Objective measurement in equine physiotherapy
In: Comparative Exercise PhysiologySearch for other papers by G. Tabor in
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Objective measurement should be incorporated into all areas of physiotherapy including within the assessment and treatment of horses, as there is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment intervention objectively. Whilst objective measures are available in a research laboratory setting it appears that in clinical practice mostly subjective methods of recording assessment and reassessment data are used. This article reviews the objective measures currently available to equine physiotherapists for use in clinical practice, beyond those available in a research laboratory setting. Within the literature there are studies reporting the reliability and validity of objective measures for the assessment of pain, gait, posture, range of motion, palpation and muscle size in horses. Whilst these validated objective measurement tools are available, they are not presently used consistently in clinical practice. In addition, the non-verbal nature of the equine patients precludes the use of self-reporting, meaning that there are no reported functional outcome scores possible similar to use with human patients. However, the combined use of pain responses, behavioural changes and objective measures collected during clinical assessment, both pre and post treatment, could be useful in practice. Equine physiotherapists should integrate more objective methods of recording data from assessments of horses.
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Clayton, H. and Schamhardt, H., 2013. Measurement techniques for gait analysis. In: Clayton, H.M. and Back, W. (eds.) Equine locomotion, 2nd edition. Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp. 31.
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De Oliveira, K., Soutello, R., Da Fonseca, R., Costa, C., Paulo, R., Fachiolli, D. and Clayton, H., 2015. Gymnastic training and dynamic mobilization exercises improve stride quality and increase epaxial muscle size in therapy horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 35: 888-893.
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Dyson, S., Berger, J., Ellis, A. and Mullard, J., 2017. Can the presence of musculoskeletal pain be determined from the facial expressions of ridden horses (FEReq)? Journal of Veterinary Behavior 19: 78-89.
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Dyson, S., Berger, J., Ellis, A. and Mullard, J., 2018. Development of an ethogram for a pain scoring system in ridden horses and its application to determine the presence of musculoskeletal pain. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 23: 47-57.
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Greve, L. and Dyson, S., 2014. The interrelationship of lameness, saddle slip and back shape in the general sports horse population. Equine Veterinary Journal 46: 687-694.
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Greve, L., Dyson, S. and Pfau, T., 2015. Thoracolumbar movement in sound horses trotting in hand and on the lunge. Equine Veterinary Journal 47: 11.
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Greve, L., Dyson, S. and Pfau, T., 2017 Alterations in thoracolumbosacral movement when pain causing lameness has been improved by diagnostic analgesia. Veterinary Journal 224: 55-63.
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Haussler, K. and Erb, H., 2006a. Pressure algometry for the detection of induced back pain in horses: a preliminary study. Equine Veterinary Journal 38: 76-81.
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Haussler, K. and Erb, H., 2006b. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds in the axial skeleton of horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 38: 70-75.
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Hawker, G., Mian, S., Kendzerska, T. and French, M., 2011. Measures of adult pain: visual analog scale for pain (vas pain), numeric rating scale for pain (nrs pain), mcgill pain questionnaire (mpq), short-form mcgill pain questionnaire (sf-mpq), chronic pain grade scale (cpgs), short form-36 bodily pain scale (sf-36 bps), and measure of intermittent and constant osteoarthritis pain (icoap). Arthritis Care and Research 63 Suppl. 11: S240-S252.
'Measures of adult pain: visual analog scale for pain (vas pain), numeric rating scale for pain (nrs pain), mcgill pain questionnaire (mpq), short-form mcgill pain questionnaire (sf-mpq), chronic pain grade scale (cpgs), short form-36 bodily pain scale (sf-36 bps), and measure of intermittent and constant osteoarthritis pain (icoap) ' () 63 Arthritis Care and Research : S240 -S252.
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Licka, T. and Peham, C., 1998 An objective method for evaluating the flexibility of the back of standing horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 30: 412-415.
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Menke, E., Blom, G., Van Loon, J. and Back, W., 2016. Pressure algometry in Icelandic horses: interexaminer and intraexaminer reliability. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 36: 26-31.
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Merrifield-Jones, M., Tabor, G. and Williams, J., 2019. Inter and intra-rater reliability of soft tissue palpation scoring in the equine thoracic epaxial region. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 83: 102812.
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Mullard, J., Berger, J., Ellis, D. and Dyson, S., 2017. Development of an ethogram to describe facial expressions in ridden horses (FEReq). Journal of Veterinary Behavior 18: 7-12.
'Development of an ethogram to describe facial expressions in ridden horses (FEReq) ' () 18 Journal of Veterinary Behavior : 7 -12.
