Probiotics are defined by the WHO as ‘live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host’. Ongoing research has shown probiotics provide benefits to humans, including protection and restoration of the gastrointestinal and other mucosal tracts. As human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activates gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), several studies have investigated the effect of probiotics on CD4 cell count and related outcomes among those living with HIV. These studies are summarised here. Manuscripts were identified using the search terms ‘probiotics’, ‘synbiotics’, ‘HIV’, and ‘CD4’, and were reviewed for relevance and inclusion of CD4 count as an immunologic endpoint. Bibliographies of relevant manuscripts were also reviewed for additional studies matching inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search yielded 91 results; 13 included relevant outcomes. Seven of these studies produced beneficial CD4 outcomes, while the remaining 6 reported on insignificant beneficial or negative CD4 outcomes. The studies summarised here collectively suggest that daily consumption of probiotics over a prolonged period of time may improve CD4 count in people living with HIV.
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Anukam, K.C., Osazuwa, E.O., Osadolor, H.B., Bruce, A.W. and Reid, G., 2008. Yoghurt containing probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. reuteri RC-14 helps resolve moderate diarrhoea and increases CD4 count in HIV/AIDS patients. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 42: 239-243.
'Yoghurt containing probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. reuteri RC-14 helps resolve moderate diarrhoea and increases CD4 count in HIV/AIDS patients ' () 42 Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology : 239 -243.
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'Probiotic mechanisms of action ' () 61 Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism : 160 -174.
Brenchley, J.M., Price, D.A., Schacker, T.W., Asher, T.E., Silvestri, G., Rao, S., Kazzaz, Z., Bornstein, E., Lambotte, O., Altmann, D., Blazar, B.R., Rodriguez, B., Teixeira-Johnson, L., Landay, A., Martin, J.N., Hecht, F.M., Picker, L.J., Lederman, M.M., Deeks, S.G. and Douek, D.C., 2006. Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. Nature Medicine 12: 1365-1371.
'Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection ' () 12 Nature Medicine : 1365 -1371.
Cahn, P., Ruxrungtham, K., Gazzard, B., Diaz, R.S., Gori, A., Kotler, D.P., Vriesema, A., Georgiou, N.A., Garssen, J., Clerici, M., Lange, J.M. and Blinded Nutritional Study for Immunity and Tolerance Evaluation Study Team, 2013. The immunomodulatory nutritional intervention NR100157 reduced CD4+ T-cell decline and immune activation: a 1-year multicenter randomized controlled double-blind trial in HIV-infected persons not receiving antiretroviral therapy (The BITE Study). Clinical Infectious Diseases 57: 139-146.
'The immunomodulatory nutritional intervention NR100157 reduced CD4+ T-cell decline and immune activation: a 1-year multicenter randomized controlled double-blind trial in HIV-infected persons not receiving antiretroviral therapy (The BITE Study) ' () 57 Clinical Infectious Diseases : 139 -146.
Canipe, A., Chidumayo, T., Blevins, M., Bestawros, M., Bala, J., Kelly, P., Filteau, S., Shepherd, B.E., Heimburger, D.C. and Koethe, J.R., 2014. A 12 week longitudinal study of microbial translocation and systemic inflammation in undernourished HIV-infected Zambians initiating antiretroviral therapy. BMC Infectious Diseases 14: 521.
'A 12 week longitudinal study of microbial translocation and systemic inflammation in undernourished HIV-infected Zambians initiating antiretroviral therapy ' () 14 BMC Infectious Diseases : 521.
Chai, C., 2013. How a Canadian yoghurt is detoxifying the world’s food supply. Global News, Shaw Media, Toronto, Canada.
'How a Canadian yoghurt is detoxifying the world’s food supply', ().
Cunningham-Rundles, S., Ahrné, S., Johann-Liang, R., Abuav, R., Dunn-Navarra, A.M., Grassey, C., Bengmark, S. and Cervia, J.S., 2011. Effect of probiotic bacteria on microbial host defense, growth, and immune function in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection. Nutrients 3: 1042-1070.
'Effect of probiotic bacteria on microbial host defense, growth, and immune function in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection ' () 3 Nutrients : 1042 -1070.
