Français dâArchéologie Orientale
-
Cuvigny Hélène Le route de Myos Hormos 2006e Vol. 2 Cairo Institut Français dâArchéologie Orientale
-
Cribb Joe MacDowall David W. , Sharma Savita & Garg Sanjay Numismatic Evidence for the Date of the âPeriplus.â Indian Numismatics, History, Art, and Culture 1992 Delhi Agam Kala Prakashan 131 145
-
Deloche Jean Ray Himanshu P. & Salles Jean-François Iconographic Evidence on the Development of Boat and Ship Structures in India (2nd c. bc-15th c. ad): A New Approach Tradition and Archaeology 1996 New Delhi Manohar 199 224
-
De Romanis Federico De Romanis Federico & Tchernia André Rome and the Notia of India: Relations Between Rome and Southern India from 30 bc to the Flavian Period Crossings 1997 New Delhi Manohar 80 160
-
De Romanis Federico De Romanis Frederico & Sorda Sara Aurei after the Trade: Western Taxes and Eastern Gifts Dal denarius al dinar: LâOriente e la moneta romana 2006 Rome Istituto Italiano di Numismatica 55 87
-
De Romanis Federico Julio-Claudian Denarii and Aurei in Campania and India. Annali dellâIstituto Italiano di Numismatica 2012 58 161 192
-
Dridi Hédi Strauch Ingo Appendix ii: Radiocarbon Analysis of Splinters from the Wooden Tablet Foreign Sailors on Socotra 2012 Bremen Hempen 461 462
-
Düing Walter The Monsoon Regime of the Currents in the Indian Ocean 1970 Honolulu East-West Centre
-
Duncan-Jones Richard Money and Government in the Roman Empire 1994 Cambridge Cambridge University Press
-
Eide Tormud , Hägg Tomas , Pierce Richard Holton & Török Laszlo Fontes Historiae Nubiorum 1996 Vol. 2 Bergen University of Bergen
-
Fraser Peter M. Ptolemaic Alexandria 1972 Vols. 1 and 2 Oxford Clarendon Press
-
Fournet Jean-Luc. Cuvigny Hélène Langues, écritures et culture dans les praesidia Le route de Myos Hormos 2006 Vol. 2 Cairo Institut Français dâArchéologie Orientale 427 500
-
Gorea Maria Strauch Ingo Palmyra and Socotra Foreign Sailors on Socotra 2012a Bremen Hempen 447 457
-
Gorea Maria Strauch Ingo The Sea and Inland Trade of Palmyra Foreign Sailors on Socotra 2012b Bremen Hempen 463 485
-
Gupta Chandrashekhar MacDowall David W. & Jha Amiteshwar Foreign Coins and Imitations Used for Ornamentation Foreign Coins Found in the Indian Sub-Continent 2004 Nashik Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies 115 120
-
Gupta Parmeshwari L. Jha Amal K. Coins in Romeâs Indian Trade Coinage, Trade and Economy 1991 Nashik Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies 122 137
-
Gupta Sunil , Williams David & Peacock David Dressel 2-4 Amphorae and Roman Trade with India: The Evidence from Nevasa South Asian Studies 2001 17 7 18
-
Gurukkal Rajan Classical Indo-Roman Trade: A Historiographical Reconsideration Indian Historical Review 2013 40 181 206
-
Habicht Christian Buraseis Kostas , Stefanou Mary & Thompson Dorothy J. Eudoxus of Cyzicus and Ptolemaic Exploration The Ptolemies, the Sea and the Nile 2013 Cambridge Cambridge University Press 197 206
-
Healy John F. Palmyra and the Arabian Gulf Trade Aram 1996 8 1 33 37
-
Helm Richard , Crowther Alison , Shipton Ceri , Tengeza Amini , Fuller Dorian & Boivin Nicole Exploring Agriculture, Interaction and Trade on the Eastern African Littoral: Preliminary Results from Kenya Azania 2012 47 1 39 63
-
Herbert Sharon C. & Berlin Andrea Herbert Sharon C. & Berlin Andrea The Excavation: Occupation History and Ceramic Assemblages Excavations at Coptos (Qift) In Upper Egypt, 1987-1992 2003 Portsmouth RI Journal of Roman Archaeology 13 156 Suppl. Ser. 53 Journal of Roman Archaeology
-
Hierbert Fredrik Hierbert Fredrik & Cambon Pierre The Lost Worlds of Afghanistan Afghanistan: Crossroads of the Ancient World 2011 London British Museum Press 55 64
-
Horton Mark C. Reade Julian Early Maritime Trade and Settlement along the Coast of Eastern Africa The Indian Ocean in Antiquity 1996 London Kegan Paul International 439 459
-
Hourani George F. Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times 1995 Princeton Princeton University Press revised and expanded by John Carswell
-
Howgego Christopher Bowman Alan & Wilson Andrew Some Numismatic Approaches to Quantifying the Roman Economy Quantifying the Roman Economy 2009 Oxford Oxford University Press 287 295
-
Kennedy David The Composition of a Military Work Party in Roman Egypt (ils 2483: Coptos) Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 1985 71 156 160
-
Klemm Rosemarie & Klemm Dietrich Gold and Gold Mining in Ancient Egypt and Nubia 2013 Heidelberg Springer
