Möchten Sie über diese Zeitschrift informiert bleiben? Klicken Sie bitte auf die Buttons, um unsere Alerts zu abonnieren.
Möchten Sie über diese Zeitschrift informiert bleiben? Klicken Sie bitte auf die Buttons, um unsere Alerts zu abonnieren.
Effects of conspecific density on tadpole risk assessment and defensive behaviour
in BehaviourSearch for other papers by Andrea Gazzola in
Current site
Google Scholar
Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università di Milano, I-20133 Milan, Italy
Search for other papers by Alessandro Balestrieri in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by Giulia Brazzale in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by Daniele Pellitteri-Rosa in
Current site
Google Scholar
Abstract
Prey species assess predation risk by using either direct and indirect cues and both may contribute to a proper evaluation of the actual risk. As postulated by the risk assessment hypothesis, conspecific density may also provide useful information for tuning defensive responses. We tested this hypothesis using a combination of five density levels (1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 individuals) of Italian agile frog Rana latastei tadpoles and three treatments (control, predatory cues of common backswimmer Notonecta glauca and a waterjet of tap water as mechanical disturbance). Tadpole activity decreased in response to all stimuli but, as expected, backswimmer cues induced a stronger and lasting response. However, tadpole activity level did not vary with group size, thus providing no support for the risk assessment hypothesis and confirming that conspecific density might have less consistent effects on short-term behavioural responses than morphological and life history traits.
Kauf
Sofortzugang erwerben (PDF-Download und unbegrenzter Online-Zugang):
Institutszugang
Melden Sie sich mit Open Athens, Shibboleth oder Ihren institutionellen Anmeldedaten an.
Persönliche Anmeldung
Melden Sie sich mit Ihrem brill.com-Konto an
-
Agrawal, A.A. (2001). Phenotypic plasticity in the interactions and evolution of species. — Science 294: 321-326.
-
Andreone, F., Corti, C., Ficetola, F., Razzetti, E., Romano, A. & Sindaco, R. (2013). Rana latastei. — Red List IUCN. IUCN, Gland. Available online at http://www.iucn.it/scheda.php?id=-1527036578.
-
Awan, A.R. & Smith, G.R. (2007). The effect of group size on the responses of wood frog tadpoles to fish. — Am. Midl. Nat. 158: 79-84.
-
Blackiston, D.J. & Levin, M. (2013). Inversion of left-right asymmetry alters performance of Xenopus tadpoles in nonlateralized cognitive tasks. — Anim. Behav. 86: 459-466.
-
Bland, J.M. & Altman, D.G. (2003). Applying the right statistics: analyses of measurement studies. — Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 22: 85-93.
-
Canova, L. & Balestrieri, A. (2018). Long-term monitoring of the endemic Rana latastei: suggestions for after-LIFE management. — Oryx 52: 709-717.
-
Chivers, D.P. & Mirza, R.S. (2001). Importance of predator diet cues in responses of larval wood frogs to fish and invertebrate predators. — J. Chem. Ecol. 27: 45-51.
-
Cresswell, W., Hilton, G.M. & Ruxton, G.D. (2000). Evidence for a rule governing the avoidance of superfluous escape flights. — Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 267: 733-737.
-
DeWitt, T.J. (1998). Costs and limits of phenotypic plasticity: tests with predator-induced morphology and life history in a freshwater snail. — J. Evol. Biol. 11: 465-480.
-
Ferrari, M.C.O. & Chivers, D.P. (2009). Sophisticated early life lessons: threat-sensitive generalization of predator recognition by embryonic amphibians. — Behav. Ecol. 20: 1295-1298.
-
Ferrari, M.C.O., Manek, A.K. & Chivers, D.P. (2009). Temporal learning of predation risk by embryonic amphibians. — Biol. Lett. 6: 308-310.
-
Ferrari, M.C.O., Messier, F. & Chivers, D.P. (2006). The nose knows: minnows determine predator proximity and density through detection of predator odours. — Anim. Behav. 72: 927-932.
-
Ficetola, G.F. & De Bernardi, F. (2004). Amphibians in a human-dominated landscape: the community structure is related to habitat features and isolation. — Biol. Conserv. 119: 219-230.
-
Ficetola, G.F., Garner, T.W. & De Bernardi, F. (2007). Genetic diversity, but not hatching success, is jointly affected by postglacial colonization and isolation in the threatened frog, Rana latastei. — Molec. Ecol. 16: 1787-1797.
