Index
abacus
180–181
ʿAbbāsid translation movement
142, 144
ʿAbdallah 阿都剌
119
abhidharma cosmology
6–7, 13, 231–233, 234fig., 235fig., 237, 244–255
see also abhidharma cosmos murals; Abhidharmakośa
abhidharma cosmos murals
Lekir monastery (Ladakh)
238–239, 239fig., 247
Mindroling monastery (Tibet)
239–240, 240fig., 247
Punakha Dzong (Bhutan)
243, 243fig., 245–246, 245fig., 247–248, 249fig.
Trongsa Dzong (Bhutan)
251–252, 252fig.
Abhidharmakośa (Vasubandhu)
1, 208, 232–233, 237
solar and lunar movement
202, 203fig.
wind disc
249, 251
Abū Maʿshar
63n68, 76
Academy, The
29
Adawuding 阿荅兀丁
63n66
Ādur (month)
83
agriculture
2, 51, 84
Ahriman (King of Darkness)
79, 85, 85n47
Ahura Mazda
85n47
Ai Khanoum sundials
47
Aleni, Giulio
177
ʿAlī Zheng
see Zheng ʿAlī
Amitābha Buddha
262fig., 265–266
Amoghavajra, Xiuyao jing
51, 54–55, 55fig.
Anagarika Dharmapala
227
Andersson, Johan Gunnar
33
Aniruddha
204–206
An-Shi 安史 Rebellion
53
Anu, path of
23
apocryphal sutras
265
Arabo-Persian astral science
118–123, 124, 127–129, 131–132, 134–135
Arhats
272–273
Aries
31, 32, 62, 89, 90
Aristotelian-Ptolemaic worldview
98, 99, 226
Aristotelian cosmology
104–105, 142
Aristotelian meteorology
98, 101, 129
Aristotelian physics
142, 195
Ptolemaic astrology
88, 91, 178, 195, 201, 226
see also Aristotle; Ptolemy
Aristotle
four elements
103–105, 130
“On the Heavens”
104–105
‘arsh (Divine Throne)
126, 130
Arundhatī
270fig., 272, 272n34
Assyriology
see Babylonian astronomy; Bezold, Carl; Delitzsch, Friedrich; Pan-Babylonianism
Astana tombs (Turfan)
267n21
astral science
1, 3, 9
Arabo-Persian
118–123, 124, 127–129, 131–132, 134–135
Chinese
17–18, 20–21, 25–26, 29, 46, 155
European, in Japan
200
Greco-Egyptian
85–89
Greco-Indian
45, 47–51, 56
Greek
11, 27–28, 45–46, 56, 58n53, 68–69, 77, 88, 91
Indian
47–48, 195, 209–210, 226, 237
terminology
49
and theology
145–146, 171, 179
Tychonic system
171–172, 178
Zoroastrian
76, 81, 85, 90–91
see also Babylonian astronomy; Chinese astral science; cosmology; Islamic astronomers; mathematical astronomy
astrology
see astral science
Astronomical Bureau (China)
Islamic
62–63
Ming
116, 119, 120
Qing
66, 170, 179, 184
Song
61
Tang
52–53, 53n31, 54
see also Directorate of Arabo-Persian Astronomy; Directorate of Astronomy
astronomical clocks
219, 223
astronomical handbooks
139–144
see also zīj
astronomy
see astral science; Babylonian astronomy; Chinese astral science; Islamic astronomers; mathematical astronomy
Astronomy Illustrated and Explained (Tenmon zukai)
see Iguchi Tsunenori
Astronomy of Buddhist Countries (Bukkoku rekishōhen)
see Fumon Entsū
‘Aṭā’ al-dīn 阿答尤丁
120
Aṯālyā (eclipse dragon)
76, 80
see also eclipse-dragon theory
