Scientifically sound studies investigating the influence of riders on the physiological responses of riding horses are rare. Therefore, this pilot study was aimed to investigate the physiological changes in 6 purebred Lipizzan horses during an exercise test (ExT) in an indoor arena performed by a male and a female rider with different body weights and experience levels. Respiratory rate, rectal and body surface temperature, lactate, creatinine, and cortisol concentrations were measured before (BEx) and after exercise tests (AEx) with a graded workload, while heart rate and speed were recorded telemetrically during the ExT. Measured values were within a range for warm-blooded animals and increased significantly (
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Allen, J.K., Young, E.L. and Franklin, H.S., 2015. Evaluation of heart rate and rhythm during exercise. Equine Veterinary Education 28(2): 99-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.12405
Arruda, T.Z., Brass, K.E. and De La Corte, F.D., 2011. Thermographic assessment of saddles used on jumping horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 31: 625-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2011.05.011
Brinnel, H., Cabanac, M. and Hales, J.R.S., 1987. Critical upper levels of body temperature, tissue thermosensitivity and selective brain cooling in hyperthermia. Heat stress; physical exertion and environment. In: Proceedings of the 1st world conference, Sydney, Australia, pp. 209-240.
CÌebulj-Kadunc, N., FrangezÌ, R., ZÌgajnar, J. and Kruljc, P., 2019. Cardiac, respiratory and thermoregulation parameters following graded exercises in Lipizzaner horses. Veterinarski Arhiv 89: 11-23. https://doi.org/10.24099/vet.arhiv.0338
CÌebulj-Kadunc, N., FrangezÌ, R. and Kruljc, P., 2022. Fluctuations of physiological variables during conditioning of Lipizzan fillies before starting under saddle. Animals 12: 836. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12070836
Christensen, J.W., Bathellier, S., Rhodin, M., Palme, R. and Uldahl, M., 2020. Increased rider weight did not induce changes in behavior and physiological parameters in horses. Animals 10: 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10010095
Clayton, H.M., 1994a. Comparison of the stride kinematics of the collected, working, medium and extended trot. Equine Veterinary Journal 26: 230-234. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04375.x
Clayton, H.M., 1994b. Comparison of the stride kinematics of the collected, working, medium and extended canters. Equine Veterinary Journal 26: 16-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04866.x
Clayton, H.M., 1995. Comparison of the stride kinematics of the collected, working, medium and extended walks in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 56: 849-852. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04375.x
Clayton, H.M. and Hobbs, S.J., 2017. The role of biomechanical analysis of horse and rider in equitation science. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 190: 123-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.02.011
De Cocq, P., 2012. The biomechanical interaction between horse and rider: PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 19th April.
Donner, H.D. and Specht, D., 1980. Deutsche Reitlehre: Grundausbildung für Reiter und Pferd. FN-Verlag d. Dt. Reiterl. Vereinigung, Warendorf, Germany.
Eddy, A.L., Van Hoogmoed, L.M. and Snyder, J.R., 2001. The role of thermography in the management of equine lameness. Veterinary Journal 162: 172-181.
Evans, D., 2008. Exercise testing in the field, equine exercise physiology. In: Hincliff, K.W., Kaneps, A.J. and Geor, J.R. (eds.) The science of exercise in the athletic horse. Elsevier Health Sciences, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 12-27.
Fonseca, B.P.A., Alves, A.L.G., Nicoletti, A.L.M., Thomassian, A., Hussini, C.A. and Mikaik, S., 2006. Thermography and ultrasonography in back pain diagnosis of equine athletes. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 26: 507-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2006.09.007
Fureix, C., Jego, P., Sankey, C. and Hausberger, M., 2009. How horses (Equus caballus) see the world: humans as significant âobjectsâ. Animal Cognition 12: 643-654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-009-0223-2
Gerard, M.P., Graaf-Roelfsema, E.D.E., Hodgson, D.R. and Van Der Kolk, J.H., 2014. Energetic considerations of exercise. In: Hodgson, D.R., McGowan, C. and McKeever, K.H. (eds.) The athletic horse: principles and practice of equine sports medicine. 2nd ed. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO, USA, pp. 19-33.
Gorecka-Bruzda, A., Kosinska, I., Jaworski, Z., Jezierski, T. and Murphy, J., 2015. Conflict behavior in elite show jumping and dressage horses. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 10: 137-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2014.10.004
Grzędzicka, J., Dąbrowska, I., Malin, K. and Witkowska-PiÅaszewicz, O., 2023. Exercise related changes in the anabolic index (testosterone to cortisol ratio) and serum amyloid A concentration in endurance and racehorses at different fitness levels. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 10: 1148990. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1148990
Hall, C., Kay, R. and Yarnell, K., 2014. Assessing ridden horse behavior: professional judgment and physiological measures. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 9: 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2013.09.005
Henderson, I.S.F., 2013. Diagnostic and prognostic use of L-lactate measurement in equine practice. Equine Veterinary Education 25: 468-475. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.12033
Hinchcliff, K.W., Kaneps, A.J. and Geor, R.J., 2004. Integrative physiology of exercise. In: Hinchcliff, K.W., Kaneps, A.J. and Geor, R.J. (eds.) Equine sports medicine and surgery. WB Saunders, UK, pp. 7-8.
