This study analyzes Mark 5:1-20 from the perspective of verbal and situational irony. I argue that three elements of irony in Mark 5:1-20 align with distinctive features of exorcisms in the ancient world: (1) the demons act as an exorcist against Jesus, who in turn will exorcise them; (2) the demons ask Jesus to consider their well-being when they have shown no concern for their host; (3) the demons believe that their selection of the swine as a new host will allow them to remain in the country of the Gerasenes, but it results in the destruction of the pigs. Additionally, using other ancient accounts of exorcism as comparative examples (those found in the Dead Sea Scrolls, Josephus, Lucian, Philostratus, the Papyri Graecae Magicae, and the Testament of Solomon), I show that Mark 5:1-20 differs in many ways and that those differences both elucidate and intensify its elements of irony.â©
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âT.A. Burkhill, âConcerning Mk. 5,7 and 5,18-20,â in Mysterious Revelation: An Examination of the Philosophy of St. Markâs Gospel (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1963), p. 86. For the designaÂtion of this story as a tale, see M. Dibelius, From Tradition to Gospel (trans. B.L. Woolf; TrowÂbridge: Redwood, 1971), pp. 70-71. Apart from this example, Dibelius points to eight other tales in the Gospel of Mark: the healing of the leper (1:40-45), the calming of the storm (4:35-41), Jariusâ daughter and the woman with a flow of blood (5:21-43), the feeding of the five thousand (6:35-44), Jesus walking on the sea (6:45-52), the deaf and dumb man (7:32-37), the blind man in Bethsaida (8:22-26), and the boy with epilepsy (9:14-29). For Dibelius, the story of the Gerasene Demoniac is the most descriptive of the nine tales (Tradition, pp. 70-71, 76).
âJ. Derrett, âContributions to the Study of the Gerasene Demoniac,â JSNT 3 (1979), pp. 2-17 (2).
âRudolf Pesch, âThe Markan Version of the Healing of the Gerasene Demoniac,â ER 23 (1971), pp. 349-76 (349).
âAs John Craghan has noted, âJesusâ seemingly bizarre manner of exorcising, the pitiable state of the demoniac, the loss of such a large number of swine, and the request of the inhabitants for Jesusâ departure offer elements unique in the Gospelsâ (âThe Gerasene Demoniac,â CBQ 30 [1968], pp. 522-36 [524]). Roger Aus has also brought to our attention the many hapax legomena and the implied likelihood that a unique tradition lies behind this particular narrative (My Name is âLegionâ: Palestinian Judaic Traditions in Mark 5:1-20 and Other Gospel Texts [Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2003], pp. 2-3).
âRudolph Bultmann, The History of the Synoptic Tradition (trans. John Marsh; New York: Harper & Row, 1963), p. 210.
âChristine Guth, âAn Insiderâs Look at the Gerasene Disciple,â Journal of Religion, Disability and Health 11 (2008), pp. 61-70; Paul Hollenbach, âJesus, Demoniacs, and Public Authorities: A Socio-Historical Study,â JAAR 49 (1981), pp. 572-80; Michael Newheart, âMy Name is Legionâ: The Story and Soul of the Gerasene Demoniac (Collegeville: Liturgical, 2004).
âJ. Duncan M. Derrett, âSpirit Possession and the Gerasene Demoniac,â Man 14.2 (1979), pp. 286-93. Derrett approaches this text from the perspective of possession as theatre, using comparative examples from various cultures. For anthropological sources on demon possession in different cultures, see Derrett, âSpirit Possession,â pp. 287-88.
âGilbert Bilezikian, The Liberated Gospel: A Comparison of Mark and Greek Tragedy (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1977), pp. 122-24.
âJerry Camery-Hoggatt, Irony in Markâs Gospel (SNTSMon Series 72; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
âIbid., pp. 7-12.
âBultmann, History, pp. 210-11. For a discussion and expansion of these six elements in the story of the Gerasene Demoniac, see Pesch, âMarkan Version,â pp. 354-59.
âEric Sorensen, Possession and Exorcism in the New Testament and Early Christianity (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2002), p. 138.
âIbid., p. 143. It is important to recognize that Josephusâ account supports this interpre-tation: âHe put to the nose of the possessed man a ring which had under its seal one of the roots prescribed by Solomon, and then, as the man smelled it, drew out the demon through his nostrils, and, when the man at once fell down, adjured the demon never to come back to him, speaking Solomonâs name and reciting the incantations which he had composedâ (Ant. 8.47; emphasis added). Therefore, in the same way that Eleazar used the name of Solomon, a man favored by God (Eleazar â Solomon â God), the disciples used the name of Jesus as a mediator of Godâs power (disciples â Jesus â God).
âAdela Yarbro Collins, âMark and His Readers: The Son of God among Greeks and Romans,â HTR 9.4 (1999), pp. 85-100 (88). Yarbro Collins also brings to our attention that because the translation of ×¢×××× is á½ÏιÏÏÎ¿Ï in the Greek translations of the Hebrew Bible, some readers familiar with the cult Zeus Hypsistos (ÎεÏÏ á½ÏιÏÏοÏ) may have seen Jesusâ title as analogous to the âSon of Zeusâ (âMark and His Readers,â p. 90; cf. Adela Yabro Collins, Mark [Hermeneia; Minneapolis: Fortress, 2007], p. 268). In support of this interpretation, John Donahue has shown that Gentiles often used this expression in the Septuagint, such as Gen. 14:18-20; Isa. 14:14 (Donahue and Harrington, Gospel, p. 165).
âAs noted by Guelich, Mark, p. 278; Pesch, âMarkan Version,â p. 356.
âTranslation is taken from Pesch, âMarkan Version,â p. 356; references to Mark added.
âDonahue and Harrington, Gospel, p. 166. He points to Luke 11:24-7, although his argument is difficult to support since the demons in that passage return to their previous home because a new one was not found, not on account of their desire to remain there.
âBultmann, History, p. 210; Donahue and Harrington, Gospel, p. 166.
âGundry, Gospel, p. 263, referencing O. Bauernfeind, Die Worte der Damonen im MarkuseÂvangelium (BWANT 44; Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1927). See also Guelich, Mark, p. 284; Marcus, Mark, p. 345.
âWilliam Lane, The Gospel According to Mark (NICNT; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974), p. 186.
âMarcus, Mark, pp. 348-50. Other more tenuous connections include: (1) the crossing of the Sea of Galilee and the Israelitesâ passage through the Red Sea (Mark 5:1; Exod. 14:22); (2) the demonsâ shackles and Pharaohâs power are destroyed (Mark 5:3-4; Exod. 14:28); (3) God is praised (Mark 5:19-20; Exod. 14:31).
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This study analyzes Mark 5:1-20 from the perspective of verbal and situational irony. I argue that three elements of irony in Mark 5:1-20 align with distinctive features of exorcisms in the ancient world: (1) the demons act as an exorcist against Jesus, who in turn will exorcise them; (2) the demons ask Jesus to consider their well-being when they have shown no concern for their host; (3) the demons believe that their selection of the swine as a new host will allow them to remain in the country of the Gerasenes, but it results in the destruction of the pigs. Additionally, using other ancient accounts of exorcism as comparative examples (those found in the Dead Sea Scrolls, Josephus, Lucian, Philostratus, the Papyri Graecae Magicae, and the Testament of Solomon), I show that Mark 5:1-20 differs in many ways and that those differences both elucidate and intensify its elements of irony.â©
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1321 | 143 | 24 |
| Full Text Views | 311 | 20 | 1 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 546 | 33 | 3 |