Āthār-i ʿulūwī (Super-terrestrial phenomena)
129
avadāna stories
261
Avataṃsaka (Kegon 華嚴) sūtra
207
Avicenna, al-Āthār al-ʿulūwīyya
129n47
Āz (Greed)
79–80
Babylonian astronomy
history
24–25
influence on Chinese astronomy
17–18, 20–21, 25–26, 29–39, 48
influence on Greek astral science
28
and Manichaean cosmological views
90
as revealed in cuneiform tablets
21–24, 27, 34, 36
texts
19n9, 24, 30, 37
and the xiu system
34–36
see also Pan-Babylonianism
Bai Yangheng 白養恆
126–127
Bai Yuanfu 白元輔
127
Bamiyan Caves
270n28
Battānī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Jābir ibn Sinān al-Ḥarrānī al-Ṣābi al-
62
Bāyzdiwī, Sayf al-Munajjim al-, Zīj-i ashrafī
147
Bei Lin 貝琳
121–122, 131
Qizheng tuibu 七政推步
122
Beidou qixing 北斗七星
see Northern Dipper
Bezold, Carl
25–29, 40
Reflexe astrologischer Keilinschriften bei griechischen Schriftstellen
27–28
Bhutan
cosmological traditions
232–238, 255
dzongs
242–243, 251–254
see also abhidharma cosmos murals; dzongs; Kālacakra system
Bili guijie 比例規解 (Explanation of the proportional compass)
179–180
Biographies of Men of Science (Chouren zhuan)
132
Biot, Édouard
33
Bīrūnī, Abū Rayḥān al-
76n5, 140
al-Qānūn al-masʿūdī (Masʿūdic canon)
144, 147
Boll, Franz
27
Reflexe astrologischer Keilinschriften bei griechischen Schriftstellen
27–28
Bonreki 梵曆 (Butsureki 佛曆 / 仏暦)
209
see also Fumon Entsū
Bosanquet, R.H.M.
22–23, 36
Brahe, Tycho
65
Tychonic system
171–172, 178
Brahmagupta, Khaṇḍakhādyaka
49n19
Brief discussion of Heaven and Earth (Nigi ryakusetsu)
101–102n13, 200
Bṛhatsaṃhitā (Varāhamihira)
48n16, 75, 82, 271–272
Buddha
Amitābha
262fig., 265–266
descent from Trāyastriṃśa heaven
241
Manichaean view of
78
Śākyamuni
200, 208, 225, 272–273
Buddhaghosa, cosmology of
6–7
Buddhism
in Bhutan
242
Buddhist path and rebirth
230, 231
Esoteric
54, 56, 57, 231
in Japan
98, 209
Kegon 華嚴 lineage
202, 207
Mahayana
197, 211, 232–233
Pure Land
208
and religious syncretism
275
Tendai 天台
209
vision and cognition in
197, 201, 204–208, 210, 211, 225
see also abhidharma cosmology; Buddha; Buddhist cosmological murals; Buddhist cosmologies; Buddhist iconography; Kālacakra system
Buddhist cosmological murals
canonical accuracy
237, 246, 249
entryway
230–231, 251–254, 253fig., 254fig.
Himalayan
232, 237, 241, 251
mutual influences and assimilation
231–232, 238, 248–250, 251–255
see also abhidharma cosmos murals; Kālacakra system
Buddhist cosmologies
adaptation of, in Japan
195–197, 211, 226–227
Bonreki, of Fumon Entsū
209–211
Chinese and Indian, at Dunhuang
275
competing models
231–232, 237–238
Himalayan
230, 231
Indian
195, 197, 226
and mathematical calculation
211, 216
mechanical models of
217–226, 217–223fig.
