Being overweight can be caused by an imbalance between calorie intake and energy expenditure over a long period, and the brain plays an important role in controlling overeating responses. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in regulating food intake and weight. Being overweight is associated with decreased serotonin levels. Decreased serotonin levels have an impact on increased health disorders and depression. The study aimed to analyse the effect of 4 week-long swimming exercise intervention on increased serotonin levels in male mice (Mus musculus). A total of 18 male mice (20-40 g), aged eight weeks with (Lee index (LI) ≥0.3) randomly assigned to three groups: COG (n = 6; control group without intervention), MEG (n = 6; moderate-intensity morning exercise group), and AEG (n = 6; moderate-intensity afternoon exercise group). Morning and afternoon exercise was carried out with a load of 5% of the total body weight of mice. Four weeks of exercise with a frequency of three times a week and were performed for 70% of the maximum duration per session. Blood collection was done 2 × 24 h after the last intervention. Measurement of serum serotonin levels using ELISA. Data analysis techniques using the one-way ANOVA test with SPSS version 17 software. The average levels of serum serotonin of COG were (56.29 ± 3.59 ng/ml), MEG (86.21 ± 18.44 ng/ml), AEG (82.73 ± 25.15 ng/ml), and (
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Aktar, N., Qureshi, N.K. and Ferdous, H.S., 2017. Obesity: a review of pathogenesis and management strategies in adult. Delta Medical College Journal 5: 35-48. https://doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v5i1.31436.
Alfin, R., Busjra, B. and Azzam, R., 2019. Effect of ramadan fasting on blood sugar levels in type ii diabetes mellitus patients. Journal of Telenursing 1: 191-204. https://doi.org/10.31539/joting.v1i1.499.
Alzahrani, B., Iseli, T.J. and Hebbard, L.W., 2014. Non-viral causes of liver cancer: does obesity-led inflammation play a role? Cancer Letters 345: 223-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.036.
Antoni, M.F., Rejeki, P.S., Sulistiawati, Pranoto, A., Wigati, K.W., Sari, G.M., Lesmana, R. and Yamaoka, Y., 2022. Effect of nocturnal and diurnal moderate-intensity swimming exercise on increasing irisin level of female mice (Mus musculus). Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural Sciences 21: e2022033. https://doi.org/10.12982/CMUJNS.2022.033.
Cao, Q., Wang, J., Hao, Y., Zhao, F., Fu, R., Yu, Y., Wang, J., Niu, R., Bian, S. and Sun, Z., 2022. Exercise ameliorates fluoride-induced anxiety- and depression-like behavior in mice: role of GABA. Biological Trace Element Research 200: 678-688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02678-2.
Chaouloff, F., Elghozi, J.L., Guezennec, Y. and Laude, D., 1985. Effects of conditioned running on plasma, liver, and brain tryptophan and on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism of the rat. British Journal of Pharmacology 86: 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1985.tb09432.x.
Clark, A. and Mach, N., 2016. Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis, and diet: a systematic review for athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 13: 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-016-0155-6.
Clarke, G., Stilling, R.M., Kennedy, P.J., Stanton, C., Cryan, J.F. and Dinan, T.G., 2014. Minireview: gut microbiota: the neglected endocrine organ. Molecular Endocrinology 28: 1221-1238. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2014-1108.
Dey, S., 1994. Physical exercise as a novel antidepressant agent: possible role of serotonin receptor subtypes. Physiology and Behavior 55: 323-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(94)90141-4.
Dremencov, E., Csatlósová, K., Ďurišová, B., Moravčı́ková, L., Lacinová, Ľ. and Ježová, D., 2017. Effect of physical exercise and acute escitalopram on the excitability of brain monoamine neurons: in vivo electrophysiological study in rats. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 20: 585-592. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyx024.
Erritzoe, D., Frokjaer, V.G., Haahr, M.T., Kalbitzer, J., Svarer, C., Holst, K.K., Hansen, D.L., Jernigan, T.L., Lehel, S. and Knudsen, G.M., 2010. Cerebral serotonin transporter binding is inversely related to body mass index. NeuroImage 52: 284-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.086.
Evangelista, F.S., Muller, C.R., Stefano, J.T., Torres, M.M., Muntanelli, B.R., Simon, D., Alvares-da-Silva, M.R., Pereira, I.V., Cogliati, B., Carrilho, F.J. and Oliveira, C.P., 2015. Physical training improves body weight and energy balance but does not protect against hepatic steatosis in obese mice. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 8: 10911-10919.
Fan, W. and Evans, R.M., 2017. Exercise mimetics: impact on health and performance. Cell Metabolism 25: 242-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.10.022.
Fernstrom, J.D. and Fernstrom, M.H., 2006. Exercise, serum-free tryptophan, and central fatigue. Journal of Nutrition 136: 553S-559S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.2.553S.