Ejigu, S.H., 2014. Medication adherence and associated factors among patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Nekemte Hospital, Ethiopia. Gaziantep Medical Journal 20: 199-208.
'Medication adherence and associated factors among patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Nekemte Hospital, Ethiopia ' () 20 Gaziantep Medical Journal : 199 -208.
Ewaschuk, J.B., Diaz, H., Meddings, L., Diederichs, B., Dmytrash, A., Backer, J., Looijer-van Langen, M. and Madsen, K.L., 2008. Secreted bioactive factors from Bifidobacterium infantis enhance epithelial cell barrier function. American Journal of Physiology – Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 295: G1025-G1034.
'Secreted bioactive factors from Bifidobacterium infantis enhance epithelial cell barrier function ' () 295 American Journal of Physiology – Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology : G1025 -G1034.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO), 2002. Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO working group on drafting guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/ou88oa2.
Franz, C.M., Huch, M., Mathara, J.M., Abriouel, H., Benomar, N., Reid, G., Galvez, A. and Holzapfel, W.H., 2014. African fermented foods and probiotics. International Journal of Food Microbiology 190: 84-96.
'African fermented foods and probiotics ' () 190 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 84 -96.
Frei, R., Akdis, M. and O’Mahony, L., 2015. Prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and the immune system: experimental data and clinical evidence. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 31: 153-158.
'Prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and the immune system: experimental data and clinical evidence ' () 31 Current Opinion in Gastroenterology : 153 -158.
Gautam, N., Dayal, R., Agarwal, D., Kumar, R., Singh, T.P., Hussain, T. and Singh, S.P., 2014. Role of multivitamins, micronutrients and probiotics supplementation in management of HIV infected children. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 81: 1315-1320.
'Role of multivitamins, micronutrients and probiotics supplementation in management of HIV infected children ' () 81 Indian Journal of Pediatrics : 1315 -1320.
González-Hernández, L.A., Jave-Suarez, L.F., Fafutis-Morris, M., Montes-Salcedo, K.E., Valle-Gutierrez, L.G., Campos-Loza, A.E., Enciso-Gómez, L.F. and Andrade-Villanueva, J.F., 2012. Synbiotic therapy decreases microbial translocation and inflammation and improves immunological status in HIV-infected patients: a double-blind randomized controlled pilot trial. Nutrition Journal 11: 90.
'Synbiotic therapy decreases microbial translocation and inflammation and improves immunological status in HIV-infected patients: a double-blind randomized controlled pilot trial ' () 11 Nutrition Journal : 90.
Hardy, H., Harris, J., Lyon, E., Beal, J. and Foey, A.D., 2013. Probiotics, prebiotics and immunomodulation of gut mucosal defences: homeostasis and immunopathology. Nutrients 5: 1869-1912.
'Probiotics, prebiotics and immunomodulation of gut mucosal defences: homeostasis and immunopathology ' () 5 Nutrients : 1869 -1912.
Heiser, C.R., Ernst, J.A., Barrett, J.T., French, N., Schutz, M. and Dube, M.P., 2004. Probiotics, soluble fiber, and L-Glutamine (GLN) reduce nelfinavir (NFV)- or lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)-related diarrhea. Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care 3: 121-129.
'Probiotics, soluble fiber, and L-Glutamine (GLN) reduce nelfinavir (NFV)- or lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)-related diarrhea ' () 3 Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care : 121 -129.
Hemsworth, J.C., Hekmat, S. and Reid, G., 2012. Micronutrient supplemented probiotic yoghurt for HIV-infected adults taking HAART in London, Canada. Gut Microbes 3: 414-419.
'Micronutrient supplemented probiotic yoghurt for HIV-infected adults taking HAART in London, Canada ' () 3 Gut Microbes : 414 -419.
Hill, A. and Balkin, A., 2009. Risk factors for gastrointestinal adverse events in HIV treated and untreated patients. AIDS Reviews 11: 30-38.
'Risk factors for gastrointestinal adverse events in HIV treated and untreated patients ' () 11 AIDS Reviews : 30 -38.
Holmes, C.B., Wood, R., Badri, M., Zilber, S., Wang, B., Maartens, G., Zheng, H., Lu, Z., Freedberg, K.A. and Losina, E., 2006. CD4 decline and incidence of opportunistic infections in Cape Town, South Africa: implications for prophylaxis and treatment. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 42: 464-469.