-
Ficetola, G.F., Siesa, M.E., Manenti, R., Bottoni, L., De Bernardi, F. & Padoa-Schioppa, E. (2011). Early assessment of the impact of alien species: differential consequences of an invasive crayfish on adult and larval amphibians. — Divers. Distrib. 17: 1141-1151.
-
Gazzola, A., Brandalise, F., Rubolini, D., Rossi, P. & Galeotti, P. (2015). Fear is the mother of invention: anuran embryos exposed to predator cues alter life-history traits, post-hatching behaviour and neuronal activity patterns. — J. Exp. Biol. 218: 3919-3930.
-
Gazzola, A., Sacchi, R., Ghitti, M. & Balestrieri, A. (2018a). The effect of thinning and cue: density ratio on risk perception by Rana dalmatina tadpoles. — Hydrobiologia 813: 75-83.
-
Gazzola, A., Russo, G. & Balestrieri, A. (2018b). Embryonic and larval defensive responses of agile frog (Rana dalmatina) to alien crayfish. — Ethology 124: 347-356.
-
Gazzola, A., Balestrieri, A., Martín, J. & Pellitteri-Rosa, D. (2018c). Is it worth the risk? Food deprivation effects on tadpole anti-predatory responses. — Evol. Biol. 45: 67-74.
-
Ghalambor, C.K., McKay, J.K., Carroll, S.P. & Reznick, D.N. (2007). Adaptive versus nonadaptive phenotypic plasticity and the potential for contemporary adaptation in new environments. — Funct. Ecol. 21: 394-407.
-
Gomez-Mestre, I. & Díaz-Paniagua, C. (2011). Invasive predatory crayfish do not trigger inducible defences in tadpoles. — Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 278: 3364-3370.
-
Gosner, K.L. (1960). A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. — Herpetologica 16: 183-190.
-
Guariento, R.D., Carneiro, L.S., Esteves, F.A., Jorge, J.S. & Caliman, A. (2015). Conspecific density affects predator induced prey phenotypic plasticity. — Ecosphere 6: 106.
-
Herzog, Q., Tittgen, C. & Laforsch, C. (2016). Predator-specific reversibility of morphological defenses in Daphnia barbata. — J. Plankton Res. 38: 771-780.
-
Hettyey, A., Zsarnóczai, S., Vincze, K., Hoi, H. & Laurila, A. (2010). Interactions between the information content of different chemical cues affect induced defences in tadpoles. — Oikos 119: 1814-1822.
-
Ireland, D.H., Wirsing, A.J. & Murray, D.L. (2007). Phenotypically plastic responses of green frog embryos to conflicting predation risk. — Oecologia 152: 162-168.
-
Kats, L.B. & Dill, L.M. (1998). The scent of death: chemosensory assessment of predation risk by prey animals. — Ecoscience 5: 361-394.
-
Krause, J. & Ruxton, G.D. (2002). Living in groups. Oxford series in ecology and evolution. — Oxford University Press, Oxford.
-
Length, R., Love, J., Buerkner, P. & Herve, M. (2018). emmeans: estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. — R package version 1.1. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
-
Lively, C.M. (1986). Canalization versus developmental conversion in a spatially variable environment. — Am. Nat. 128: 561-572.
-
MacCoun, R. & Perlmutter, S. (2015). Blind analysis: hide results to seek the truth. — Nature 526: 187-189.
-
McCoy, M. (2007). Conspecific density determines the magnitude and character of predator-induced phenotype. — Oecologia 153: 871-878.
-
Mirman, D. (2014). Growth curve analysis and visualization using R. — CRC Press, New York, NY.
-
Mitchell, M.D., Bairos-Novak, K.R. & Ferrari, M.C.O. (2017). Mechanisms underlying the control of responses to predator odours in aquatic prey. — J. Exp. Biol. 220: 1937-1946.
-
Mitchell, M.D., Chivers, D.P., McCormick, M.I. & Ferrari, M.C.O. (2015). Learning to distinguish between predators and non-predators: understanding the critical role of diet cues and predator odours in generalisation. — Sci. Rep. 5: 13918.
-
Orizaola, G., Dahl, E. & Laurila, A. (2012). Reversibility of predator-induced plasticity and its effect at a life-history switch point. — Oikos 121: 44-52.
-
Peacor, S.D. (2003). Phenotypic modifications to conspecific density arising from predation risk assessment. — Oikos 100: 409-415.
-
Relyea, R.A. (2001). Morphological and behavioral plasticity of larval anurans in response to different predators. — Ecology 82: 523-540.
-
Relyea, R.A. & Werner, E.E. (1999). Quantifying the relation between predator-induced behavior and growth performance in larval anurans. — Ecology 80: 2117-2124.