-
Kulke Hermann & Rothermund Dietmar A History of India 1986 London Routledge
-
Lebedeva Elena India in Roman External Trade: The Evidence of Numismatics unesco International Association for the Study of the Cultures of Central Asia Information Bulletin 1988 14 45 58
-
Lindsay William S. History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce 1874 Vol. 1 New York AMS Press
-
Lombardi Alessandra , Buffa Vittoria & Pavan Alexia Avanzini Alessandra Small Finds A Port in Arabia: Between Rome and the Indian Ocean (3rd c. bc-5th c. ad): Khor Rori Report 2 2008 Rome LâErma di Bretschneider 317 475
-
MacDowall David W. Jha Amal K. Indian Imports of Roman Silver Coinage Coinage, Trade and Economy 1991 Nashik Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies 145 163
-
MacDowall David W. Ray Himanshu P. & Salles Jean-François The Evidence of the Gazetteer of Roman Artefacts in India Tradition and Archaeology 1996 New Delhi Manohar 79 95
-
MacDowall David W. MacDowall David W. & Jha Amiteshwar Foreign Coins Found in India: In View of the Monetary Systems Operating in the Countries of their Origin Foreign Coins Found in the Indian Sub-Continent 2004a Nashik Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies 9 14
-
MacDowall David W. MacDowall David W. & Jha Amiteshwar The Indo-Roman Metal Trade Foreign Coins Found in the Indian Sub-Continent 2004b Nashik Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies 39 44
-
Mahadevan Iravatham Sidebotham Steven E. & Wendrich Willamina Z. Tamil-Brahmi Graffito Berenike 1995 Preliminary Report 1996 Leiden Centre for Non-Western Study 205 208
-
Mattingly Harold Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum 1923 Vol. 1 London Published by the Trustees of the British Museum
-
Mayerson Philip The Port of Clysma (Suez) in Transition from Roman to Arab Rule Journal of Near Eastern Studies 1996 55 2 119 126
-
Mazzarino Santo De Romanis Federico & Tchernia André On the Name of the Hipalus (Hippalus) Wind in Pliny Crossings 1997 New Delhi Manohar 72 79
-
McGrail Seán Boats of the World from the Stone Age to Medieval Times 2004 Oxford Oxford University Press
-
McLaughlin Raoul Rome and the Distant East 2010 London Continuum
-
Mehendale Sanjyot Hierbert Fredrik & Cambon Pierre Bagram: At the Heart of the Silk Roads Afghanistan: Crossroads of the Ancient World 2011 London British Museum Press 131 143
-
Meredith David The Roman Remains in the Eastern Desert of Egypt The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 1952 38 94 111
-
Meredith David The Roman Remains in the Eastern Desert of Egypt (Continued) The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 1953 39 95 106
-
Meyer Carol Whitcomb Donald S. & Johnson Janet H. Large and Small Storerooms of the Roman Villa Quseir al-Qadim 1980: Preliminary Report 1982 Malibu American Research Center in Egypt 201 213
-
Meyer Carol Glass from Quseir al-Qadim and the Indian Ocean Trade Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 1992 53 Chicago Oriental Institute of The University of Chicago
-
Meyer Jørgen C. Seland Eivind H. Roman Coins as a Source for Roman Trading Activities in the Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean in the Ancient Period 2007 Oxford Archaeopress 59 68
-
Millar Fergus Austin Michel , Harries Jill & Smith Christopher Caravan Cities: The Roman Near East and Long-Distance Trade by Land Modus Operandi: Essays in Honour of Geoffrey Rickman 1998 London University of London, Institute of Classical Studies 122 137
-
Miller James I. The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire 29 bc to ad 641 1969 London Oxford University Press
-
Moore Karl & Lewis David Birth of the Multinational: 2000 Years of Ancient Business 1999 Copenhagen Copenhagen Business School Press
-
Mooren Leon The Date of sb v 8036 and the Development of the Ptolemaic Maritime Trade with India Ancient Society 1972 3 127 133
-
Mukherjee Bratindra N. MacDowall David W. & Jha Amiteshwar Some Aspects of Foreign Coins in the Indian Subcontinent Foreign Coins Found in the Indian Sub-Continent 2004 Nashik Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies 1 8
-
Murray George W. & Warmington Eric H. Trogodytica: The Red Sea Littoral in Ptolemaic Times Geographical Journal 1967 133 1 24 33
-
Parry John J. The Seaports of Graeco-Roman Egypt: A Study of Their Positioning, Trade and Development 1999 University of Liverpool PhD diss.
