Prescribing submaximal training based on the lactate threshold improved aerobic fitness in dogs with preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease
In: Comparative Exercise PhysiologySearch for other papers by A.Z. Restan in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by F.K. Adams in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by A.P.P.A. Tristão in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by B.A. Loureiro in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by T. Sgarbiero in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by G.V. Ramos in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by M.G. Sousa in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by A.A. Camacho in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by G.C. Ferraz in
Current site
Google Scholar
Abstract
Exercise intolerance may be a primary symptom of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and a significant factor in reducing the quality of a dog’s life. Aerobic training effectively improves oxygen uptake and life expectancy in human patients with chronic heart failure. Lactate threshold (LT) is used to prescribe training programs. We conducted a study with dogs diagnosed with asymptomatic MMVD (stage B1), using the velocity corresponding to the visual lactate threshold (VLTv) and an eight-week submaximal training program (STP), three times a week, with each session lasting 30 min, to improve their aerobic fitness. The dogs were assigned into two groups: a healthy control group and a MMVD group (stage B1). The treadmill-based graded exercise test (GXT) was used to determine the lactate-velocity curve (LVC) inflexion point. We utilised the velocity corresponding to 70% VLTv as the external load STP, representing a training zone between 145 and 157 bpm. Before the STP, VLTv and maximum velocity (Vmax) were lower in B1 dogs compared with the healthy group. The VLTv increased in the B1 dogs, resulting in rightward shifts of the LVC. The VLT values for healthy dogs were 3.62 ± 0.90 m/s and 4.75 ± 0.6 m/s; for B1 dogs were 3.03 ± 0.6 m/s and 3.8 ± 0.75 m/s in the pre-STP and post-STP. The Vmax values were 4.50 ± 0.70 m/s and 4.75 ± 1.04 m/s for healthy dogs, and 4.0 ± 0.53 m/s and 4.66 ± 0.74 m/s for B1 dogs. In both groups, changes in the relationship between lactatemia and exercise work may indicate improvements in aerobic and anaerobic capacities. VLTv, as an external training loading, should be considered when prescribing tailored training programs for dogs with asymptomatic myxomatous mitral valve disease to improve their muscular and cardiovascular function and exercise tolerance.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
-
Adams, V. and Niebauer, J., 2015. Reversing heart failure-associated pathophysiology with exercise: what actually improves and by how much? Heart Failure Clinics 11: 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfc.2014.08.001
-
Ansorge, E.J., Augustyniak, R.A., Perinot, M.L., Hammond, R.L., Kim, J.K., Sala-Mercado, J.A., Noreen, J.R., Rossi, F. and O’Leary, D.S., 2005. Altered muscle metaboreflex control of coronary blood flow and ventricular function in heart failure. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 288: H1381-H1388. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00985.2004
-
Belardinelli, R., Georgiou, D., Cianci, G. and Purcaro, A., 2012. 10-year exercise training in chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 60: 1521-1528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.06.036
-
Billman, G.E., Cagnoli, K.L., Csepe, T., Li, N., Wright, P., Mohler, P.J. and Fedorov, V.V., 2015. Exercise training-induced bradycardia: evidence for enhanced parasympathetic regulation without changes in intrinsic sinoatrial node function. Journal of Applied Physiology 118: 1344-1355. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01111.2014
-
Bonanni, R., Cariati, I., Tarantino, U., D’Arcangelo, G. and Tancredi, V., 2022. Physical exercise and health: a focus on its protective role in neurodegenerative diseases. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 7: 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020038
-
Boon, J.A., 2011. Evaluation of size, function and hemodynamics. In: Manual of Veterinary Echocardiography. 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp. 153-266.