-
Roberts, G. (1996). Why individual vigilance declines as group size increases. — Anim. Behav. 51: 1077-1086.
-
Rödin, P., Forsman, A. & Hagman, M. (2011). Taxonomic patterns of tadpole behavioural responses to alarm cues. — In: Frogs: biology, ecology and uses (Murray, J.L., ed.). Nova Science Publishers, New York, NY, p. 123-140.
-
Schoeppner, N.M. & Relyea, R.A. (2005). Damage, digestion, and defence: the roles of alarm cues and kairomones for inducing prey defences. — Ecol. Lett. 8: 505-512.
-
Schoeppner, N.M. & Relyea, R.A. (2008). Detecting small environmental differences: risk-response curves for predator-induced behavior and morphology. — Oecologia 154: 743-754.
-
Scribano, G., Balestrieri, A., Gazzola, A. & Pellitteri-Rosa, D. (2020). Strong behavioural defensive responses of endemic Rana latastei tadpoles induced by a native predator’s odour. — Ethology 126: 922-930.
-
Sindaco, R., Doria, G., Razzetti, E. & Bernini, F. (2005). Atlante degli anfibi e dei rettili d’Italia/Atlas of Italian amphibians and reptiles. — Societas Herpetologica Italica, Edizioni Polistampa, Florence.
-
Stearns, S. & Koella, J. (1986). The evolution of phenotypic plasticity in life-history traits: predictions of reaction norms for age and size at maturity. — Evolution 40: 893-913.
-
Teplitsky, C., Plenet, S., Lena, J.P., Mermet, N., Malet, E. & Joly, P. (2005). Escape behaviour and ultimate causes of specific induced defences in an anuran tadpole. — J. Evol. Biol. 18: 180-190.
-
Tollrian, R. & Harvell, C.D. (1999). The ecology and evolution of inducible defences. — Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
-
Tollrian, R., Duggen, S., Weiss, L., Laforsch, C. & Kopp, M. (2015). Density-dependent adjustment of inducible defences. — Sci. Rep. 5: 12736.
-
Urszán, T.J., Török, J., Hettyey, A., Garamszegi, L.Z. & Herczeg, G. (2015). Behavioural consistency and life history of Rana dalmatina tadpoles. — Oecologia 178: 129-140.
-
Van Buskirk, J. & Arioli, M. (2002). Dosage response of an induced defence: how sensitive are tadpoles to predation risk? — Ecology 83: 1580-1585.
-
Van Buskirk, J., Ferrari, M., Kueng, D., Näpflin, K. & Ritter, N. (2011). Prey risk assessment depends on conspecific density. — Oikos 120: 1235-1239.
-
West-Eberhard, M.J. (1989). Phenotypic plasticity and the origins of diversity. — Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20: 249-278.
-
Woodley, S.K., Mattes, B.M., Yates, E.K. & Relyea, R.A. (2015). Exposure to sublethal concentrations of a pesticide or predator cues induces changes in brain architecture in larval amphibians. — Oecologia 179: 655-665.
| Insgesamt | Letzte 365 Tage | In den letzten 30 Tagen | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aufrufe von Kurzbeschreibungen | 1103 | 164 | 23 |
| Gesamttextansichten | 33 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF-Downloads | 48 | 7 | 0 |
Effects of conspecific density on tadpole risk assessment and defensive behaviour
in BehaviourSearch for other papers by Andrea Gazzola in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università di Milano, I-20133 Milan, Italy
Search for other papers by Alessandro Balestrieri in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Giulia Brazzale in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Daniele Pellitteri-Rosa in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Abstract
Prey species assess predation risk by using either direct and indirect cues and both may contribute to a proper evaluation of the actual risk. As postulated by the risk assessment hypothesis, conspecific density may also provide useful information for tuning defensive responses. We tested this hypothesis using a combination of five density levels (1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 individuals) of Italian agile frog Rana latastei tadpoles and three treatments (control, predatory cues of common backswimmer Notonecta glauca and a waterjet of tap water as mechanical disturbance). Tadpole activity decreased in response to all stimuli but, as expected, backswimmer cues induced a stronger and lasting response. However, tadpole activity level did not vary with group size, thus providing no support for the risk assessment hypothesis and confirming that conspecific density might have less consistent effects on short-term behavioural responses than morphological and life history traits.
| Insgesamt | Letzte 365 Tage | In den letzten 30 Tagen | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aufrufe von Kurzbeschreibungen | 1103 | 164 | 23 |
| Gesamttextansichten | 33 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF-Downloads | 48 | 7 | 0 |