Fillon, A., Mathieu, M.E., Boirie, Y. and Thivel, D., 2020. Appetite control and exercise: does the timing of exercise play a role? Physiology and Behavior 218: 112733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112733.
Flora, R., Zulkarnain, Zulkarnain, M., Juliansyah, S.A. and Syokumawena, 2016. Effect of anaerobic and aerobic exercise toward serotonin in rat brain tissue. Journal of Neurobehavioral Sciences 3: 3-6. https://doi.org/10.5455/JNBS.1442221850.
Fond, G., Macgregor, A., Leboyer, M. and Michalsen, A., 2013. Fasting in mood disorders: neurobiology and effectiveness. A review of the literature. Psychiatry Research 209: 253-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.018.
Furqaani, A.R., Redjeki, S. and Gunarti, D.R., 2018. The effects of physical exercise on spatial learning and serotonin levels in the brain of adult rats. Global Medical and Health Communication 6: 98-104.
Gu, W., Chen, C. and Zhao, K.N., 2013. Obesity-associated endometrial and cervical cancers. Frontiers in Bioscience 5: 109-118. https://doi.org/10.2741/e600.
Guilliams, T.G. and Edwards, L., 2010. Chronic stress and the HPA axis: clinical assessment and therapeutic considerations. The Standard 9(2): 1-12.
Gukovsky, I., Li, N., Todoric, J., Gukovskaya, A. and Karin, M., 2013. Inflammation, autophagy, and obesity: common features in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology 144: 1199-209.e4. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.007.
Hackney, A.C. and Walz, E.A., 2013. Hormonal adaptation and the stress of exercise training: the role of glucocorticoids. Trends in Sport Sciences 20: 165-171.
Hemat-Far, A., Shahsavari, A. and Mousavi, S.R., 2012. Effects of selected aerobic exercises on the depression and concentrations of plasma serotonin in the depressed female students aged 18 to 25. Journal of Applied Research 12: 47-52.
Huffman, K.M., Redman, L.M., Landerman, L.R., Pieper, C.F., Stevens, R.D., Muehlbauer, M.J., Wenner, B.R., Bain, J.R., Kraus, V.B., Newgard, C.B., Ravussin, E. and Kraus, W.E., 2012. Caloric restriction alters the metabolic response to a mixed-meal: results from a randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One 7: e28190. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028190.
Karaman, M.E., Arslan, C., Gürsu, M.F., Arat, Z. and Türkoğlu, F., 2021. Alterations in serum myostatin levels via swimming exercise in high fructose mediated metabolic syndrome model. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International 33(15): 40-44. https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i1531285.
Kim, D.H., Kim, S.H., Kim, W.H. and Moon, C.R., 2013. The effects of treadmill exercise on expression of UCP-2 of brown adipose tissue and TNF-α of soleus muscle in obese Zucker rats. Journal of Exercise Nutrition and Biochemistry 17: 199-207. https://doi.org/10.5717/jenb.2013.17.4.199.
Kondro, M., Kobyliak, N., Falalyeyeva, T., Virchenko, O., Konopelyuk, V., Halenova, T. and Savchuk, O., 2015. Serum serotonin and other biochemical parameters in conditions of high-calorie diet in rats. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 6: 127-135.
Kwak, J.J., Yook, J.S. and Ha, M.S., 2020. Potential biomarkers of peripheral and central fatigue in high-intensity trained athletes at high-temperature: a pilot study with Momordica charantia (bitter melon). Journal of Immunology Research 2020: 4768390. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4768390.
Lam, D.D., Garfield, A.S., Marston, O.J., Shaw, J. and Heisler, L.K., 2010. Brain serotonin system in the coordination of food intake and body weight. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 97: 84-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2010.09.003.
Longo, V.D. and Mattson, M.P., 2014. Fasting: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Cell Metabolism 19: 181-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.008.
Mastorakos, G., Pavlatou, M., Diamanti-Kandarakis, E. and Chrousos, G.P., 2005. Exercise and the stress system. Hormones 4: 73-89.
Matsunaga, D., Nakagawa, H. and Ishiwata, T., 2021. Difference in the brain serotonin and its metabolite level and anxiety-like behavior between forced and voluntary exercise conditions in rats. Neuroscience Letters 744: 135556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135556.
McNair, B.D., Marcello, N.A., Smith, D.T., Schmitt, E.E. and Bruns, D.R., 2020. Changes in muscle mass and composition by exercise and hypoxia as assessed by DEXA in mice. Medicina 56: 446. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56090446.
Mijovic, T., How, J. and Payne, R.J., 2011. Obesity and thyroid cancer. Frontiers in Bioscience 3: 555-564. https://doi.org/10.2741/s171.