Hodgson, D.R., Davis, R.E. and McConaghy, F.F., 1994. Thermoregulation in the horse response to exercise. British Veterinary Journal 150: 219-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1935(05)80003-X
Hodgson, R.D. and Rose, J.R., 1994. The athletic horse. 1st ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 9.
Hovey, M.R., Davis, A., Chen, S., Godwin, P. and Porr, C.A.S., 2021. Evaluating stress in riding horses: part one-behavior assessment and serum cortisol. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 96: 103297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103297
Ille, N., von Lewinaski, M., Erber, R., Wulf, M., Aurish, J., Möstl, E. and Aurich, C., 2013. Effects of the level of experience of horses and their riders on cortisol release, heart rate and heart-rate variability during a jumping course. Animal Welfare 22: 457-465. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.22.4.457
Ille, N., Aurich, C., Erber, R., Wulff, M., Palme, R., Aurich, J. and von Lewinski, M., 2014. Physiological stress responses and horse rider interactions in horses ridden by male and female riders. Comparative Exercise Physiology 10: 131-138. https://doi.org/10.3920/CEP143001
Irvine, C.H.G. and Alexander, S.L., 1994. Factors affecting the circadian rhythm in plasma cortisol concentrations in the horse. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 11: 227. https://doi.org/10.1016/0739-7240(94)90030-2
Jodkowska, E., Dudek, K. and PrzewozÌny, M., 2011. The maximum temperatures (Tmax) distribution on the body surface of sport horses. Journal of Life Science 5: 291-297.
Kang, O.D. and Yun, Y.M., 2016. Influence of horse and rider on stress during horse-riding lesson program. Asian Australian Journal of Animal Science 29: 895-900. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.15.1068.
Keeling, L.J., 2009. An analysis of animal-based versus resource-based comments in official animal welfare inspection reports from organic and conventional farms in Sweden. Animal Welfare 18: 391-397. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0962728600000798
König v. Borstel, U., Visser, E.K. and Hall, C., 2017. Indicators of stress in equitation. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 190: 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.02.018
Lindner, A., Mosen, H., Kissenbeck, S., Fuhrmann, H. and Sallmann, H.P., 2009. Effect of blood lactate-guided conditioning of horses with exercises of differing durations and intensities on heart rate and biochemical blood variables. Journal of Animal Science 87: 3211-3217. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2001
McCutcheon, L.J. and George, R.J., 2008. Thermoregulation and exercise associated heat stress, equine exercise physiology. In: Hincliff, K.W., Kaneps, A.J. and Geor, J.R. (eds.) The science of exercise in the athletic horse. Elsevier Health Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp. 382-396.
McGreevy, P., Warren-Smith, A. and Guisard, Y., 2012. The effect of double bridles and jaw-clamping Crank nosebands on temperature of eyes and facial skin of horses. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 7: 142-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2011.08.001
McKeever, K.H., Arent, S.M. and Davitt, P., 2014. Endocrine and immune responses to exercise and training. In: Hodgson, D.R., McGowan, C. and McKeever, K.H. (eds.) The athletic horse: principles and practice of equine sports medicine. 2nd ed. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO, USA, pp. 95-114.
Ono, A., Matsuura, A., Yamazaki, Y., Sakai, W., Watanabe, K., Nakanowatari, T., Kobayashi, H., Irimajiri, M. and Hodate, K., 2017. Influence of ridersâ skill on plasma cortisol levels of horses walking on forest and field trekking courses. Animal Science Journal 88: 1629-1635. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12801
Purohit, R.C., Pascoe, D.D., Defranco, B. and Schumacher, J., 2004. Thermographic evaluation of the neurovascular system of the equine. Thermology international 14: 89-92.
Rivero, J.L. and Piercy, R.J., 2004. Muscle physiology: responses to exercise and training. In: Hinchcliff, K.W., Kaneps, A.J. and Geor, R.J. (eds.) Equine exercise physiology: the science of exercise in the athletic horse. Elsevier Health Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp. 45-72.
