The growing use of probiotics by the general public has heightened the interest in understanding the role of probiotics in promoting health and preventing disease. General practitioners and specialists often receive inquiries from their patients regarding probiotic products and their use to ward off systemic infection or intestinal maladies. Enhanced immune function is among the touted health benefits conferred by probiotics but has not yet been fully established. Results from recent clinical trials in adults suggest a potential role for probiotics in enhancing vaccine-specific immunity. Although almost all vaccinations are given during infancy and childhood, the numbers of and results from studies using probiotics in pediatric subjects are limited. This review evaluates recent clinical trials of probiotics used to enhance vaccine-specific immune responses in adults and infants. We highlight meaningful results and the implications of these findings for designing translational and clinical studies that will evaluate the potential clinical role for probiotics. We conclude that the touted health claims of probiotics for use in children to augment immunity warrant further investigation. In order to achieve this goal, a consensus should be reached on common study designs that apply similar treatment timelines, compare well-characterised probiotic strains and monitor effective responses against different classes of vaccines.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
Akatsu, H., Arakawa, K., Yamamoto, T., Kanematsu, T., Matsukawa, N., Ohara, H. and Maruyama, M., 2013a. Lactobacillus in jelly enhances the effect of influenza vaccination in elderly individuals. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 61: 1828-1830.
'Lactobacillus in jelly enhances the effect of influenza vaccination in elderly individuals ' () 61 Journal of the American Geriatrics Society : 1828 -1830.
Akatsu, H., Iwabuchi, N., Xiao, J.-Z., Matsuyama, Z., Kurihara, R., Okuda, K., Yamamoto, T. and Maruyama, M., 2013b. Clinical effects of probiotic Bifidobacterium longum BB536 on immune function and intestinal microbiota in elderly patients receiving enteral tube feeding. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 37: 631-640.
'Clinical effects of probiotic Bifidobacterium longum BB536 on immune function and intestinal microbiota in elderly patients receiving enteral tube feeding ' () 37 Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition : 631 -640.
Basha, S., Surendran, N. and Pichichero, M., 2014. Immune responses in neonates. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 10: 1171-1184.
'Immune responses in neonates ' () 10 Expert Review of Clinical Immunology : 1171 -1184.
Boge, T., Rémigy, M., Vaudaine, S., Tanguy, J., Bourdet-Sicard, R. and Van der Werf, S., 2009. A probiotic fermented dairy drink improves antibody response to influenza vaccination in the elderly in two randomised controlled trials. Vaccine 27: 5677-5684.
'A probiotic fermented dairy drink improves antibody response to influenza vaccination in the elderly in two randomised controlled trials ' () 27 Vaccine : 5677 -5684.
Bosch, M., Méndez, M., Pérez, M., Farran, A., Fuentes, M.C. and Cuñé, J., 2012. Lactobacillus plantarum CECT7315 and CECT7316 stimulate immunoglobulin production after influenza vaccination in elderly. Nutricion Hospitalaria 27: 504-509.
'Lactobacillus plantarum CECT7315 and CECT7316 stimulate immunoglobulin production after influenza vaccination in elderly ' () 27 Nutricion Hospitalaria : 504 -509.
Brehm, M.A., Wiles, M.V., Greiner, D.L. and Shultz, L.D., 2014. Generation of improved humanized mouse models for human infectious diseases. Journal of Immunological Methods 410: 3-17.
'Generation of improved humanized mouse models for human infectious diseases ' () 410 Journal of Immunological Methods : 3 -17.
Brestoff, J.R. and Artis, D., 2013. Commensal bacteria at the interface of host metabolism and the immune system. Nature Immunology 14: 676-684.
'Commensal bacteria at the interface of host metabolism and the immune system ' () 14 Nature Immunology : 676 -684.
Bunout, D., Barrera, G., Hirsch, S., Gattas, V., De la Maza, M.P., Haschke, F., Steenhout, P., Klassen, P., Hager, C., Avendaño, M., Petermann, M. and Muñoz, C., 2004. Effects of a nutritional supplement on the immune response and cytokine production in free-living Chilean elderly. JPEN, Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 28: 348-354.
'Effects of a nutritional supplement on the immune response and cytokine production in free-living Chilean elderly ' () 28 JPEN, Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition : 348 -354.