Ricci’s refutation
199–200
solar and lunar movement in
202, 203fig., 204fig., 212, 214, 214n36
tantric
233, 251–254
texts in response to Jesuits
201–208
textual traditions in Bhutan
232–238
three stacked realms
3
see also abhidharma cosmology; Buddhist cosmological murals; Kālacakra system; Meru, Mount; Sumeru, Mount
Buddhist iconography
254–255
Indian
260–261, 265, 269–273, 273n38
Kālacakra
235–237, 243–246, 249, 251–252, 255
Mogao Cave 285 (Dunhuang)
13, 257, 265–267, 266n21, 269–273, 275
see also abhidharma cosmos murals; Kālacakra system; Mogao Cave 285
Buddhist-Taoist syncretism
265–269, 275
Bukhārī, ʿAlā Munajjim al-, ʿUmdat al-īlkhānīya
140–141, 147
Bundahišn
81, 85
Cakravāla mountains
233, 240, 241, 245, 247, 251
calendars/astronomical systems
“Cathay” (tārīkhi Qitā)
141–142, 148, 149, 150n40, 155–156
Chinese
139, 142, 148, 149, 157, 170–171, 179, 201
Chinese calendar reform under the Jesuits
65, 65n71, 122, 170, 178–182, 191
Chongxiu daming li
142, 155, 156
Datong li
122n20, 131, 179, 179n18
days of the week
54, 55fig., 61, 69
Gregorian
171
Hijri
61, 62
Huihui li
61–63, 67, 69, 143
Indian
210
Islamic
131
Jiuzhi li
see under Gautama Siddhārtha
Jiyuan li
67
Manichaean
82–83
Shixian li
65, 179
Sino-Islamic
61–63, 67, 69, 143
solar
62, 69, 179
Tongtian li
67
Yingtian li
61
see also Chinese astral science
Candra
270, 270fig.
Candragarbha-parivarta (Yuezang fen)
274
Cantor, Moritz
4
Capricorn
32, 48n15, 61, 89
Cardano, Girolamo
66
cartography
and Chinese mathematics
184–191, 192
and Japanese Buddhist cosmology
216
surveying instruments
187fig., 189, 189n43, 191, 192
survey of the Qing empire
172, 182, 183–184
see also maps; world maps
Cassola, Francisco
200
Cathay calendar (tārīkhi Qitā)
141–142, 148, 149, 150n40, 155–156
celestial sphere
35, 49n20, 58, 80, 143, 143n20, 197, 270
Celiang quanyi 測量全義
180, 181, 185
Chavannes, Édouard, Les Mémoires Historiques de Se-Ma-Ts’ien
26, 28
Chenghua 成化, Emperor of Ming
122
Chen Jiujin 陳久金
61
Chen Rang 陳壤
132
Cheng Dawei 程大位, Suanfa tongzong (Unified lineage of mathematical methods)
172–173, 174, 176, 180
Chinese astral science
Babylonian origin
17–18, 20–21, 25–26, 29–33, 34–38, 39
calendar reform
65, 65n71, 122, 170, 178–179, 180, 181–182, 191
calendrical astronomy
178–180
Chinese origin of Western astronomy
67–68, 209
Chongzhen lishu
65, 65n71, 178–181, 184, 186
Greek concepts
46–47, 49–50, 58, 65–66, 68–69
Huihui li and Islamic influence
61–63, 69, 143
Indian intermediaries
47–52
li
142, 143–144, 143n21
lunar anomaly
139, 144, 148, 151, 152fig., 155
mathematical astronomy
48–49, 179–184, 187, 191
Persian Christians in China
52–60, 63
stems and branches
29–33, 57fig.
twenty-eight xiu system
33–36, 38
see also calendars; Jesuits in China
Chinese medical cosmology
99, 110–111, 112
Chinese medical texts
99, 102, 105–110
Chinese Muslims
116–117, 131–135
mosque communities
123–131, 134, 135
positions in Directorate of Astronomy
119, 120, 131, 134
see also Islamic astronomers; Ma Decheng
Chongxiu daming li 重修大明曆 (Revised great enlightenment astronomical system)
142, 155, 156
Chongzhen 崇禎, Emperor of Qing
178, 179
Chongzhen lishu 崇禎曆書 (Astronomical works of the Chongzhen reign)
65, 65n71, 178–179, 180, 181, 184, 186
see also Xiyang xinfa lishu
Chouren zhuan 疇人傳 (Biographies of men of science)
132
Chousuan 籌算 (Calculating rods)
179
Christianity in Japan
98, 107–108
Jesuits
98, 195, 197, 199–200, 226
see also Sawano Chūan (Cristóvão Ferreira)
circle
as basis for calendrical astronomy
179
in cartography
186, 189–192
in Chinese mathematical texts
172–173, 172n4, 174, 186
defined by Pardies
188–191, 191fig.