-
Peacock David The Site of Myos Hormos: A View from Space Journal of Roman Archaeology 1993 6 226 232
-
Peacock David Peacock David , Blue Lucy & Whitewright Julian Ceramic Lamps Myos Hormos: Quseir al-Qadim Roman and Islamic Ports on the Red Sea 2011a Vol. 2 Oxford Archaeopress 47 56 BAR International Series 2286
-
Peacock David Peacock David , Blue Lucy & Whitewright Julian Ptolemaic and Roman Coins Myos Hormos: Quseir al-Qadim Roman and Islamic Ports on the Red Sea 2011b Vol. 2 Oxford Archaeopress 85 97 BAR International Series 2286
-
Peacock David & Blue Lucy Myos Hormos: Quseir al-Qadim Roman and Islamic Ports on the Red Sea 2006a Vol. 1 Oxford Oxbow Books
-
Peacock David & Blue Lucy The Excavations: Overview Myos Hormos: Quseir al-Qadim Roman and Islamic Ports on the Red Sea 2006b Vol. 1 Oxford Oxbow Books 174 177
-
Peacock David , Blue Lucy & Whitewright Julian Myos Hormos: Quseir al-Qadim Roman and Islamic Ports on the Red Sea 2011 Vol. 2 Oxford Archaeopress BAR International Series 2286
-
Peacock David , Blue Lucy & Glazier Darren Peacock David & Blue Lucy Review, Discussion and Conclusion The Ancient Red Sea Port of Adulis, Eritrea 2007 Oxford Oxbow Books 125 134
-
Peacock David , Blue Lucy , Whittaker Paula , Walsh Michael & Thomas Ross Peacock David & Blue Lucy The Roman Harbour Myos Hormos: Quseir al-Qadim Roman and Islamic Ports on the Red Sea 2006 Vol. 1 Oxford Oxbow Books 67 94
-
Peacock David , Nina Ismini , Kenrick Philip , Poblome Jeroen , Tomber Roberta & Romanus Kerlijne Peacock David & Blue Lucy Pottery from the Survey The Ancient Red Sea Port of Adulis, Eritrea 2007 Oxford Oxbow Books 79 108
-
Ponting Matthew Bowman Alan & Wilson Andrew Roman Silver Coinage: Mints, Metallurgy, and Production Quantifying the Roman Economy 2009 Oxford Oxford University Press 269 280
-
Potts Daniel T. The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity 1990 Oxford Clarendon Press 2 vols.
-
Radhakrishnan P.V. Roman Gold & Silver Coins from India: A Collectors Guide 1999 Nashik Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies
-
Rajgor Dilip MacDowall David W. & Jha Amiteshwar Roman Currency in Gujarat Foreign Coins Found in the Indian Sub-Continent 2004 Nashik Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies 69 72
-
Raschke Manfred G. Parsons Peter J. Papyrological Evidence for Ptolemaic and Roman Trade with India Proceedings of the xiv International Congress of Papyrologists 1975 Oxford Egypt Exploration Society 241 246
-
Rathbone Dominic Italian Wines in Roman Egypt opvs International Journal for Social and Economic History of Antiquity 1983 2 81 98
-
Rathbone Dominic Abd-el-Ghani Mohammed The âMuzirisâ Papyrus (sb xviii 13167): Financing Roman Trade with India Alexandrian Studies ii in Honour of Mostafa el Abbadi 2000 Alexandria Societé Archéologique dâAlexandrie 39 50
-
Ray Himanshu P. Sailing to India: Diverse Narratives of Travel in the Western Indian Ocean The Athens Dialogues: Stories and Histories, Athens 25th-27th November 2010 (25th June 2010) 2010 http://athensdialogues.chs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/WebObjects/athensdialogues.woa/wa/dist?dis=35.