-
Brooks, G.A., 2020. Lactate as a fulcrum of metabolism. Redox biology 35: 101454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2020.101454
-
Brooks, G.A., Osmond, A.D., Arevalo, J.A., Curl, C.C., Duong, J.J., Horning, M.A. and Leija, R.G., 2022. Lactate as a major myokine and exerkine. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 18: 712. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-022-00724-0
-
Brooks, G.A., Osmond, A.D., Arevalo, J.A., Duong, J.J., Curl, C.C., Moreno-Santillan, D.D. and Leija, R.G., 2023. Lactate as a myokine and exerkine: drivers and signals of physiology and metabolism. Journal of Applied Physiology 134: 529-548. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00497.2022
-
Cattadori, G., Segurini, C., Picozzi, A., Padeletti, L. and Anzà, C., 2018. Exercise and heart failure: an update. ESC Heart Failure 5: 222-232. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.12225
-
Cerqueira, J.A., Restan, W.A.Z., Fonseca, M.G., Catananti, L.A., Almeida, M.L.M., Junior, W.H.F., Pereira, G.T., Carciofi, A.C. and Ferraz, G.C., 2018. Intense exercise and endurance-training program influence serum kinetics of muscle and cardiac biomarkers in dogs. Research in Veterinary Science 121: 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.10.004
-
Curcio, F., Testa, G., Liguori, I., Papillo, M., Flocco, V., Panicara, V. and Abete, P., 2020. Sarcopenia and heart failure. Nutrients 12: 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010211
-
da Silva, J.K., Sotomaior, B.B., Carneiro, C.F., Rodrigues, P., Wharton, L. and Osiecki, R., 2021. Predicting lactate threshold with rate of perceived exertion in young competitive male swimmers. Perceptual and Motor Skills 128: 1530-1548. https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125211005227
-
D’Andrea, A., Riegler, L., Cocchia, R., Scarafile, R., Salerno, G., Gravino, R., Golia, E., Vriz, O., Citro, R., Limongelli, G., Calabrò, P., Salvo, G.D., Caso, P., Russo, M.G., Bossone, E. and Calabrò, R., 2010. Left atrial volume index in highly trained athletes. American Heart Journal 159: 1155-1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2010.03.036
-
Dantas, J.L., Doria, C., Rossi, H., Rosa, G., Pietrangelo, T., Fanò-Illic, G. and Nakamura, F.Y., 2015. Determination of blood lactate training zone boundaries with rating of perceived exertion in runners. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 29: 315-320. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000639
-
De Maré, L., Boshuizen, B., Vidal Moreno de Vega, C., de Meeûs, C., Plancke, L., Gansemans, Y., Filip, V.N., Dieter, D., Oliveira, J.E., Hosotani, G., Maarten, O. and Delesalle, C., 2022. Profiling the aerobic window of horses in response to training by means of a modified lactate minimum speed test: Flatten the curve. Frontiers in Physiology 13: 792052. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.792052
-
Faude, O., Kindermann, W. and Meyer, T., 2009. Lactate threshold concepts: how valid are they? Sports Med. 2009: 469-490. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939060-00003
-
Ferasin, L. and Marcora, S., 2009. Reliability of an incremental exercise test to evaluate acute blood lactate, heart rate and body temperature responses in Labrador retrievers. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 179: 839-845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-009-0367-z
-
Ferraz, G.C., Sgarbiero, T., Carvalho, J.R.G., Almeida, M.L.M., Pereira, G.T., Funnicelli, M.I.G., Pinheiro, D.G. and Restan, A.Z., 2022. Predicting maximal lactate steady state from lactate thresholds determined using methods based on an incremental exercise test in beagle dogs: A study using univariate and multivariate approaches. Research in Veterinary Science 152: 289-299.