defined in Jesuit treatises on geometry
174–177
defined in Shuli jingyun
187–188, 188fig., 189, 190–191
Euclidean concept
12, 172, 191
of fire and wind
235, 237, 243–247, 249, 251–252, 255
in Giho yuwan ben bithe
192fig.
in Jesuit cosmology
172, 192
surrounding Mount Meru
237, 238fig., 243
and ways of ordering the world
192–193
see also sphere
Clavius, Christopher
65, 171
Commentary on Sacrobosco’s Sphere
100
Latin edition of Euclid’s Elements of Geometry
173, 174, 175, 176, 176fig., 180, 188
comparative approaches
4–5, 45n3, 209, 239
Compendium Catholicae Veritatis
198
De sphaera
100, 101–102n13, 198, 200
Confucianism
108, 266, 275
constellations
see stars and constellations; zodiac
continents
in abhidharma and Kālacakra systems
236–237, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246–248, 251, 254
Buddhist
195, 214, 216, 231
European
216
Four Continents
195, 204fig., 208, 212, 223, 233, 273
in Kanchū’s model
221
seven Islamic
128, 130
see also Jambudvīpa
Copernicus
65
Coptic sources
77, 78, 79n17, 85–91
cosmography (ʿilm al-hayʾa)
146, 157
cosmological overlap
8–14
in Buddhist cosmologies
13, 226, 255
Chinese appropriation of European knowledge
193
Chinese-Islamic
142, 157
in iconography of Mogao Cave 285
13, 257, 260, 265, 269, 275
in Japan
99, 195–197
in Manichaeism
77–78
cosmology
Chinese harmonics
182–183
Chinese medical
99, 110–111, 112
Chinese political
192
definitions of
1–2
geometric model
142–144, 143n20, 157
Greco-Egyptian
2, 85–86, 89, 90–91
historical approaches
3–7
Islamic
117, 119, 128–131, 134
Jesuit
172, 192
Manichaean
77–81, 82–84, 85–91
numerical
143, 144, 157
universal features
2
see also abhidharma cosmology; Aristotelian-Ptolemaic worldview; astral science; Buddhist cosmologies; Kālacakra system
CT XXXIII (text)
30
Cullen, Christopher
48, 143
cuneiform tablets
17, 19, 21–24, 27, 34, 36
CBS 11901
20n10
Dace 大測 (Great measurement)
180, 181
Dādēstān-ī dēnīg (comp. Manuščihr)
82
Dafangeng daji jing 大方等大集經 (Mahāsaṃnipāta-sūtra; Great Collection Sutra)
48, 48n15, 206–207n17, 272, 272n36, 274
Daqin 大秦 (Great Qin)
46–47, 52
Dark Moon
76
Darkness, King of (Ahriman)
79, 85, 85n47
Dark Sun
76
Darwīsh 迭里月實
119
Datong li 大統曆 (astronomical system)
122n20, 131, 179, 179n18
days of the week
54, 55fig., 61, 69
Delitzsch, Friedrich
19, 26, 34
Demaria, Serena
88
Department of Arabo-Persian Astronomy (Ming China)
121–123
see also Directorate of Arabo-Persian Astronomy
Department of Arabo-Persian Calendar (China)
120–121, 122
De sphaera
100, 101–102n13, 198, 200
devas, abode of
241
Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheheca Historica
34
Director of Astronomy (Tang China)
52
Directorate of Arabo-Persian Astronomy (China)
119, 120, 122
Directorate of Astronomy (China)
119–121, 122, 124–125, 131, 134
see also Astronomical Bureau
divination
22, 24, 27–28, 128
dizhi 地支 (earthly branches)
29, 30–32, 57fig.
doctrine of concentric spheres
50
doctrine of epicycles and eccentrics
50, 51
Donnolo, Shabbatai
82
Dorotheus of Sidon
56
dragons
75, 85
eclipse-dragon theory
75–77, 80–82, 84–85, 90, 91
Duliyusi jing 都利聿斯經
54, 55–56, 56n42, 56n43, 57
Dunhuang 敦煌
Chinese iconography
266–269
historical context
263–264, 263n9
Mogao cave 66 Virgo representation
60, 60fig.
sources on Manichaeism
91
sutra-copying project
265n16
syncretism
257, 265, 268fig., 269, 274–275
see also Mogao Cave 249; Mogao Cave 285
dzongs
entryway murals
242–243, 251–254, 253fig., 254fig.
