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Effects of running and swimming on pain relief in male rats with type 2 diabetes-induced peripheral neuropathy

in Comparative Exercise Physiology
Autor:innen:
S. Fatolahi Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

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H. Agha-Alinejad Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

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G. Hamidian Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

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M. Molanouri Shamsi Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

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E. Khalilzadeh Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

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M.L. Fernandez School of Nutrition and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85712, USA

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Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the most prevalent type of diabetes and can lead to painful peripheral neuropathy (PN). Exercise can alleviate PN-related pain, but the comparative effects of running and swimming remain underexplored. Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into: control (C), swimming (Sw), running (Run), diabetes (D), D-Sw, and D-Run. T2D was induced by high-fat-diet (60%) and streptozotocin (35 mg/kg). Rats underwent individualised swimming or running (8-weeks, 5 days/week, 60 min/day). Body weight gain (BWG), FBG, HOMA-IR, lipid profiles, and neuropathy tests: PWT (paw-withdrawal-threshold), LT (licking-time), FN (flinching-number), MSCP (cold-plate-mean-speed), EI (escape-index), CPE (cold-plate-entries) were measured. Data analysed using repeated measures ANOVA and equivalent non-parametric tests ( P 0.05). Results: Diabetes worsened BWG ( P < 0.001; 95% CI: −71.96 to −8.76; −14.05 ± 6.47% from baseline), FBG (day-86: P < 0.001; 95% CI: 383.53 to 464.06; −18.5 ± 5.18% from baseline), insulin ( P < 0.001; 95% CI: 2.68 to 3.23), HOMA-IR ( P < 0.001; 95% CI: 2.53 to 3.68), lipid profiles ( P < 0.001), right PWT (day-84: mean ± SEM: 10.60 ± 1.16; P < 0.05), LT (day-56: 2.10 ± 0.48; P < 0.01), and (day-84: 5.78 ± 0.78; P < 0.001). FN (day-56: 2.64 ± 0.36; P < 0.01) and (day-84: 5.24 ± 0.79; P < 0.001) differed. Final MSCP (7.88 ± 0.88; P < 0.05), EI (3.83 ± 0.68; P < 0.01), and CPE (3.40 ± 0.50; P < 0.05) were worsened. Similarly, D-Sw improved FBG ( P < 0.001; 95% CI: 137.63 to 157.16; −69.87 ± 3.13% from baseline), insulin ( P < 0.01; 95% CI = 2.68 to 3.23), HOMA-IR ( P < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.76 to 0.92), TG ( P < 0.05; 95% CI: 59.63 to 82.76), VLDL (95% CI = 11.92 to 16.55), final PWT (51.00 ± 9.00, P < 0.001), LT (2.10 ± 0.48; P < 0.01), MSCP (4.44 ± 0.38, P < 0.05), EI (1.37 ± 0.12, P < 0.001), and CEP (9.00 ± 1.22, P < 0.01). The analyses revealed large effect sizes in BWG (η2 = 0.73), FBG (η2 = 0.96), insulin (η2 = 0.86), HOMA-IR (η2 = 0.73), and TCH (η2 = 0.82), TG (η2 = 0.89), HDL (η2 = 0.84), LDL (η2 = 0.78), and VLDL (η2 = 0.89). Neuropathy behavioural metrics showed varying effect sizes: PWT (Kendall’s W = 0.256), LT (W = 0.29), FN (W = 0.39), MSCP (W 0.05), EI (W = 0.16), and CPE (W = 0.23). Conclusion: These findings demonstrated that both modalities were effective, but swimming seemed better in alleviating T2D-related PN pain.

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