Schrurs, C., Dubois, G., Van Erck-Westergren, E. and Gardner, D.S., 2022. Does sex of the jockey influence racehorse physiology and performance. PLoS ONE 31: e0273310. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273310
Sewell, D.A. and Harris, R.C., 1992. Adenine nucleotide degradation in the thoroughbred horse with increasing exercise duration. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 65: 271-277. https://doi.oeg/10.1007/Bf00705093
Simon, E.L., Gaughan, E.M., Epp, T. and Spire, M., 2006. Influence of exercise on thermographically determined surface temperatures of thoracic and pelvic limbs in horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 229: 1940-1944. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.229.12.1940
Sloet Van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan, M.M., Barneveld, A. and Schamhardt, H.C., 1995. Effects of weight and riding on workload and locomotion during treadmill exercise. Equine Veterinary Journal 27: 413-417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.20423306.1995.tb04963.x
Soroko-Dubrovina, M., SÌniegucka, K., Dudek, K. and CÌebulj-Kadunc, N., 2023. Effects of high intensity laser therapy (HILT) on skin surface temperature and vein diameter in healthy racehorses with clipped and non-clipped coat. Animals 13: 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13020216
Soroko, M., Henklewski, R., Filipowski, H. and Jodkowska, E., 2013. The effectiveness of thermografic analysis in equine orthopaedics. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 33: 760-762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2012.11.009
Soroko, M., Dudek, K., Howell, K., Jodkowska, E. and Henklewski, R., 2014. Thermographic evaluation of racehorse performance. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 34: 1076-1083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2014.06.009
Soroko, M. and Morel, M.C.G. (eds.), 2016. Equine thermography in practice. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 1-58. https://doi.orig/10.1079/9781780647876.0000
Soroko, M., Howell, K. and Dudek, K., 2017. The effect of ambient temperature od infrared thermographic images of joints in the distal forelimbs of healthy racehorses. Journal of Thermal Biology 66: 63-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103202
Soroko, M. and Howell, K., 2018. Infrared thermography: current applications in equine medicine. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 60: 90-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2016.11.002
Stefansdottir, G.J., Gunnarsson, V., Roepstorff, L., Ragnarsson, S. and Jansson, A., 2017. The effect of rider weight and additional weight in Icelandic horses in tolt: part I. Physiological responses. Animal 11: 1558-1566. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117000556
Strunk, R., 2017. Effects of rider experience level on horse kinematics and behavior. PhD Thesis, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
Strzelec, K., Kankofer, M. and Pietrzak, S., 2011. Cortisol concentration in the saliva of horses subjected to different kinds of exercise. Acta Veterinaria Brno 80: 101-105. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201180010101
Terada, K., 2000. Comparison of head movement and EMG activity of muscles between advanced and novice horseback riders at different gaits. Journal of Equine Science 11: 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1294/jes.11.83
Turner, T.A., 1991. Thermography as an aid to the clinical lameness evaluation. Veterinary Clinics of North American Equine Practice 7: 311-338.
Valberg, S.J., 2014. Muscle anatomy, physiology, and adaptations to exercise and training. In: Hodgson, D.R., McGowan, C. and McKeever, K. (eds.) The athletic horse: principles and practice of equine sports medicine. 2nd ed. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO, USA, pp. 174-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7216-0075-8.00021-6
Valera, M., BartolomeÌ, E., SaÌnchez, M.J., Molina, A., Cook, N.J. and Schaefer, A.L., 2012. Changes in eye temperature and stress assessment in horses during show jumping competition. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 32: 827-830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2012.03.005
Vervuert, I., 2011. Energy metabolism of the performance horse. In: Proceedings of the 5th European equine nutrition and health congress, Waregem, Belgium, 16th April, pp. 15-16.
WitkowskaâPilascewicz, O., Grzędzicka, J., SenÌ, J., Czopowicz, M., Zmigrodzka, M., Winnicka, A., Cywinska, A. and Carter, C., 2021. Stress response after race and endurance training sessions and competitions in Arabian horses. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 188: 105265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105265
Witkowska-PiÅaszewicz, O., MaÅgorzata, M., MaÅgorzata, D. and Winnicka, A., 2020. Infrared thermography correlates with lactate concentration in blood during race training in horses. Animals 10: 2072. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112072
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 512 | 73 | 11 |
| Full Text Views | 10 | 1 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 424 | 3 | 0 |
Scientifically sound studies investigating the influence of riders on the physiological responses of riding horses are rare. Therefore, this pilot study was aimed to investigate the physiological changes in 6 purebred Lipizzan horses during an exercise test (ExT) in an indoor arena performed by a male and a female rider with different body weights and experience levels. Respiratory rate, rectal and body surface temperature, lactate, creatinine, and cortisol concentrations were measured before (BEx) and after exercise tests (AEx) with a graded workload, while heart rate and speed were recorded telemetrically during the ExT. Measured values were within a range for warm-blooded animals and increased significantly (
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 512 | 73 | 11 |
| Full Text Views | 10 | 1 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 424 | 3 | 0 |