-
Reddé Michel & Brun Jean-Pierre Cuvigny Hélène Lâarchitecture des praesidia et la genése des dépotoirs Le route de Myos Hormos 2006 Vol. 1 Cairo Institut Français dâArchéologie Orientale 73 185
-
Rougé Jean Louis Pierre La navigation intérieure dans le Proche Orient antique LâHomme et lâeau en Méditerranée et au Proche Orient 1986 Lyon Maison de lâOrient 39 49
-
Rutten Katrien The Roman Fine Wares of ed-Dur (Umm al-Qaiwain, u.a.e.) and Their Distribution in the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 2007 18 8 24
-
Salles Jean-François Kurt Amelie & Sherwin-White Susan The Arab Persian Gulf Under the Seleucids Hellenism in the East 1987 London Duckworth 75 109
-
Salles Jean-François Boussac Marie-François & Salles Jean-François The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and the Arab-Persian Gulf Athens, Aden, Arikamedu 1995 New Delhi Manohar 115 146
-
Salles Jean-François Ray Himanshu P. & Salles Jean-François Hellenistic Seafaring in the Indian Ocean. A Perspective from Arabia Tradition and Archaeology 1996 New Delhi Manohar 293 309
-
Salmon Richard Epigraphic Remains of Indian Traders in Egypt Journal of the American Oriental Society 1991 111 4 731 736
-
Sarianidi Viktor I. Hierbert Fredrik & Cambon Pierre Ancient Bactriaâs Golden Hoard Afghanistan: Crossroads of the Ancient World 2011 London British Museum Press 211 217
-
Satyamurthy T. MacDowall David W. & Jha Amiteshwar The Circulation of Foreign Coins in Southern India Foreign Coins Found in the Indian Sub-Continent 2004 Nashik Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies 55 57
-
Schiltz Véronique Hierbert Fredrik & Cambon Pierre Tillya Tepe, the Hill of Gold: A Nomad Necropolis Afghanistan: Crossroads of the Ancient World 2011 London British Museum Press 219 293
-
Sedov Alexander V. Ray Himanshu P. & Salles Jean-François Qanaʾ (Yemen) and the Indian Ocean. The Archaeological Evidence Tradition and Archaeology 1996 New Delhi Manohar 11 35
-
Sedov Alexander V. Peacock David & Williams David The Port of Qanaʾ and the Incense Trade Food for the Gods 2007 Oxford Oxbow Books 71 111
-
Seland Eivind H. The Indian Ocean and the Globalisation of the Ancient World Ancient West and East 2008 7 67 79
-
Seland Eivind H. Ports and Political Power in the Periplus 2010 Oxford Archaeopress
-
Seland Eivind H. The Persian Gulf or the Red Sea? Two Axes in Ancient Indian Ocean Trade: Where to Go and Why World Archaeology 2011 43 3 398 409
-
Selvakumar Veerasamy , Shajan K.P. & Tomber Roberta Tomber Roberta , Blue Lucy & Abraham Shinu Archaeological Investigations at Pattanam, Kerala: New Evidence for the Location of Ancient Muziris Migration, Trade and People: Part 1 2009 London British Academy 29 41
-
Sewell Robert Roman Coins Found in India Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1904 36 591 637
-
Shastri Ajay M. MacDowall David. W. & Jha Amiteshwar Some Aspects of Roman Coins in India Foreign Coins Found in the Indian Sub-Continent 2004 Nashik Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies 45 52
-
Shaw Ian Shaw Ian Egypt and the Outside World The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 2000 Oxford Oxford University Press 308 323
-
Sherwin-White Susan & Kuhrt Amelie From Samarkhand to Sardis 1993 London Duckworth
-
Sidebotham Steven E. Roman Economic Policy in the Erythra Thalassa 30 bc-ad 1986 217 Leiden Brill
-
Sidebotham Steven E. French David H. & Lightfoot Chris S. Port of the Red Sea and the Arabia-India Trade The Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire 1989 Oxford BAR 485 514 BAR International Series 553
-
Sidebotham Steven E. Begley Vimala & De Puma Richard D. Ports of the Red Sea and the Arabia-India Trade Rome and India: The Ancient Sea Trade 1991 Madison University of Wisconsin Press 12 38
-
Sidebotham Steven E. Reade Julian Roman Interests in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean in Antiquity 1996 London Kegan Paul International 287 308
-
Sidebotham Steven E. Sidebotham Steven E. & Wendrich Willamina Z. The Coins Report of the 1997 Excavations at Berenike 1999 Leiden Centre for Non-Western Study 183 199