Morton, G.J., Meek, T.H. and Schwartz, M.W., 2014. Neurobiology of food intake in health and disease. Nature reviews. Neuroscience 15: 367-378. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3745.
Na, S.Y. and Myung, S.J., 2012. Obesity and colorectal cancer. Korean Journal of Gastroenterology 59: 16-26. https://doi.org/10.4166/kjg.2012.59.1.16.
Nam, S.B., Kim, K., Kim, B.S., Im, H.J., Lee, S.H., Kim, S.J., Kim, I.J. and Pak, K., 2018. The effect of obesity on the availabilities of dopamine and serotonin transporters. Scientific Reports 8: 4924. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22814-8.
Ng, M., Fleming, T., Robinson, M., Thomson, B., Graetz, N., Margono, C., Mullany, E.C., Biryukov, S., Abbafati, C., Abera, S.F., Abraham, J.P., Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E., Achoki, T., AlBuhairan, F.S., Alemu, Z.A., Alfonso, R., Ali, M.K., Ali, R., Guzman, N.A., Ammar, W., Anwari, P., Banerjee, A., Barquera, S., Basu, S., Bennett, D.A., Bhutta, Z., Blore, J., Cabral, N., Nonato, I.C., Chang, J.-C., Chowdhury, R., Courville, K.J., Criqui, M.H., Cundiff, D.K., Dabhadkar, K.C., Dandona, L., Davis, A., Dayama, A., Dharmaratne, S.D., Ding, E.L., Durrani, A.M., Esteghamati, A., Farzadfar, F., Fay, D.F.J., Feigin, V.L., Flaxman, A., Forouzanfar, M.H., Goto, A., Green, M.A., Gupta, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hankey, G.J., Harewood, H.C., Havmoeller, R., Hay, S., Hernandez, L., Husseini, A., Idrisov, B.T., Ikeda, N., Islami, F., Jahangir, E., Jassal, S.K., Jee, S.H., Jeffreys, M., Jonas, J.B., Kabagambe, E.K., Khalifa, S.E.A.H., Kengne, A.P., Khader, Y.S., Khang, Y.-H., Kim, D., Kimokoti, R.W., Kinge, J.M., Kokubo, Y., Kosen, S., Kwan, G., Lai, T., Leinsalu, M., Li, Y., Liang, X., Liu, S., Logroscino, G., Lotufo, P.A., Lu, Y., Ma, J., Mainoo, N.K., Mensah, G.A., Merriman, T.R., Mokdad, A.H., Moschandreas, J., Naghavi, M., Naheed, A., Nand, D., Narayan, K.M.V., Nelson, E.L., Neuhouser, M.L., Nisar, M.I., Ohkubo, T., Oti, S.O., Pedroza, A., Prabhakaran, D., Roy, N., Sampson, U., Seo, H., Sepanlou, S.G., Shibuya, K., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Singh, G.M., Singh, J.A., Skirbekk, V., Stapelberg, N.J.C., Sturua, L., Sykes, B.L., Tobias, M., Tran, B.X., Trasande, L., Toyoshima, H., van de Vijver, S., Vasankari, T.J., Veerman, J.L., Velasquez-Melendez, G., Vlassov, V.V., Vollset, S.E., Vos, T., Wang, C., Wang, X., Weiderpass, E., Werdecker, A., Wright, J.L., Yang, Y.C., Yatsuya, H., Yoon, J., Yoon, S.-J., Zhao, Y., Zhou, M., Zhu, S., Lopez, A.D., Murray, C.J.L. and Gakidou, E., 2014. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet 384: 766-781.
Nimptsch, K., Konigorski, S. and Pischon, T., 2019. Diagnosis of obesity and use of obesity biomarkers in science and clinical medicine. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 92: 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.12.006.
Park, H.S., Kim, T.W., Park, S.S. and Lee, S.J., 2020. Swimming exercise ameliorates mood disorder and memory impairment by enhancing neurogenesis, serotonin expression, and inhibiting apoptosis in social isolation rats during adolescence. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation 16: 132-140. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.2040216.108.
Popkin, B.M., Adair, L.S. and Ng, S.W., 2012. Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutrition Reviews 70: 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00456.x.
Pranoto, A., Wahyudi, E., Prasetya, R.E., Fauziyah, S., Kinanti, R.G., Sugiharto, S. and Rejeki, P.S., 2020. High-intensity exercise increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and number of hippocampal neurons in rats. Comparative Exercise Physiology 16: 325-332. https://doi.org/10.3920/CEP190063.
Pusponegoro, H.D., 2007. The role of serotonin in children with autistic disorders. Sari Pediatrics 8: 115-119.
Rejeki, P.S., Utami, D.M., Izzatunnisa, N., Pranoto, A., Sukarno, D.A. and Fasitasari, M., 2021. High-fat diet decreases serum TNF-alpha and breast tumor area on benzopyrene induced mice (Mus musculus). Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural Sciences 20: e2021089. https://doi.org/10.12982/CMUJNS.2021.089.