Canani, B.R., Sangwan, N., Stefka, A.T., Nocerino, R., Paparo, L., Aitoro, R., Calignano, A., Khan, A.A., Gilbert, J.A. and Nagler, C.R., 2016. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-supplemented formula expands butyrate-producing bacterial strains in food allergic infants. ISME Journal 10: 742-750.
'Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-supplemented formula expands butyrate-producing bacterial strains in food allergic infants ' () 10 ISME Journal : 742 -750.
Davidson, L.E., Fiorino, A.M., Snydman, D.R. and Hibberd, P.L., 2011. Lactobacillus GG as an immune adjuvant for live-attenuated influenza vaccine in healthy adults: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65: 501-507.
'Lactobacillus GG as an immune adjuvant for live-attenuated influenza vaccine in healthy adults: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial ' () 65 European Journal of Clinical Nutrition : 501 -507.
De Vrese, M., Rautenberg, P., Laue, C., Koopmans, M., Herremans, T. and Schrezenmeir, J., 2005. Probiotic bacteria stimulate virus-specific neutralizing antibodies following a booster polio vaccination. European Journal of Nutrition 44: 406-413.
'Probiotic bacteria stimulate virus-specific neutralizing antibodies following a booster polio vaccination ' () 44 European Journal of Nutrition : 406 -413.
Dimitrijevic, R., Ivanovic, N., Mathiesen, G., Petrusic, V., Zivkovic, I., Djordjevic, B. and Dimitrijevic, L., 2014. Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LA68 on the immune system of C57BL/6 mice upon oral administration. Journal of Dairy Research 81: 202-207.
'Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LA68 on the immune system of C57BL/6 mice upon oral administration ' () 81 Journal of Dairy Research : 202 -207.
Dong, H., Rowland, I., Tuohy, K.M., Thomas, L.V. and Yaqoob, P., 2010. Selective effects of Lactobacillus casei Shirota on T cell activation, natural killer cell activity and cytokine production. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 161: 378-388.
'Selective effects of Lactobacillus casei Shirota on T cell activation, natural killer cell activity and cytokine production ' () 161 Clinical and Experimental Immunology : 378 -388.
Dong, H., Rowland, I. and Yaqoob, P., 2012. Comparative effects of six probiotic strains on immune function in vitro. British Journal of Nutrition 108: 459-470.
'Comparative effects of six probiotic strains on immune function in vitro ' () 108 British Journal of Nutrition : 459 -470.
Ernst, W., 2016. Humanized mice in infectious diseases. Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 49: 29-38.
'Humanized mice in infectious diseases ' () 49 Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases : 29 -38.
Fang, H., Elina, T., Heikki, A. and Seppo, S., 2000. Modulation of humoral immune response through probiotic intake. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 29: 47-52.
'Modulation of humoral immune response through probiotic intake ' () 29 FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology : 47 -52.
Fong, F.L., Kirjavainen, P.V. and El-Nezami, H., 2016. Immunomodulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)-derived soluble factors on antigen-presenting cells of healthy blood donors. Scientific Reports 6: 22845.
'Immunomodulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)-derived soluble factors on antigen-presenting cells of healthy blood donors ' () 6 Scientific Reports : 22845.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations / World Health Organization (FAO/WHO), 2006. Probiotics in food: health and nutritional properties and guidelines for evaluation. FAO food and nutrition paper. FAO/WHO, Rome, Italy, 50 pp.
Galindo-Albarran, A.O., Lopez-Portales, O.H., Gutierrez-Reyna, D.Y., Rodriguez-Jorge, O., Sanchez-Villanueva, J.A., Ramirez-Pliego, O., Bergon, A., Loriod, B., Holota, H., Imbert, J., Hernandez-Mendoza, A., Ferrier, P., Carrillo-de Santa Pau, E., Valencia, A., Spicuglia, S. and Santana, M.A., 2016. CD8+ T Cells from human neonates are biased toward an innate immune response. Cell Reports 17: 2151-2160.
'CD8+ T Cells from human neonates are biased toward an innate immune response ' () 17 Cell Reports : 2151 -2160.
Goldenberg, J.Z., Lytvyn, L., Steurich, J., Parkin, P., Mahant, S. and Johnston, B.C., 2015. Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 12: CD004827.
'Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea ' () 12 Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews : CD004827.
Goodier, M.R., Rodriguez-Galan, A., Lusa, C., Nielsen, C.M., Darboe, A., Moldoveanu, A.L., White, M.J., Behrens, R. and Riley, E.M., 2016. Influenza vaccination generates cytokine-induced memory-like NK cells: impact of human cytomegalovirus infection. Journal of Immunology 197: 313-325.