-
Gordon, S.G., Saunders, A.B. and Wesselowski, S.R., 2022. Asymptomatic canine degenerative valve disease: diagnosis and current and future therapies. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice 52: 819-840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.01.010
-
Impellizzeri, F.M., Marcora, S.M. and Coutts, A.J., 2019. Internal and external training load: 15 years on. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14: 270-273. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0935
-
Juarez, M., Castillo-Rodriguez, C., Soliman, D., Del Rio-Pertuz, G. and Nugent, K., 2024. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in heart failure. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 11: 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11030070
-
Keene, B.W., Atkins, C.E., Bonagura, J.D., Fox, P.R., Häggström, J., Fuentes, V.L., Oyama, M.A., Rush, J.E., Stepien, R. and Uechi, M., 2019. ACVIM consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 33: 1127-1140. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15488
-
Kittleson, M.D., Johnson, L.E. and Pion, P.D., 1996. Submaximal exercise testing using lactate threshold and venous oxygen tension as endpoints in normal dogs and dogs with heart failure. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1996(10): 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02019.x
-
Kneffel, Z., Varga-Pintér, B., Tóth, M., Major, Z. and Pavlik, G., 2011. Relationship between the heart rate and E/A ratio in athletic and non-athletic males. Acta Physiologica Hungarica 98: 284-293. https://doi.org/10.1556/aphysiol.98.2011.3.5
-
Lam, C., Gavaghan, B.J. and Meyers, F.E., 2021. Radiographic quantification of left atrial size in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 35: 747-754. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16073
-
Moraes, V.S., Soares, J.K.I., Cabidelli, J.F., Fadini, A.N.B., Ribeiro, P.A., Pinheiro, R.M., Conti, L.M.C., Souza, V.R.C. and Coelho, C.S., 2017. Effects of resistance training on electrocardiographic and blood parameters of police dogs. Comparative Exercise Physiology 13: 217-226. https://doi.org/10.3920/CEP170007
-
Nagueh, S.F., Smiseth, O.A., Appleton, C.P., Byrd, B.F., Dokainish, H., Edvardsen, T., Flachskampf, F.A., Gillebert, T.C., Klein, A.L., Lancellotti, P., Marino, P., Oh, J.K., Popescu, B.A. and Waggoner, A.D., 2016. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the american society of echocardiography and the european association of cardiovascular Imaging. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 29: 277-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.011
-
National Research Council, 2006. Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats. National Academies Press.
-
Neumann, T. and Heusch, G., 1997. Myocardial, skeletal muscle, and renal blood flow during exercise in conscious dogs with heart failure. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 273: H2452-H2457. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1997.273.5.H2452
-
Petchdee, S., Yalong, M., Kaewnet, M., Ithisariyanont, B. and Padawong, T., 2022. Assessment of right ventricular function, blood lactate levels, and serum peptidomics profiles associated with mitral valve disease in dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8: 789137. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.789137
-
Poole, D.C., Rossiter, H.B., Brooks, G.A. and Gladden, L.B., 2021. The anaerobic threshold: 50+ years of controversy. The Journal of Physiology 599: 737-767. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP279963
-
Poole, D.C., Copp, S.W., Colburn, T.D., Craig, J.C., Allen, D.L., Sturek, M., O’Leary, D.S., Zucker, I.H. and Musch, T.I., 2020. Guidelines for animal exercise and training protocols for cardiovascular studies. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 318: H1100-H1138. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00697.2019
-
Restan, A.Z., Camacho, A.A., Cerqueira, J.A., Zacche, E., Kirnew, M.D., Loureiro, B.A., Silva, S.B., Moranza, H.G. and Ferraz, G.C., 2020. Effect of a lactate-guided conditioning program on heart rate variability obtained using 24-Holter electrocardiography in Beagle dogs. Plos One 15: e0233264. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233264
-
Restan, A.Z., Camacho, A.A., Zacché, E., Canola, R.A.M., Silva, S.B.G., Braz, J.B., Silva-Filho, J.C., Cerqueira, J.A., Loureiro, B.A., Funnicelli, M.I.G., Pinheiro, D.G. and Ferraz, G.C., 2021. Conditioning program prescribed from the external training load corresponding to the lactate threshold improved cardiac function in healthy dogs. Animals 12: 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12010073
-
Sala-Mercado, J.A., Hammond, R.L., Kim, J.K., McDonald, P.J., Stephenson, L.W. and O’Leary, D.S., 2007. Heart failure attenuates muscle metaboreflex control of ventricular contractility during dynamic exercise. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 292: H2159-H2166. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01240.2006
-
Soares, F.B., Pereira-Neto, G.B. and Rabelo, R.C., 2018. Assessment of plasma lactate and core-peripheral temperature gradient in association with stages of naturally occurring myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 28: 532-540. https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.12771