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Pfau, T., Simons, V., Rombach, N., Stubbs, N. and Weller, R., 2017. Effect of a 4-week elastic resistance band training regimen on back kinematics in horses trotting in-hand and on the lunge. Equine Veterinary Journal 49: 829-835.
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Ravara, B., Gobbo, V., Carraro, U., Gelbmann, L., Pribyl, J. and Schils, S., 2015. Functional electrical stimulation as a safe and effective treatment for equine epaxial muscle spasms: clinical evaluations and histochemical morphometry of mitochondria in muscle biopsies. European Journal of Translational Myology 25: 109-120.
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Routh, J., Strang, C., Gilligan, S. and Dyson, S., in press. An investigation of the association between hindlimb conformation and suspensory desmopathy in sports horses. Equine Veterinary Education. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13089
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Schoenfeld, B., Wilson, J., Lowery, R. and Krieger, J., 2016. Muscular adaptations in low-versus high-load resistance training: a meta-analysis. European Journal of Sport Science 16: 1-10.
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Stubbs, N., Kaiser, L., Hauptman, J. and Clayton, H., 2011. Dynamic mobilisation exercises increase cross sectional area of musculus multifidus. Equine Veterinary Journal 43: 522-529.
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Tabor, G., 2015. The effect of dynamic mobilisation exercises on the equine multifidus muscle and thoracic profile. Research thesis, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3320
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Tabor, G., in press. Routine equine physiotherapy. Equine Veterinary Education. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.12940
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Tabor, G. and Williams, J., 2018. The use of outcome measures in equine rehabilitation. Veterinary Nurse 9: 497-500.
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Tabor, G., Elliott, A., Mann, N. and Williams, J., 2019 Equine posture analysis: development of a simple tool to record equine thoracolumbar posture. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 73: 81-83.
'Equine posture analysis: development of a simple tool to record equine thoracolumbar posture ' () 73 Journal of Equine Veterinary Science : 81 -83.
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Taylor, F., Tabor, G. and Williams, J., 2019. Altered thoracolumbar position during application of craniocaudal spinal mobilisation in clinically sound leisure horses. Comparative Exercise Physiology 15: 49-53.
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Van Loon, J.P. and Van Dierendonck, M.C., 2019. Pain assessment in horses after orthopaedic surgery and with orthopaedic trauma. Veterinary Journal 246: 85-91.
'Pain assessment in horses after orthopaedic surgery and with orthopaedic trauma ' () 246 Veterinary Journal : 85 -91.
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Van Weeren, P.R., Pfau, T., Rhodin, M., Roepstorff, L., Serra Bragança, F. and Weishaupt, M.A., 2017. Do we have to redefine lameness in the era of quantitative gait analysis? Equine Veterinary Journal 49: 567-569.
'Do we have to redefine lameness in the era of quantitative gait analysis? ' () 49 Equine Veterinary Journal : 567 -569.
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Varcoe-Cocks, K., Sagar, K., Jeffcott, L. and McGowan, C., 2006. Pressure algometry to quantify muscle pain in racehorses with suspected sacroiliac dysfunction. Equine Veterinary Journal 38: 558-562.
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Von Peinen, K., Wiestner, T., Von Rechenberg, B. and Weishaupt, M., 2010. Relationship between saddle pressure measurements and clinical signs of saddle soreness at the withers. Equine Veterinary Journal 42: 650-653.
'Relationship between saddle pressure measurements and clinical signs of saddle soreness at the withers ' () 42 Equine Veterinary Journal : 650 -653.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1471 | 594 | 38 |
| Full Text Views | 178 | 85 | 3 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 429 | 211 | 8 |
Objective measurement in equine physiotherapy
In: Comparative Exercise PhysiologySearch for other papers by G. Tabor in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by J. Williams in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Objective measurement should be incorporated into all areas of physiotherapy including within the assessment and treatment of horses, as there is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment intervention objectively. Whilst objective measures are available in a research laboratory setting it appears that in clinical practice mostly subjective methods of recording assessment and reassessment data are used. This article reviews the objective measures currently available to equine physiotherapists for use in clinical practice, beyond those available in a research laboratory setting. Within the literature there are studies reporting the reliability and validity of objective measures for the assessment of pain, gait, posture, range of motion, palpation and muscle size in horses. Whilst these validated objective measurement tools are available, they are not presently used consistently in clinical practice. In addition, the non-verbal nature of the equine patients precludes the use of self-reporting, meaning that there are no reported functional outcome scores possible similar to use with human patients. However, the combined use of pain responses, behavioural changes and objective measures collected during clinical assessment, both pre and post treatment, could be useful in practice. Equine physiotherapists should integrate more objective methods of recording data from assessments of horses.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1471 | 594 | 38 |
| Full Text Views | 178 | 85 | 3 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 429 | 211 | 8 |