-
Sidebotham Steven E. Sidebotham Steven E. & Wendrich Willamina Z. Coins Report of the 1998 Excavations at Berenike 2000 Leiden Centre for Non-Western Study 169 178
-
Sidebotham Steven E. Berenike and the Ancient Maritime Spice Route 2011a London University of California Press
-
Sidebotham Steven E. Peacock David , Blue Lucy & Whitewright Julian Appendix 1: Ancient Coins from Quseir al-Qadim: The Oreintal Institute, University of Chicago Excavations 1978, 1980 and 1982 Myos Hormos: Quseir al-Qadim Roman and Islamic Ports on the Red Sea 2011b Vol. 2 Oxford Archaeopress 353 360 BAR International Series 2286
-
Sidebotham Steven E. , Hense Martin & Nouwens Hendrikle M. The Red Land 2008 Cairo The American University in Cairo Press
-
Sidebotham Steven E. & Seeger John A. Sidebotham Steven E. & Wendrich Willamina Z. The Coins Catalogue Berenike 1995 Preliminary Report 1996 Leiden Centre for Non-Western Study 179 196
-
Sidebotham Steven E. & Wendrich Willamina Z. Berenike 1999/2000 Report on the Excavations 2007 Los Angeles Cotsen Institute of Archaeology
-
Sinclair Paul J.J. Starkey Janet , Starkey Paul & Wilkinson Tony What is the Archaeological Evidence for External Trading Contacts on the East African Coast in the First Millennium bc? Natural Resources and Cultural Connections of the Red Sea 2007 Oxford Archaeopress 187 194
-
Singh Ajay. K. Indo-Roman Trade 1988 New Delhi Commonwealth Publishers
-
Slane Kathleen W. Begley Vimala & De Puma Richard D. Observations on Mediterranean Amphoras and Tablewares Found in India Rome and India. The Ancient Sea Trade 1991 Madison University of Wisconsin Press 204 215
-
Smith Matthew C. & Wright Henry T. The Ceramics from Ras Hafun in Somalia: Notes on a Classical Maritime Site Azania 1988 23 115 141
-
Smith Richard L. Trade in World History 2009 London Routledge
-
Strauch Ingo Foreign Sailors on Socotra 2012 Bremen Hempen
-
Strauss Elisabeth J. Roman Cargoes: Underwater Evidence from the Eastern Mediterranean 2007 University College London PhD diss.
-
Suresh Sethuraman Symbols of Trade Roman and Pseudo-Roman Objects Found in India 2004 Delhi Manohar
-
Sutherland Carol H.V. & Carson Robert A.G. The Roman Imperial Coinage From 31 bc to ad 1984 Vol. 1 69 London Spink Rev. ed.
-
Syme Ronald Anatolica: Studies in Strabo 1995 Oxford Clarendon Press
-
Tait John G. Greek Ostraka in the Bodleian Library at Oxford and Various Other Collections 1930 Vol. 1 London Egypt Exploration Society
-
Tchernia André Moussons et monnaies: Les voies du commerce entre le monde gréco-romain et lâInde Annales Histoire, Sciences Sociales 1995a 50 5 991 1009
-
Tchernia André Boussac Marie-François & Salles Jean-François Rome and India: Archaeology Alone? Athens, Aden, Arikamedu 1995b New Delhi Manohar 147 156
-
Tchernia André De Romanis Federico & Tchernia André The Dromedary of the Peticii and Trade with the East Crossings 1997a New Delhi Manohar 238 249
-
Tchernia André De Romanis Federico & Tchernia André Winds and Coins: From the Supposed Discovery of the Monsoon to the Denarii of Tiberius Crossings 1997b New Delhi Manohar 250 276
-
Thapar Romila Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations 1978 London Sangam Books
-
Thapar Romila De Romanis Federico & Tchernia André Early Mediterranean Contact with India: An Overview Crossings 1997 New Delhi Manohar 11 40
-
Thomas Ross Peacock David , Blue Lucy & Whitewright Julian Roman Vessels Stoppers Myos Hormos: Quseir al-Qadim Roman and Islamic Ports on the Red Sea 2011a Vol. 2 Oxford Archaeopress 11 34 BAR International Series 2286
-
Thomas Ross Peacock David , Blue Lucy & Whitewright Julian Terracotta Figurines Myos Hormos: Quseir al-Qadim Roman and Islamic Ports on the Red Sea 2011b Vol. 2 Oxford Archaeopress 79 83 BAR International Series 2286
-
Tomber Roberta Indo-Roman Trade: The Ceramic Evidence from Egypt Antiquity 2000 74 285 624 631
-
Tomber Roberta Rome and South Arabia: New Artefactual Evidence from the Red Sea Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 2004 34 351 360
-