'Influenza vaccination generates cytokine-induced memory-like NK cells: impact of human cytomegalovirus infection ' () 197 Journal of Immunology : 313 -325.
Goto, H., Sagitani, A., Ashida, N., Kato, S., Hirota, T., Shinoda, T. and Yamamoto, N., 2013. Anti-influenza virus effects of both live and non-live Lactobacillus acidophilus L-92 accompanied by the activation of innate immunity. British Journal of Nutrition 110: 1810-1818.
'Anti-influenza virus effects of both live and non-live Lactobacillus acidophilus L-92 accompanied by the activation of innate immunity ' () 110 British Journal of Nutrition : 1810 -1818.
Hill, C., Guarner, F., Reid, G., Gibson, G.R., Merenstein, D.J. and Pot, B., 2014. Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology 11: 506-514.
'Expert consensus document ' () 11 Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology : 506 -514.
Holbrook, B.C., D’Agostino Jr., R.B., Parks, G.D. and Alexander-Miller, M.A., 2016. Adjuvanting an inactivated influenza vaccine with flagellin improves the function and quantity of the long-term antibody response in a nonhuman primate neonate model. Vaccine 34: 4712-4717.
'Adjuvanting an inactivated influenza vaccine with flagellin improves the function and quantity of the long-term antibody response in a nonhuman primate neonate model ' () 34 Vaccine : 4712 -4717.
Ibeh, B.O., Furuta, Y., Habu, J.B. and Ogbadu, L., 2016. Humanized mouse as an appropriate model for accelerated global HIV research and vaccine development: current trend. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology: 38: 395-407.
'Humanized mouse as an appropriate model for accelerated global HIV research and vaccine development: current trend ' () 38 Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology : 395 -407.
Isolauri, E., Joensuu, J., Suomalainen, H., Luomala, M. and Vesikari, T., 1995. Improved immunogenicity of oral D x RRV reassortant rotavirus vaccine by Lactobacillus casei GG. Vaccine 13: 310-312.
'Improved immunogenicity of oral D x RRV reassortant rotavirus vaccine by Lactobacillus casei GG ' () 13 Vaccine : 310 -312.
Ivec, M., Botic, T., Koren, S., Jakobsen, M., Weingartl, H. and Cencic, A., 2007. Interactions of macrophages with probiotic bacteria lead to increased antiviral response against vesicular stomatitis virus. Antiviral Research 75: 266-274.
'Interactions of macrophages with probiotic bacteria lead to increased antiviral response against vesicular stomatitis virus ' () 75 Antiviral Research : 266 -274.
Jespersen, L., Tarnow, I., Eskesen, D., Morberg, C.M., Michelsen, B., Bügel, S., Dragsted, L.O., Rijkers, G.T. and Calder, P.C., 2015. Effect of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, L. casei 431 on immune response to influenza vaccination and upper respiratory tract infections in healthy adult volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 101: 1188-1196.
'Effect of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, L. casei 431 on immune response to influenza vaccination and upper respiratory tract infections in healthy adult volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study ' () 101 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition : 1188 -1196.
Julio, V., Susana, S. and Natalia, B., 2013. Immunobiotics for the prevention of bacterial and viral respiratory infections, probiotics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 129-168.
'Immunobiotics for the prevention of bacterial and viral respiratory infections, probiotics ', () 129 -168.
Kandasamy, S., Chattha, K.S., Vlasova, A.N., Rajashekara, G. and Saif, L.J., 2014. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria enhance mucosal B cell responses and differentially modulate systemic antibody responses to an oral human rotavirus vaccine in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig disease model. Gut Microbes 5: 639-651.
'Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria enhance mucosal B cell responses and differentially modulate systemic antibody responses to an oral human rotavirus vaccine in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig disease model ' () 5 Gut Microbes : 639 -651.
Kang, J.Y., Lee, D.K., Ha, N.J. and Shin, H.S., 2015. Antiviral effects of Lactobacillus ruminis SPM0211 and Bifidobacterium longum SPM1205 and SPM1206 on rotavirus-infected Caco-2 cells and a neonatal mouse model. Journal of Microbiology 53: 796-803.
