Khidma in the Social History of pre-Mongol Iran
äºJournal of the Economic and Social History of the OrientSearch for other papers by Jürgen Paul in
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Khidma (Ar., literally âserviceâ) denotes the binding subordination of a slave or free-born noble to a lord, master, or patronâoften the ruling sultan, but sometimes lesser figuresâinvolving mutual obligations and mutual loyalty. This article studies this relationship and the ceremonies by which it was concluded in eastern Iran in the twelfth century, on the level of political thinking and, as far as possible, of political practice.
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1
A. Lambton, State and Government in Medieval Islam. An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Political Theory: The Jurists (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981); A. Black, History of Islamic Political Thought. From the Prophet to the Present (Edinburgh: University Press, 2011); P. Crone, Medieval Islamic Political Thought (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004); G. Bowering (ed.), Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013). The importance of the caliph as a source not only of legitimation for political rule but also of authority in legal matters is not discussed in the present article. E. Hanne, âAbbasid Politics and the Classical Theory of the Caliphateâ. In Writers and Rulers: Perspectives on Their Relationship from Abbasid to Safavid Times, ed. Beatrice Gruendler and Louise Marlow (Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2004): 49-71.
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2
H. Horst, Die Staatsverwaltung der GroÃselǧūqen und ḪÅrazmÅ¡Ähs (1038-1231) (Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1964).
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3
A. Lambton, Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia. Aspects of Administrative, Economic and Social History, 11th-14th Century (Albany NY: Persian Heritage Foundation, 1988): 369-370; A. Lambton, âEqá¹ÄÊ¿ â. Encyclopedia Iranica vol. 8 (Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 1998): 520-533.
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5
R. Mottahedeh, Loyalty and Leadership in an Early Islamic Society (First published 1980 by Princeton University Press. New York: Tauris, 2001).
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6
For the term, see T. Welsford, Four Types of Loyalty in Early Modern Central Asia. The TÅ«qÄy-TÄ«mÅ«rid Takeover of Greater MÄ warÄ al-Nahr, 1598-1605 (Leiden: Brill, 2012): 17, and M. Rustow, âLoyalty.â In The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, ed. Gerhard Bowering (Princeton: University Press, 2013): 318a-319b.âWelsford defines âloyaltyâ as âan individualâs self-subjugation to something which is not him, whether this be to an individual, a group or any other entity.â He then proposes to analyze loyalties âwith reference to peopleâs differing motivations for undertaking self-subjugation.â This is not the method followed in the present contribution. In the period under study, Mottahedehâs approach, focusing on âjuridical categories,â seems to yield better results. Welsford, Four Types of Loyalty: 17-21.
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8
L. Marlow, Hierarchy and Egalitarianism in Islamic Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
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60
A. Mez, Die Renaissance des Islams (Heidelberg: Winter, 1922): 132. The history of the term cannot be covered in this contribution.
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98
Ibn IsfandiyÄr, ṬabaristÄn 2:104; 114-5. Every change implied the naming of another overlord in the Friday sermon and on the coinage; further obligations could vary.
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Khidma in the Social History of pre-Mongol Iran
äºJournal of the Economic and Social History of the OrientSearch for other papers by Jürgen Paul in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Khidma (Ar., literally âserviceâ) denotes the binding subordination of a slave or free-born noble to a lord, master, or patronâoften the ruling sultan, but sometimes lesser figuresâinvolving mutual obligations and mutual loyalty. This article studies this relationship and the ceremonies by which it was concluded in eastern Iran in the twelfth century, on the level of political thinking and, as far as possible, of political practice.
| å ¨é¨æé´ | è¿å»ä¸å¹´ | è¿å»30天 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| æè¦æµè§æ¬¡æ° | 704 | 67 | 10 |
| å ¨ææµè§æ¬¡æ° | 252 | 4 | 0 |
| PDFä¸è½½æ¬¡æ° | 118 | 9 | 0 |