'CD4 decline and incidence of opportunistic infections in Cape Town, South Africa: implications for prophylaxis and treatment ' () 42 Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes : 464 -469.
Hummelen, R., Changalucha, J., Butamanya, N.L., Koyama, T.E., Cook, A., Habbema, J.D. and Reid, G., 2011a. Effect of 25 weeks probiotic supplementation on immune function of HIV patients. Gut Microbes 2: 80-85.
'Effect of 25 weeks probiotic supplementation on immune function of HIV patients ' () 2 Gut Microbes : 80 -85.
Hummelen, R., Hemsworth, J., Changalucha, J., Butamanya, N.L., Hekmat, S., Habbema, J.D. and Reid, G., 2011b. Effect of micronutrient and probiotic fortified yoghurt on immune-function of anti-retroviral therapy naive HIV patients. Nutrients 3: 897-909.
'Effect of micronutrient and probiotic fortified yoghurt on immune-function of anti-retroviral therapy naive HIV patients ' () 3 Nutrients : 897 -909.
Hummelen, R., Vos, A.P., Van’t Land, B., Van Norren, K. and Reid, G., 2010. Altered host-microbe interaction in HIV: a target for intervention with pro- and prebiotics. International Reviews of Immunology 29: 485-513.
'Altered host-microbe interaction in HIV: a target for intervention with pro- and prebiotics ' () 29 International Reviews of Immunology : 485 -513.
Irvine, S.L., Hummelen, R., Hekmat, S., Looman, C.W., Habbema, J.D. and Reid, G., 2010. Probiotic yoghurt consumption is associated with an increase of CD4 count among people living with HIV/AIDS. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 44: e201-205.
'Probiotic yoghurt consumption is associated with an increase of CD4 count among people living with HIV/AIDS ' () 44 Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology : e201 -205.
Kort, R. and Sybesma, W., 2012. Probiotics for everybody. Trends in Biotechnology 30: 613-615.
'Probiotics for everybody ' () 30 Trends in Biotechnology : 613 -615.
Marchetti, G., Cozzi-Lepri, A., Merlini, E., Bellistrì, G.M., Castagna, A., Galli, M., Verucchi, G., Antinori, A., Costantini, A., Giacometti, A., Di Caro, A., D’arminio Monforte, A. and I.F.S. Group, 2011. Microbial translocation predicts disease progression of HIV-infected antiretroviral-naive patients with high CD4+ cell count. AIDS 25: 1385-1394.
'Microbial translocation predicts disease progression of HIV-infected antiretroviral-naive patients with high CD4+ cell count ' () 25 AIDS : 1385 -1394.
Marchetti, G., Tincati, C. and Silvestri, G., 2013. Microbial translocation in the pathogenesis of HIV infection and AIDS. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 26: 2-18.
'Microbial translocation in the pathogenesis of HIV infection and AIDS ' () 26 Clinical Microbiology Reviews : 2 -18.
May, M., Wood, R., Myer, L., Taffé, P., Rauch, A., Battegay, M., Egger, M., Cohort, C.T.A. and S.H.C. Study, 2009. CD4(+) T cell count decreases by ethnicity among untreated patients with HIV infection in South Africa and Switzerland. Journal of Infectious Diseases 200: 1729-1735.
'CD4(+) T cell count decreases by ethnicity among untreated patients with HIV infection in South Africa and Switzerland ' () 200 Journal of Infectious Diseases : 1729 -1735.
Monachese, M., Cunningham-Rundles, S., Diaz, M.A., Guerrant, R., Hummelen, R., Kemperman, R., Kerac, M., Kort, R., Merenstein, D., Panigrahi, P., Ramakrishna, B., Safdar, N., Shane, A., Trois, L. and Reid, G., 2011. Probiotics and prebiotics to combat enteric infections and HIV in the developing world: a consensus report. Gut Microbes 2: 198-207.
'Probiotics and prebiotics to combat enteric infections and HIV in the developing world: a consensus report ' () 2 Gut Microbes : 198 -207.
Paiardini, M., Frank, I., Pandrea, I., Apetrei, C. and Silvestri, G., 2008. Mucosal immune dysfunction in AIDS pathogenesis. AIDS Reviews 10: 36-46.