'Antiviral effects of Lactobacillus ruminis SPM0211 and Bifidobacterium longum SPM1205 and SPM1206 on rotavirus-infected Caco-2 cells and a neonatal mouse model ' () 53 Journal of Microbiology : 796 -803.
Kepert, I., Fonseca, J., Muller, C., Milger, K., Hochwind, K., Kostric, M., Fedoseeva, M., Ohnmacht, C., Dehmel, S., Nathan, P., Bartel, S., Eickelberg, O., Schloter, M., Hartmann, A., Schmitt-Kopplin, P. and Krauss-Etschmann, S., 2016. D-Tryptophan from probiotic bacteria influences the gut microbiome and allergic airway disease. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 139: 1525-1535.
'D-Tryptophan from probiotic bacteria influences the gut microbiome and allergic airway disease ' () 139 Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology : 1525 -1535.
Kitazawa, H. and Villena, J., 2014. Modulation of respiratory TLR3-anti-viral response by probiotic microorganisms: lessons learned from Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505. Frontiers in Immunology 5: 201.
'Modulation of respiratory TLR3-anti-viral response by probiotic microorganisms: lessons learned from Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 ' () 5 Frontiers in Immunology : 201.
Kukkonen, K., Nieminen, T., Poussa, T., Savilahti, E. and Kuitunen, M., 2006. Effect of probiotics on vaccine antibody responses in infancy – A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology: Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 17: 416-421.
'Effect of probiotics on vaccine antibody responses in infancy – A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial ' () 17 Pediatric Allergy and Immunology: Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : 416 -421.
Kumar, A., Vlasova, A.N., Liu, Z., Chattha, K.S., Kandasamy, S., Esseili, M., Zhang, X., Rajashekara, G. and Saif, L.J., 2014. In vivo gut transcriptome responses to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus acidophilus in neonatal gnotobiotic piglets. Gut Microbes 5: 152-164.
'In vivo gut transcriptome responses to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus acidophilus in neonatal gnotobiotic piglets ' () 5 Gut Microbes : 152 -164.
Lamousé-Smith, E.S., Tzeng, A. and Starnbach, M.N., 2011. The intestinal flora is required to support antibody responses to systemic immunization in infant and germ free mice. PLoS ONE 6: e27662.
'The intestinal flora is required to support antibody responses to systemic immunization in infant and germ free mice ' () 6 PLoS ONE : e27662.
Lee, Y.N., Youn, H.N., Kwon, J.H., Lee, D.H., Park, J.K., Yuk, S.S., Erdene-Ochir, T.O., Kim, K.T., Lee, J.B., Park, S.Y., Choi, I.S. and Song, C.S., 2013. Sublingual administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus affects respiratory immune responses and facilitates protection against influenza virus infection in mice. Antiviral Research 98: 284-290.
'Sublingual administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus affects respiratory immune responses and facilitates protection against influenza virus infection in mice ' () 98 Antiviral Research : 284 -290.
Lewis, M.C., Patel, D.V., Fowler, J., Duncker, S., Zuercher, A.W., Mercenier, A. and Bailey, M., 2013. Dietary supplementation with Bifidobacterium lactis NCC2818 from weaning reduces local immunoglobulin production in lymphoid-associated tissues but increases systemic antibodies in healthy neonates. British Journal of Nutrition 110: 1243-1252.
'Dietary supplementation with Bifidobacterium lactis NCC2818 from weaning reduces local immunoglobulin production in lymphoid-associated tissues but increases systemic antibodies in healthy neonates ' () 110 British Journal of Nutrition : 1243 -1252.
Licciardi, P.V., Ismail, I.H., Balloch, A., Mui, M., Hoe, E., Lamb, K. and Tang, M.L.K., 2013. Maternal supplementation with LGG reduces vaccine-specific immune responses in infants at high-risk of developing allergic disease. Frontiers in Immunology 4: 381.
'Maternal supplementation with LGG reduces vaccine-specific immune responses in infants at high-risk of developing allergic disease ' () 4 Frontiers in Immunology : 381.
Licciardi, P.V. and Tang, M.L., 2011. Vaccine adjuvant properties of probiotic bacteria. Discovery Medicine 12: 525-533.
'Vaccine adjuvant properties of probiotic bacteria ' () 12 Discovery Medicine : 525 -533.
Lomax, A.R. and Calder, P.C., 2009. Probiotics, immune function, infection and inflammation: a review of the evidence from studies conducted in humans. Current Pharmaceutical Design 15: 1428-1518.