Tomber Roberta Briese Maria B. & Vaag Leif E. Trade Relations in the Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond: The Egyptian-Indian Connection Trade Relations in the Eastern Mediterranean from the Late Hellenistic Period to Late Antiquity: The Ceramic Evidence 2005 Odense University Press of Southern Denmark 221 233
-
Tomber Roberta Starkey Janet , Starkey Paul & Wilkinson Tony Bishops and Traders: The Role of Christianity in the Indian Ocean during the Roman Period Natural Resources and Cultural Connections of the Red Sea 2007a Oxford Archaeopress 219 228
-
Tomber Roberta Rome and Mesopotamia: Importers into India in the First Millennium ad Antiquity 20072007b 81 972 988
-
Tomber Roberta Indo-Roman Trade: From Pots to Pepper 2008 London Duckworth
-
Tomber Roberta Tomber Roberta , Blue Lucy & Abraham Shinu Beyond Western India: The Evidence from Imported Amphorae Migration, Trade and People: Part 1 2009 London British Academy 42 57
-
Roberta Tomber , Graf David , Healy John F. , Römer-Strehl Christiane & Majcherek Grzegorz Peacock David , Blue Lucy & Whitewright Julian Pots with Writing Myos Hormos: Quseir al-Qadim Roman and Islamic Ports on the Red Sea 2011 Vol. 2 Oxford Archaeopress 5 10 BAR International Series 2286
-
Tripati Sila Ancient Maritime Trade of the Eastern Indian Littoral Current Science 2011 100 7 1076 1086
-
Turner Eric G. Papyrus 40 âdella Raccolta Milanese.â JRS 1950 40 57 59
-
Turner Paula J. Roman Coins from India 1989 London Royal Society and Institute of Archaeology, University College Royal Numismatics Society Spec. Publ. 22
-
Turner Paula J. & Cribb Joe Reade Julian Numismatic Evidence for the Roman Trade with Ancient India The Indian Ocean in Antiquity 1996 London British Museum 309 319
-
Van Der Veen Marijke Consumption, Trade and Innovation 2011 Frankfurt am Main Africa Magna Journal of African Archaeology Monogr. Ser. 6
-
Van Rengan Wilfried Peacock David , Blue Lucy & Whitewright Julian The Written Material from the Greco-Roman Period Myos Hormos: Quseir al-Qadim Roman and Islamic Ports on the Red Sea 2011 Vol. 2 Oxford Archaeopress 335 338 BAR International Series 2286
-
Verhoogt Arthur M.F.W. Sidebotham Steven E. & Wendrich Willamina Greek and Latin Textual Material Report of the 1996 Excavations at Berenike 1998 Leiden Centre for Non-Western Study 193 198
-
Villeneuve François Lewin Ariel S. & Pellegrini Pietrina LâArmée romaine en mer Rouge et autour de la mer Rouge aux iiéme et iiiéme siècles apr. J.C.: à propos de deux inscriptions latines découvertes sur lâarchipel Farasan The Late Roman Army in the Near East from Diocletian to the Arab Conquest 2007 Oxford Archaeopress 13 28 BAR international Series 1717
-
Vogt Burkhard Reade Julian Bronze Age Maritime Trade in the Indian Ocean: Harrappan Traits on the Oman Peninsula The Indian Ocean in Antiquity 1996 London Kegan Paul International 107 132
-
Wallace-Hadrill Andrew Romeâs Cultural Revolution 2008 Cambridge Cambridge University Press
-
Warburton David A. Seland Eivind H. What Happened in the Near East ca 2000 bc? The Indian Ocean in the Ancient Period 2007 Oxford Archaeopress 9 21
-
Ward Walter Starkey Janet , Starkey Paul & Wilkinson Tony Aila and Clysma: The Rise of Northern Ports in the Red Sea in Late Antiquity Natural Resources and Cultural Connections of the Red Sea 2007 Oxford Archaeopress 161 171
-
Warmington Eric H. The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India 1928 London Cambridge University Press
-
Wheeler Robert E.M. Rome beyond the Imperial Frontiers 1954 London Bell
-
Whitcomb Donald S. Whitcomb Donald S. & Johnson Janet H. Trench Summaries Quseir al-Qadim 1978 Preliminary Report 1979 Cairo American Research Center in Egypt 11 65
-
Whitcomb Donald S. Whitcomb Donald S. & Johnson Janet H. Roman Ceramics Quseir al-Qadim 1980 Preliminary Report 1982 Malibu American Research Center in Egypt 51 115
-
Whitehouse David Begram Reconsidered Kölner Jahrbuch für Vor- und Frühgeschichte 1989a 22 151 157
-
Whitehouse David The Periplus and Gandharan Art Journal of Roman Archaeology 1989b 2 93 100
-
Whitewright Julian Maritime Technological Change and the Ancient World: The Invention of the Lateen Sail 2008 Southampton University PhD diss.