-
Stigall, A.R., Farr, B.D., Ramos, M.T. and Otto, C.M., 2022. A formalized method to acclimate dogs to voluntary treadmill locomotion at various speeds and inclines. Animals 12: 567. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12050567
-
Sutayatram, S., Buranakarl, C., Kijtawornrat, A., Soontornvipart, K., Boonpala, P. and Pirintr, P., 2018. The effects of submaximal exercise training on cardiovascular functions and physical capacity in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 48: 433-441. https://doi.org/10.56808/2985-1130.2931
-
Vijay, S.A., Sivakumar, C., Kumar, P.V., Muralidharan, C.K., Rajkumar, K.V., Kannan, K.R., Pradeepa, M., Sivasankar, P., Mariam, A.A. and Anand, U.K.A., 2024. Lactate threshold training to improve long distance running performance: a narrative review. Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 13: 19-29. https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.240303
-
Wall, L., Mohr, A., Ripoli, F.L., Schulze, N., Penter, C.D., Hungerbuehler, S., Bach, J.P., Lucas, K. and Nolte, I., 2018. Clinical use of submaximal treadmill exercise testing and assessments of cardiac biomarkers NT-proBNP and cTnI in dogs with presymptomatic mitralregurgitation. PlosOne 13: e0199023. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199023
-
Watanabe, T., Kondo, S., Kakinoki, K., Fukusaki, C. and Hatta, H., 2023. Stride-to-stride variability and fluctuations at intensities around lactate threshold in distance runners. Heliyon 9: e17437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17437
-
Wilshaw, J., Rosenthal, S.L., Wess, G., Dickson, D., Bevilacqua, L., Dutton, E., Deinert, M., Abrantes, R., Schneider, I., Oyama, M.A., Gordon, S.G., Elliott, J., Xia, D. and Boswood, A., 2021. Accuracy of history, physical examination, cardiac biomarkers, and biochemical variables in identifying dogs with stage B2 degenerative mitral valve disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 35: 755-770. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16083
-
Wolpern, A.E., Burgos, D.J., Janot, J.M. and Dalleck, L.C., 2015. Is a threshold-based model a superior method to the relative percent concept for establishing individual exercise intensity? a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation 7: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-015-0011-z
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 558 | 115 | 23 |
| Full Text Views | 14 | 7 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 23 | 12 | 0 |
Prescribing submaximal training based on the lactate threshold improved aerobic fitness in dogs with preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease
In: Comparative Exercise PhysiologySearch for other papers by A.Z. Restan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by F.K. Adams in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by A.P.P.A. Tristão in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by B.A. Loureiro in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by T. Sgarbiero in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by G.V. Ramos in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by M.G. Sousa in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by A.A. Camacho in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by G.C. Ferraz in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Abstract
Exercise intolerance may be a primary symptom of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and a significant factor in reducing the quality of a dog’s life. Aerobic training effectively improves oxygen uptake and life expectancy in human patients with chronic heart failure. Lactate threshold (LT) is used to prescribe training programs. We conducted a study with dogs diagnosed with asymptomatic MMVD (stage B1), using the velocity corresponding to the visual lactate threshold (VLTv) and an eight-week submaximal training program (STP), three times a week, with each session lasting 30 min, to improve their aerobic fitness. The dogs were assigned into two groups: a healthy control group and a MMVD group (stage B1). The treadmill-based graded exercise test (GXT) was used to determine the lactate-velocity curve (LVC) inflexion point. We utilised the velocity corresponding to 70% VLTv as the external load STP, representing a training zone between 145 and 157 bpm. Before the STP, VLTv and maximum velocity (Vmax) were lower in B1 dogs compared with the healthy group. The VLTv increased in the B1 dogs, resulting in rightward shifts of the LVC. The VLT values for healthy dogs were 3.62 ± 0.90 m/s and 4.75 ± 0.6 m/s; for B1 dogs were 3.03 ± 0.6 m/s and 3.8 ± 0.75 m/s in the pre-STP and post-STP. The Vmax values were 4.50 ± 0.70 m/s and 4.75 ± 1.04 m/s for healthy dogs, and 4.0 ± 0.53 m/s and 4.66 ± 0.74 m/s for B1 dogs. In both groups, changes in the relationship between lactatemia and exercise work may indicate improvements in aerobic and anaerobic capacities. VLTv, as an external training loading, should be considered when prescribing tailored training programs for dogs with asymptomatic myxomatous mitral valve disease to improve their muscular and cardiovascular function and exercise tolerance.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 558 | 115 | 23 |
| Full Text Views | 14 | 7 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 23 | 12 | 0 |