'Mucosal immune dysfunction in AIDS pathogenesis ' () 10 AIDS Reviews : 36 -46.
Rao, R.K. and Samak, G., 2013. Protection and restitution of gut barrier by probiotics: nutritional and clinical implications. Current Food and Nutrition Science 9: 99-107.
'Protection and restitution of gut barrier by probiotics: nutritional and clinical implications ' () 9 Current Food and Nutrition Science : 99 -107.
Reid, G., 2010. The potential role for probiotic yoghurt for people living with HIV/AIDS. Gut Microbes 1: 411-414.
'The potential role for probiotic yoghurt for people living with HIV/AIDS ' () 1 Gut Microbes : 411 -414.
Reid, G., Jass, J., Sebulsky, M.T. and McCormick, J.K., 2003. Potential uses of probiotics in clinical practice. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 16: 658-672.
'Potential uses of probiotics in clinical practice ' () 16 Clinical Microbiology Reviews : 658 -672.
Salminen, M.K., Tynkkynen, S., Rautelin, H., Poussa, T., Saxelin, M., Ristola, M., Valtonen, V. and Järvinen, A., 2004. The efficacy and safety of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on prolonged, noninfectious diarrhea in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. HIV Clinical Trials 5: 183-191.
'The efficacy and safety of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on prolonged, noninfectious diarrhea in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study ' () 5 HIV Clinical Trials : 183 -191.
Schunter, M., Chu, H., Hayes, T.L., McConnell, D., Crawford, S.S., Luciw, P.A., Bengmark, S., Asmuth, D.M., Brown, J., Bevins, C.L., Shacklett, B.L. and Critchfield, J.W., 2012. Randomized pilot trial of a synbiotic dietary supplement in chronic HIV-1 infection. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 12: 84.
'Randomized pilot trial of a synbiotic dietary supplement in chronic HIV-1 infection ' () 12 BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine : 84.
Trois, L., Cardoso, E.M. and Miura, E., 2008. Use of probiotics in HIV-infected children: a randomized double-blind controlled study. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 54: 19-24.
'Use of probiotics in HIV-infected children: a randomized double-blind controlled study ' () 54 Journal of Tropical Pediatrics : 19 -24.
Vieira, A.T., Teixeira, M.M. and Martins, F.S., 2013. The role of probiotics and prebiotics in inducing gut immunity. Frontiers in Immunology 4: 445.
'The role of probiotics and prebiotics in inducing gut immunity ' () 4 Frontiers in Immunology : 445.
Wenner, M., 2009. A cultured response to HIV. Nature Medicine 15: 594-597.
'A cultured response to HIV ' () 15 Nature Medicine : 594 -597.
Yang, O.O., Kelesidis, T., Cordova, R. and Khanlou, H., 2014. Immunomodulation of antiretroviral drug-suppressed chronic HIV-1 infection in an oral probiotic double-blind placebo-controlled trial. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 30: 988-995.
'Immunomodulation of antiretroviral drug-suppressed chronic HIV-1 infection in an oral probiotic double-blind placebo-controlled trial ' () 30 AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses : 988 -995.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 476 | 256 | 21 |
| Full Text Views | 35 | 10 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 21 | 10 | 0 |
Probiotics are defined by the WHO as ‘live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host’. Ongoing research has shown probiotics provide benefits to humans, including protection and restoration of the gastrointestinal and other mucosal tracts. As human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activates gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), several studies have investigated the effect of probiotics on CD4 cell count and related outcomes among those living with HIV. These studies are summarised here. Manuscripts were identified using the search terms ‘probiotics’, ‘synbiotics’, ‘HIV’, and ‘CD4’, and were reviewed for relevance and inclusion of CD4 count as an immunologic endpoint. Bibliographies of relevant manuscripts were also reviewed for additional studies matching inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search yielded 91 results; 13 included relevant outcomes. Seven of these studies produced beneficial CD4 outcomes, while the remaining 6 reported on insignificant beneficial or negative CD4 outcomes. The studies summarised here collectively suggest that daily consumption of probiotics over a prolonged period of time may improve CD4 count in people living with HIV.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 476 | 256 | 21 |
| Full Text Views | 35 | 10 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 21 | 10 | 0 |