-
Whittaker Charles R. Rome and Its Frontiers: The Dynamics of Empire 2004 London Routledge
-
Will Elizabeth L. Begley Vimala The Mediterranean Shipping Amphoras from the 1989-92 Excavations The Ancient Port of Arikamedu. New Excavations and Researches 1989-1992 2004 Vol. 2 Paris Ãcole Française dâExtrême-Orient 325 404
-
Williams David & Peacock David Pollini John The Eruption of Vesuvius and Campanian Dressel 2-4 Amphorae Terra Marique 2005 Oxford Oxbow Books 140 148
-
Wilson Andrew Bowman Alan & Wilson Andrew Approaches to Quantifying Roman Trade Quantifying the Roman Economy 2009 Oxford Oxford University Press 213 249
-
Wood Frances The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia 2002 Berkeley University of California Press
-
Young Gary K. Romeâs Eastern Trade International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 bc-ad 2001 305 London Routledge
-
6
See, e.g., Warmington 1928: 82 and Fraser 1972: 174, who argue that radical developments took place in the Augustan period (similarly Raschke 1975: 244); see also Strauss 2007: 237-8, who sees little trade before the Roman annexation of Egypt; Parry 1999: 213-4 thinks that, given Straboâs failure to mention the port of Barygaza, trade in the Ptolemaic period did not reach India; P. Gupta 1991: 123 argues that Augustus would have taken time to consolidate his hold over Egypt, implying that the trade did not develop fully until the first century ce; Tchernia, 1997a and 1997b, argues for an increasing presence of Italian merchants in trade in the Julio-Claudian period; Whittaker 2004: 21 argues that Roman annexation brought increased liquidity that could finance the trade.
-
12
McLaughlin 2010: 105 speculates, on the basis of the third-century Chinese text the Weilue, that goods from Persia may theoretically have been shipped through the Persian Gulf, around the Arabian Peninsula, and up the Red Sea and thus sees the Alexandrian Tariff as dealing exclusively with Indian Ocean imports. However, the presence of Levantine and North African items make this less likely.
-
13
Young 2001: 209 has noted that nothing in the Alexandrian Tariff indicates that it can be equated with the tetarte, the 25% tax that was levied on Indian Ocean goods at Alexandria.
-
17
For various estimates, see Agarwala 1985: 5, Slane 1991: 212, Thapar 1997: 13, Suresh 2004: 99, 182-3, App. 3, Will 2004: 334-404, and Tomber 2009: 48. Ray 2010: 10 states that about 55 sites in India have Dressel 2-4.
-
19
See literary description in Strabo, Geog. 17.1.45 and Pliny nh 6.26.102-3; an inscription of tolls for travellers across the Eastern Desert: Koptos Tariff, ogis 674 = igrri. 1183 = I. Portes 67; the Muziris papyrus mentions a customs house at Koptos (P. Vindob. G 40822 recto, col. 2.4-9); for delivery of goods to Myos Hormos and Berenike, see the business receipts of Nikanor family (Nikanor Archive, O. Petr. 200-304), and the customs receipts found at Berenike (O. Ber).
-
21
Sidebotham 2011a: 244: 34% of the coins date to the fourth to fifth centuries and are almost exclusively Egyptian; see also Sidebotham 1999, Sidebotham 2000: 169-78, and Sidebotham and Seeger 1996.
-
23
For these inscriptions, see Cuvigny 2006c: 356 and Aphrodito inscription, I. Pan 68.
-
24
See Bernard 1972: 15; Young 2001: 41; I. Koptos 3, 38-39 (Augustus); 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 (Tiberius); 1 (Claudius); 50 (Nero); 51 (Titus); 52, 53 (Domitian); 4, 5, 54, 55 (Hadrian); 56 (Antoninus); 57 (Maximinus Thrax); Strabo, Geog. 17.1.45.
-
25
See Brun 2006a: 196; Strabo, Geog. 17.1.53; on the use of camels, see Murray and Warmington 1967: 29.
-
26
For discussion, see Kennedy 1985: 156-7, Young 2001: 44, Alston 1995: 30, and Syme 1995: 249.
-
27
Syme 1995: 249 suggests an Augustan date due to the presence of two legionaries with the name Lollius, both from Ancyra (M. Lollius was legate of Galatia in 25-22 bce); Alston 1995: 30 suggested that the presence of a soldier named P. Flavius son of P., indicates a Flavian date; contra Alston 2007: 3.