'Probiotics, immune function, infection and inflammation: a review of the evidence from studies conducted in humans ' () 15 Current Pharmaceutical Design : 1428 -1518.
MacDonald, T.T. and Bell, I., 2010. Probiotics and the immune response to vaccines. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 69: 442-446.
'Probiotics and the immune response to vaccines ' () 69 Proceedings of the Nutrition Society : 442 -446.
Maidens, C., Childs, C., Przemska, A., Dayel, I.B. and Yaqoob, P., 2013. Modulation of vaccine response by concomitant probiotic administration. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 75: 663-670.
'Modulation of vaccine response by concomitant probiotic administration ' () 75 British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology : 663 -670.
Maruyama, M., Abe, R., Shimono, T., Iwabuchi, N., Abe, F. and Xiao, J.-Z., 2016. The effects of non-viable Lactobacillus on immune function in the elderly: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 67: 67-73.
'The effects of non-viable Lactobacillus on immune function in the elderly: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study ' () 67 International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition : 67 -73.
Matsuda, F., Chowdhury, M.I., Saha, A., Asahara, T., Nomoto, K., Tarique, A.A., Ahmed, T., Nishibuchi, M., Cravioto, A. and Qadri, F., 2011. Evaluation of a probiotics, Bifidobacterium breve BBG-01, for enhancement of immunogenicity of an oral inactivated cholera vaccine and safety: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Bangladeshi children under 5 years of age. Vaccine 29: 1855-1858.
'Evaluation of a probiotics, Bifidobacterium breve BBG-01, for enhancement of immunogenicity of an oral inactivated cholera vaccine and safety: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Bangladeshi children under 5 years of age ' () 29 Vaccine : 1855 -1858.
McCarron, M.J. and Reen, D.J., 2010. Neonatal CD8+ T-cell differentiation is dependent on interleukin-12. Human Immunology 71: 1172-1179.
'Neonatal CD8+ T-cell differentiation is dependent on interleukin-12 ' () 71 Human Immunology : 1172 -1179.
Olivares, M., Díaz-Ropero, M.P., Sierra, S., Lara-Villoslada, F., Fonollá, J., Navas, M., Rodríguez, J.M. and Xaus, J., 2007. Oral intake of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 enhances the effects of influenza vaccination. Nutrition 23: 254-260.
'Oral intake of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 enhances the effects of influenza vaccination ' () 23 Nutrition : 254 -260.
Pérez, N., Iannicelli, J.C., Girard-Bosch, C., González, S., Varea, A., Disalvo, L., Apezteguia, M., Pernas, J., Vicentin, D. and Cravero, R., 2010. Effect of probiotic supplementation on immunoglobulins, isoagglutinins and antibody response in children of low socio-economic status. European Journal of Nutrition 49: 173-179.
'Effect of probiotic supplementation on immunoglobulins, isoagglutinins and antibody response in children of low socio-economic status ' () 49 European Journal of Nutrition : 173 -179.
Rask, C., Adlerberth, I., Berggren, A., Ahren, I.L. and Wold, A.E., 2013. Differential effect on cell-mediated immunity in human volunteers after intake of different lactobacilli. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 172: 321-332.
'Differential effect on cell-mediated immunity in human volunteers after intake of different lactobacilli ' () 172 Clinical and Experimental Immunology : 321 -332.
Rigo-Adrover, M.D., Franch, A., Castell, M. and Perez-Cano, F.J., 2016. Preclinical immunomodulation by the probiotic Bifidobacterium breve M-16V in early life. PLoS ONE 11: e0166082.
'Preclinical immunomodulation by the probiotic Bifidobacterium breve M-16V in early life ' () 11 PLoS ONE : e0166082.
Rizzardini, G., Eskesen, D., Calder, P.C., Capetti, A., Jespersen, L. and Clerici, M., 2012. Evaluation of the immune benefits of two probiotic strains Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis, BB-12® and Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei, L. casei 431® in an influenza vaccination model: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. British Journal of Nutrition 107: 876-884.
'Evaluation of the immune benefits of two probiotic strains Bifidobacterium animalis ssp ' () 107 British Journal of Nutrition : 876 -884.
Rydyznski, C.E. and Waggoner, S.N., 2015. Boosting vaccine efficacy the natural (killer) way. Trends in Immunology 36: 536-546.
