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Progressive balance exercises improve muscle activity, postural control, and balance in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised controlled trial

in Comparative Exercise Physiology
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P. Arora Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India- 110025

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M. Azharuddin Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India- 110025

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https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5557-7542
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S. Parveen Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India- 110025

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https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3175-6866
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M. Usmani Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India- 110025

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https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0574-2840
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C.A. Sehgal Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India- 110025

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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0027-5288
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M.M. Noohu Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India- 110025

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https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4729-2437
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Abstract

Objective: the study’s objective was to evaluate the effects of eight weeks of balance exercises on muscle activity, postural control, dynamic balance, pain and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: this is a randomised controlled study in which the subjects were divided into the intervention group (n = 24) or the control group (n = 24). The subjects in intervention group performed progressive balance exercises (PBE) for eight weeks, three days/week, whereas the subjects in control group were given consultation, dietary advice, and precautions about daily activities only. The outcome measures were pain, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GM) and co-contraction index (CCI), postural control measures, Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest), Quality of life (SF-36). 2 × 2 mixed model ANOVA was used for group effect, time effect and time × group interaction effect. Results: baseline comparison of the outcomes showed no significant differences except average MVIC of the right medial gastrocnemius muscle, proprioception (front), and emotional well-being (SF-36) (P < 0.05). %MVIC of right GM showed significant changes in time effect (P < 0.05), group effect (P < 0.05) and time × group effect (P < 0.01). The CCI of the right TA and GM showed a significant time effect (P < 0.01). There were also significant changes in CoP range, BESTest, NPRS scores (P < 0.05) but not for SF-36 after the eight weeks of intervention. Conclusions: PBE is an effective intervention for improving the muscle functions, balance and postural control resulting in the improvement of overall quality of life in patients with diabetes.

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