Santos, E.W., Oliveira, D.C., Hastreiter, A., Silva, G.B., Beltran, J.S.O., Rogero, M.M., Fock, R.A. and Borelli, P., 2019. Short-term high-fat diet affects macrophages inflammatory response, early signs of a long-term problem. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 55: e17561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902019000117561.
Smith, S.J., Griffiths, A.W., Creese, B., Sass, C. and Surr, C.A., 2020. A biopsychosocial interpretation of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory – Nursing Home assessment: reconceptualising psychiatric symptom attributions. BJPsych Open 6: e137. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2020.113.
So, J.H., Huang, C., Ge, M., Cai, G., Zhang, L., Lu, Y. and Mu, Y., 2017. Intense exercise promotes adult hippocampal neurogenesis but not spatial discrimination. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 11: 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2017.00013.
Sudikno, Syarief, H., Dwiriani, C.M. and Riyadi, H., 2015. Risk factors of overweight and obese in Indonesian adults (analysis data of basic health research 2013). Journal of the Indonesian Nutrition Association 38: 91-104.
Sugiharto, 2012. Physioneurohormones in sports stressors. Journal of Psychological Science 2: 54-66.
Susser, L.C., Sansone, S.A. and Hermann, A.D., 2016. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for depression in pregnancy. American journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 215: 722-730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2016.07.011.
Usui, J., Kobayashi, T., Yamaguchi, T., Knisely, A.S., Nishinakamura, R. and Nakauchi, H., 2012. Generation of kidney from pluripotent stem cells via blastocyst complementation. The American Journal of Pathology 180: 2417-2426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.03.007.
Volkow, N.D., Wang, G.J., Fowler, J.S. and Telang, F., 2008. Overlapping neuronal circuits in addiction and obesity: evidence of systems pathology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B – Biological Sciences 363: 3191-3200. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0107.
Whitaker-Azmitia, P.M., 2001. Serotonin and brain development: role in human developmental diseases. Brain Research Bulletin 56: 479-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00615-3.
Whitaker-Azmitia, P.M., 2005. Behavioral and cellular consequences of increasing serotonergic activity during brain development: a role in autism? International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 23: 75-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.07.022.
Windarti, N., Hlaing, S.W. and Kakinaka, M., 2019. Obesity Kuznets curve: international evidence. Public Health 169: 26-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.01.004.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2016. Obesity and overweight. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2018. Noncommunicable Diseases Country Profiles 2018, World Health Organization. https://doi.org/16/j.jad.2010.09.007.
Wunjuntuk, K., Chareonkiatkul, S. and Kettawan, A., 2020. Parboiled germinated brown rice decreases inflammatory cytokines levels in various regions of brain in rats induced by carbon tetrachloride. Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural Sciences 19: 265-279. https://doi.org/10.12982/CMUJNS.2020.0018.
Yaghoobpour Yekani, O., Azarbayjani, M.A., Peeri, M. and Farzanegi, P., 2018. The effect of aerobic training on anthropometric indices of obesity in male rats fed with high-fat diet. Medical Science Journal of Islamic Azad Univesity-Tehran Medical Branch 28: 31-36.
Young, S.N., 2007. How to increase serotonin in the human brain without drugs. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 32: 394-399.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 977 | 165 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 17 | 7 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 21 | 8 | 0 |
Being overweight can be caused by an imbalance between calorie intake and energy expenditure over a long period, and the brain plays an important role in controlling overeating responses. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in regulating food intake and weight. Being overweight is associated with decreased serotonin levels. Decreased serotonin levels have an impact on increased health disorders and depression. The study aimed to analyse the effect of 4 week-long swimming exercise intervention on increased serotonin levels in male mice (Mus musculus). A total of 18 male mice (20-40 g), aged eight weeks with (Lee index (LI) ≥0.3) randomly assigned to three groups: COG (n = 6; control group without intervention), MEG (n = 6; moderate-intensity morning exercise group), and AEG (n = 6; moderate-intensity afternoon exercise group). Morning and afternoon exercise was carried out with a load of 5% of the total body weight of mice. Four weeks of exercise with a frequency of three times a week and were performed for 70% of the maximum duration per session. Blood collection was done 2 × 24 h after the last intervention. Measurement of serum serotonin levels using ELISA. Data analysis techniques using the one-way ANOVA test with SPSS version 17 software. The average levels of serum serotonin of COG were (56.29 ± 3.59 ng/ml), MEG (86.21 ± 18.44 ng/ml), AEG (82.73 ± 25.15 ng/ml), and (
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 977 | 165 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 17 | 7 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 21 | 8 | 0 |