'Boosting vaccine efficacy the natural (killer) way ' () 36 Trends in Immunology : 536 -546.
Sagaya, F.M., Hacin, B., Tompa, G., Ihan, A., Spela, S., Cerne, M., Hurrell, R.F., Matijasic, B.B., Rogelj, I. and Vergeres, G., 2014. Lactobacillus gasseri K7 modulates the blood cell transcriptome of conventional mice infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7. Journal of Applied Microbiology 116: 1282-1296.
'Lactobacillus gasseri K7 modulates the blood cell transcriptome of conventional mice infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7 ' () 116 Journal of Applied Microbiology : 1282 -1296.
Samuelson, D.R., Welsh, D.A. and Shellito, J.E., 2015. Regulation of lung immunity and host defense by the intestinal microbiota. Frontiers in Microbiology 6: 1085.
'Regulation of lung immunity and host defense by the intestinal microbiota ' () 6 Frontiers in Microbiology : 1085.
Sanders, M.E., Guarner, F., Guerrant, R., Holt, P.R., Quigley, E.M.M., Sartor, R.B., Sherman, P.M. and Mayer, E.A., 2013. An update on the use and investigation of probiotics in health and disease. Gut 62: 787-796.
'An update on the use and investigation of probiotics in health and disease ' () 62 Gut : 787 -796.
Soh, S.E., Ong, D.Q.R., Gerez, I., Zhang, X., Chollate, P., Shek, L.P.-C., Lee, B.W. and Aw, M., 2010. Effect of probiotic supplementation in the first 6 months of life on specific antibody responses to infant Hepatitis B vaccination. Vaccine 28: 2577-2579.
'Effect of probiotic supplementation in the first 6 months of life on specific antibody responses to infant Hepatitis B vaccination ' () 28 Vaccine : 2577 -2579.
Sonnenburg, J.L., Chen, C.T. and Gordon, J.I., 2006. Genomic and metabolic studies of the impact of probiotics on a model gut symbiont and host. PLoS Biology 4: e413.
'Genomic and metabolic studies of the impact of probiotics on a model gut symbiont and host ' () 4 PLoS Biology : e413.
Tannock, G.W., Taylor, C., Lawley, B., Loach, D., Gould, M., Dunn, A.C., McLellan, A.D., Black, M.A., McNoe, L., Dekker, J., Gopal, P. and Collett, M.A., 2014. Altered transcription of murine genes induced in the small bowel by administration of probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80: 2851-2859.
'Altered transcription of murine genes induced in the small bowel by administration of probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 ' () 80 Applied and Environmental Microbiology : 2851 -2859.
Thomas, C.M., Hong, T., Van Pijkeren, J.P., Hemarajata, P., Trinh, D.V., Hu, W., Britton, R.A., Kalkum, M. and Versalovic, J., 2012. Histamine derived from probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri suppresses TNF via modulation of PKA and ERK signaling. PloS ONE 7: e31951.
'Histamine derived from probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri suppresses TNF via modulation of PKA and ERK signaling ' () 7 PloS ONE : e31951.
Thome, J.J., Bickham, K.L., Ohmura, Y., Kubota, M., Matsuoka, N., Gordon, C., Granot, T., Griesemer, A., Lerner, H., Kato, T. and Farber, D.L., 2016. Early-life compartmentalization of human T cell differentiation and regulatory function in mucosal and lymphoid tissues. Natural Medicines 22: 72-77.
'Early-life compartmentalization of human T cell differentiation and regulatory function in mucosal and lymphoid tissues ' () 22 Natural Medicines : 72 -77.
Turner, D.L. and Farber, D.L., 2014. Mucosal resident memory CD4 T cells in protection and immunopathology. Frontiers in Immunology 5: 331.
'Mucosal resident memory CD4 T cells in protection and immunopathology ' () 5 Frontiers in Immunology : 331.
Van Puyenbroeck, K., Hens, N., Coenen, S., Michiels, B., Beunckens, C., Molenberghs, G., Van Royen, P. and Verhoeven, V., 2012. Efficacy of daily intake of Lactobacillus casei Shirota on respiratory symptoms and influenza vaccination immune response: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy elderly nursing home residents. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 95: 1165-1171.
'Efficacy of daily intake of Lactobacillus casei Shirota on respiratory symptoms and influenza vaccination immune response: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy elderly nursing home residents ' () 95 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition : 1165 -1171.