Punakha Dzong
243–249, 243fig., 244fig., 247fig., 248fig., 249fig.
Simtokha Dzong
249–250, 250fig.
Trongsa Dzong
251–252, 252fig., 253fig., 254fig.
Ea, path of
23
earth as sphere
101, 107, 109–110, 112, 172, 198–199, 199fig., 208, 211
Mori Shōken’s diagram of Mount Sumeru and Global Earth
202, 205fig.
earthly branches (dizhi)
29, 30–32, 57fig.
earthquakes
105–106
eclipse-dragon theory
75–77, 80–82, 84–85, 90, 91
eclipses
Arabo-Persian and Jesuit predictions
120n15, 122
Buddhist explanations
201, 208, 212, 213, 216
in the Coptic Kephalaia
88
and equinoxes
89
in Indian traditions
3
lunar
21, 26, 107, 123, 143, 198, 199, 201, 208, 212, 214, 216
and lunar nodes
75n1
in Manichaeism
77, 80–81
mythological and scientific concepts
11, 201
in Nanban unkiron
107
Ptolemaic view
89, 201
solar
23, 88, 122, 123, 143, 198, 199, 201, 208, 212, 214
as veils
80–81, 82, 84, 90
see also eclipse-dragon theory
Edkins, Joseph
18, 18n3, 20, 25–26, 29
Egyptian astrology
85–89
Enlil, path of
23
Entsū 圓 (円) 通
see Fumon Entsū
Enūma Anu Enlil
22, 22n16, 27, 28, 37
Epic of Gilgamesh
2
epicycle model
151, 151n42, 152–153fig., 155, 157, 160–161
see also doctrine of epicycles and eccentrics
Epping, Joseph
23, 24–25, 33, 34, 35
equinoxes
2, 36, 62, 143, 214n36, 219
in Manichaeism
83, 85, 89–90
Ērān-wēz
85n47
Esoteric Buddhism
54, 56, 57, 231
ether
107, 142
Euclid
in China
173, 191
circle
12, 172, 188, 191
Elements of Geometry
50n23, 122, 146–147, 173, 177, 185
see also Clavius, Christopher; Jihe yuanben (1607 translation)
Eudoxus
50
Fantian huoluo jiuyao 梵天火羅九曜
49, 56n42
Ferreira, Christovão (Sawano Chūan)
100–101, 103, 104, 107, 201
fire, circle of
235, 237, 243–244, 246, 252, 255
First Man (Ohrmazd)
79
First National Industrial Exhibition (Tokyo)
223
five great elements
103
Five Hundred Robbers
263n9
five phases (wuxing)
3
four elements
103–105, 130
Francis Xavier
197
“fruit in the hand”
204–206, 206n16, 206–207n17
Fu Mengzhi 傅孟質
142, 157
Fukansai Habian
200
Fumon Entsū 普門圓 (円) 通
209–210
Bukkoku rekishōhen 佛國曆象編 (Astronomy of Buddhist Countries)
67, 67n85, 209–211, 210fig., 226
illustration of the sun’s rays on Mount Sumeru
210fig.