-
28
See Cuvigny 2005: 36, K534 (raid by barbarians) and 96, K694 (be on guard).
-
30
See E. Turner 1950: Papyrus 40 âdella raccolta Milanese (Collezioni del Castello di Milano).â
-
34
P. Turner 1989: 8-9, 62 suggests a minimum estimate of 25 pounds being carried per coolie (manual labourer) so conceivably the figure could be even higher; see also Suresh 2004: 26, 170-1 who suggests the figure of 10,000 aurei.
-
35
For these estimates, see P. Turner 1989: 23, De Romanis 2012: 167, Tchernia 1995a: 1003, Tchernia 1995b: 154, Tchernia 1997b: 264, Whittaker 2004: 21, and Tomber 2009: 42; see also a report of 2000 well-preserved Roman gold coins from Ahmedabad (in Gujarat) that were purportedly discovered in the 1960s but which disappeared without detailed record; Rajgor 2004: 69; see also Appendix 3.
-
36
De Romanis 2012: 167 asserts that 5728 denarii (6% are Republican, the rest almost all Julio-Claudian) and 1243 aurei can be reliably identified: 4435/(5728 + 1243) = 64%. See also Appendix 2.
-
40
MacDowall 1996: 86: Vellalur 3-3.6g, some even less than 3g; also P. Turner 1989: 70-1: Nasthullapur: Augustan denarii 3-3.8g, Tiberian denarii 2.6-3.7g.
-
43
See Kulke and Rothermund 1986: 93, 99, 102, Morrison 1997: 95, Thapar 1978: 64, and P. Turner 1989: 15, 43, 120; Suresh 2004: 65 argues that, in Andra Pradesh, where some high-quality imitations of Roman coins circulated, these coins were used as currency (both imitation and genuine); for other arguments in favour of some level of circulation of Roman coins as gifts in India see De Romanis 2006: 69-82.
-
45
Sutherland and Carson 1984: 4-5, 134 and Carson 1990: 224; for a recent reinterpretation of purity of post-ce 64 denarii, see Ponting 2009: 269-75.
-
46
Suresh 2004: 74, 173, but, concerning the Adam hoard, MacDowall 1996: 91 suggests a burial date c. 70 ce, given the similarity in the weights of the coins to those in comparable hoards in the Roman Empire.
-
49
See Bolin 1958: 72-74, P. Gupta 1991: 129, Tchernia 1997a: 238-49, and Tchernia 1997b: 250-83 (Italians exporting denarii); Sewell 1904: 593, 599-601, 605-7 and De Romanis 1997: 119-28 (Julio-Claudian peak in trade); De Romanis 2012.
-
50
Tacitus, Annals 3.55, translation from De Romanis 1997: 119-28; see also Suetonius, Vespasian 9.2 and Sewell 1904: 594, 617. Wallace-Hadrill 2008: 332 notes that the emperors may have thought it beneficial to allow the elite to destroy itself through competitive spending.
-
53
See also De Romanis 2012: 175, for the face-value ratio of pre-64 ce denarii and aurei, which he puts at 22% to 78% (just under 800 aurei and just over 5600 denarii).
-
58
Bolin 1958: 72-74, and Crawford cited in Tchernia 1995a: 1003, claims that the goods condition of many of the denarii indicated that they came directly from the mint. However, the absence of die links in most hoards makes it very unlikely they were acquired directly from the mintâMacDowall 1991: 147; MacDowall 1996: 83.
| å ¨é¨æé´ | è¿å»ä¸å¹´ | è¿å»30天 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| æè¦æµè§æ¬¡æ° | 1843 | 240 | 8 |
| å ¨ææµè§æ¬¡æ° | 489 | 7 | 2 |
| PDFä¸è½½æ¬¡æ° | 250 | 19 | 6 |
The Chronology of Roman Trade in the Indian Ocean from Augustus to Early Third Century ce
äºJournal of the Economic and Social History of the OrientSearch for other papers by Matthew Cobb in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
The archaeological and numismatic evidence for Roman trade in the Indian Ocean from the Augustan annexation of Egypt up to the early third century ce shows that the most intense period of contact and exchange was in the late first century ce. The arguments presented here challenge two major positions, which assert either a peak during the Julio-Claudian period or a continuing intensity of contact until at least the late second century ce.
| å ¨é¨æé´ | è¿å»ä¸å¹´ | è¿å»30天 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| æè¦æµè§æ¬¡æ° | 1843 | 240 | 8 |
| å ¨ææµè§æ¬¡æ° | 489 | 7 | 2 |
| PDFä¸è½½æ¬¡æ° | 250 | 19 | 6 |