Vlasova, A.N., Chattha, K.S., Kandasamy, S., Liu, Z., Esseili, M., Shao, L., Rajashekara, G. and Saif, L.J., 2013. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria promote immune homeostasis by modulating innate immune responses to human rotavirus in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs. PLoS ONE 8: e76962.
'Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria promote immune homeostasis by modulating innate immune responses to human rotavirus in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs ' () 8 PLoS ONE : e76962.
West, C.E., Gothefors, L., Granström, M., Käyhty, H., Hammarström, M.-L.K.C. and Hernell, O., 2008. Effects of feeding probiotics during weaning on infections and antibody responses to diphtheria, tetanus and Hib vaccines. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology: Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 19: 53-60.
'Effects of feeding probiotics during weaning on infections and antibody responses to diphtheria, tetanus and Hib vaccines ' () 19 Pediatric Allergy and Immunology: Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : 53 -60.
Yasui, H., Nagaoka, N. and Hayakawa, K., 1994. Augmentation of anti-influenza virus hemagglutinin antibody production by Peyer’s patch cells with Bifidobacterium breve YIT4064. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 1: 244-246.
'Augmentation of anti-influenza virus hemagglutinin antibody production by Peyer’s patch cells with Bifidobacterium breve YIT4064 ' () 1 Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology : 244 -246.
Yeo, J.M., Lee, H.J., Kim, J.W., Lee, J.B., Park, S.Y., Choi, I.S. and Song, C.S., 2014. Lactobacillus fermentum CJL-112 protects mice against influenza virus infection by activating T-helper 1 and eliciting a protective immune response. International Immunopharmacology 18: 50-54.
'Lactobacillus fermentum CJL-112 protects mice against influenza virus infection by activating T-helper 1 and eliciting a protective immune response ' () 18 International Immunopharmacology : 50 -54.
Youngster, I., Kozer, E., Lazarovitch, Z., Broide, E. and Goldman, M., 2011. Probiotics and the immunological response to infant vaccinations: a prospective, placebo controlled pilot study. Archives of Disease in Childhood 96: 345-349.
'Probiotics and the immunological response to infant vaccinations: a prospective, placebo controlled pilot study ' () 96 Archives of Disease in Childhood : 345 -349.
Zelante, T., Iannitti, R.G., Cunha, C., De Luca, A., Giovannini, G., Pieraccini, G., Zecchi, R., D’Angelo, C., Massi-Benedetti, C., Fallarino, F., Carvalho, A., Puccetti, P. and Romani, L., 2013. Tryptophan catabolites from microbiota engage aryl hydrocarbon receptor and balance mucosal reactivity via interleukin-22. Immunity 39: 372-385.
'Tryptophan catabolites from microbiota engage aryl hydrocarbon receptor and balance mucosal reactivity via interleukin-22 ' () 39 Immunity : 372 -385.
Zens, K.D., Chen, J.K. and Farber, D.L., 2016. Vaccine-generated lung tissue-resident memory T cells provide heterosubtypic protection to influenza infection. JCI Insight 1: e85832.
'Vaccine-generated lung tissue-resident memory T cells provide heterosubtypic protection to influenza infection ' () 1 JCI Insight : e85832.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 417 | 114 | 12 |
| Full Text Views | 15 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 13 | 5 | 0 |
The growing use of probiotics by the general public has heightened the interest in understanding the role of probiotics in promoting health and preventing disease. General practitioners and specialists often receive inquiries from their patients regarding probiotic products and their use to ward off systemic infection or intestinal maladies. Enhanced immune function is among the touted health benefits conferred by probiotics but has not yet been fully established. Results from recent clinical trials in adults suggest a potential role for probiotics in enhancing vaccine-specific immunity. Although almost all vaccinations are given during infancy and childhood, the numbers of and results from studies using probiotics in pediatric subjects are limited. This review evaluates recent clinical trials of probiotics used to enhance vaccine-specific immune responses in adults and infants. We highlight meaningful results and the implications of these findings for designing translational and clinical studies that will evaluate the potential clinical role for probiotics. We conclude that the touted health claims of probiotics for use in children to augment immunity warrant further investigation. In order to achieve this goal, a consensus should be reached on common study designs that apply similar treatment timelines, compare well-characterised probiotic strains and monitor effective responses against different classes of vaccines.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 417 | 114 | 12 |
| Full Text Views | 15 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 13 | 5 | 0 |