mechanical model of Mount Sumeru
217, 217fig., 223–225
Shukushōgi setsu 縮象儀説 (Model of relative phenomena explained)
214, 215fig., 216–217, 221
Shumisengi mei narabini jo 須彌山儀銘並序 (Model of Mount Sumeru inscribed and explained)
212, 212n33, 213fig., 214
Shumisen gimei narabini jo wage 須彌山儀銘並序和解 (Model of Mount Sumeru explained in Japanese)
212
funeral art
266, 266n21
Futian li 符天曆 (Astronomical system tallying with heaven)
142
Fuxi 伏羲 and Nüwa 女媧
261, 261fig., 265–267, 266–267n21, 270
Gaitian 蓋天 model
209
Galileo
65, 180
Gan Ying 甘英
46
Gandavyūha
207
Gaṇeśa
273n38
Gansu tomb paintings
266, 266n21
ganzhi 干支 (sexagenary cycle)
29, 30
Gārgīyajyotiṣa
76n11
Gautama Siddhārtha (Qutan Xida 瞿曇悉達, astronomer)
53
Kaiyuan zhan jing 開元占經
51
Jiuzhi li 九執曆 (Nine Seizers Canon)
49, 50–51, 53n31, 54
Gautama Zhuan 瞿曇譔
53n31
Gemini
60n55, 61–62
Gemino, Introduction to the Phenomena
21
Gendün Chöpel
227
genethliacal astrology
45
Genshun 玄悛
212n33
geometry
instruments for
178, 180
in the Shuli jingyun
184–185
see also circle; Euclid; Ptolemy
Geyuan baxian biao 割圓八線表 (Eight trigonometric tables)
180
Gezhi yulun 格致餘論 (Further discourses on the properties of things, Zhu Danxi)
107–108, 109
Giho yuwan ben bithe
192fig.
gnomons
125–126, 132
Gómez, Pedro
216
Compendium Catholicae Veritatis
198
Gospel of John
78
Gohō shijiron 護法資治論 (Treatise for the Defense of the Dharma)
202, 205fig.
Gōzihr
76, 80, 80n31, 81–82, 84n45
Graham, A.C.
48–49
Great Collection Sutra
see Dafangdeng daji jing
Guo Moruo 郭沫若
29–33
Haida’er (Ḥaydar) 海達兒
63n66, 119
Hakuun manuscript
111
Handy Map of the Myriad Countries of Jambudvīpa (Nansenbushū bankoku shōka no zu)
see under Hōtan
Hang Shijun 杭世駿
133n55
Hanlin 翰林 Academy
119
harmonics
182–183
Ḥāsib, al-Ḥabash al-
147
Hawking, Stephen, A Brief History of Time
2
He Shizhe 賀世哲
265, 271
heavens
12, 133, 192
Buddhist
195, 208, 212n33, 216, 231, 233, 235, 239, 240, 245
Christian
198–199, 200
heavenly beings
273–274
heavenly eye
197, 201, 204, 206, 208, 210–211, 225
Heavenly Learning (tianxue/tengaku 天學)
109–110
Islamic
128, 130, 140
in Japanese texts
104–105, 107
Mandate of Heaven
117
spherical
91, 143n20
syncretistic
265–266, 275
Trāyastriṃśa
241, 267
Heaven and Earth with Commentaries (Kenkon bensetsu)
101, 103–106, 200–201
Hephthalites
261, 262fig., 264–265, 264nn12,14
Himalayan visual depiction
232, 237, 241
history of science
13, 40, 171
Hommel, Fritz
34–35, 36
horoscopy
49–50
Esoteric Buddhist
57
Greco-Indian
47–48, 51
Greek
56–58
Persian
69
quadrate Chinese in the Xingyue Dacheng
58fig.
radial
57, 59fig.
see also zodiac
Hōtan 鳳潭
202, 211, 216
diagrams of solar and lunar orbits
204fig.
Nansenbushū bankoku shōka no zu 南瞻部洲萬國掌菓之圖 (Handy map of the myriad countries of Jambudvīpa)
204, 206fig., 225, 226
Huajue alley 化覺巷 mosque (Xi’an)
125, 126
Huangdi neijing suwen 黃帝内經素問 (Huangdi’s inner classic, basic questions)
99, 102, 105–106, 109–110
Huangyu quanlan tu 皇輿全覽圖 (Overview maps of the imperial territories)
182, 183
Hua 滑 (surname)
261, 264
see also Hephthalites
Huihui li 回回曆 (astronomical system)
61–63, 69, 143
see also Arabo-Persian astral science
Huihui lifa 回回曆法
63, 132
Hülegü
140
Humane King Perfection of Wisdom Sutra (Renwang bore jing)
264, 269
huntian 渾天 (spherical heaven)
143n20
huoluo 火羅 (horā)
49
Ibn al-Akfānī, Irshād al-qāsid ilā asnāʾ al-maqāsid (The guiding of the searcher to the most sublime purposes)
145
Ibn al-Aʿlam
140
Ibn Yūnus
140
iconography
see Buddhist iconography
Iguchi Tsunenori 井口常範, Tenmon zukai 天文圖解 (Astronomy illustrated and explained)
201, 202fig., 208
Iijima Tadao 飯島忠夫
36
Īlkhānate
139–141
Īlkhānid translation project
157
Illustrated Explanation in Japanese of the Solar and Lunar Orbits
see Imai Shirō
Illustrations of Solar and Lunar Movement as Explained in the Dhātu Chapter of the Abhidharmakośa
see Yūhan
ʿilm al-hayʾa (cosmography)
146, 157
Image of Mount Sumeru (Shumisenzu)
212n33
Imai Shirō 今井氏老, Nichigetsu sentenzu wagoshō 日月旋転圖和語鈔 (Illustrated Explanation in Japanese of the Solar and Lunar Orbits)
201–202, 203fig.
Indian astral science
47–48, 195, 209–210, 226, 237
Indo-Iranian style
260
Indra
207, 212n33, 267
Inoue Masashige 井上政重
107–108
Iranian astrological tradition
82
see also Arabo-Persian astral science; Zoroastrian astral science
Iranian lore
82, 85, 85n47
Ishimatsu Hinako 石松日奈子
262
Islamic astronomers
61–63, 63n66, 67
in Chinese Muslim mosque communities
123–131
handbooks by
139–140
at the Ming court
119, 121
use of Arabic
145–146n26
use of mathematical astronomy
127, 130–131, 132, 135, 144–145
see also Chinese Muslims; Nīsābūrī, Niẓām al-Dīn al-; Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn al-
Islamic Astronomical Bureau (China)
62
see also Directorate of Arabo-Persian Astronomy
Islamicate astronomical handbooks
see zīj
Islamic jurisprudence
146
Jahāndānish (Knowledge of the universe)
128, 129
Jainism
234
Jamāl al-Dīn (Zhamaluding 扎馬魯丁) b. Maḥfūẓ al-Baghdādī
62, 147
Jambudvīpa
195, 199, 200
in the abhidharma cosmos
233, 245
in the Avataṃsaka sūtra
208
in Entsū’s Model of Relative PhenomenaExplained
214, 216
Hōtan’s Handy Map of the Myriad Countries of Jambudvīpa
204–207, 206fig.
in the Kālacakra tantric system
236–237, 243
in Kanchū’s model of the universe
221
Jastrow, Morris, Die Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens
26
Jawzahr, al-
76
Jeremias, Alfred
19, 19n9, 20
Handbuch der altorientalischen Geisteskultur
30, 31, 33, 36, 39
Jesuits
98–99, 171
see also Jesuits in China; Jesuits in Japan; Ricci, Matteo
Jesuits in China
62, 65–67, 68, 110, 122–123, 128
calendar reform
65, 65n71, 170, 178–179, 191
and Greek astral science
46, 46n6, 65–66, 69
mapping and surveying
172, 183
mathematics in the service of astronomy
180–182, 191
three periods of activity
170, 172, 192
works on mathematics
173–180, 182, 184–185
see also Ricci, Matteo
Jesuits in Japan
98, 195, 197, 199–200, 226
see also Sawano Chūan (Cristóvão Ferreira)
Jesus Christ, Manichaean view of
78
Jia Meng’ao 賈夢鰲
126
Jihe yaofa 幾何要法 (Essential methods of geometry)
177–178, 178fig., 191
Jihe yuanben 幾何原本 (Elements of geometry, 1607 translation)
173–176, 176fig., 177–178, 180
Jihe yuanben (in Shuli jingyun)
184, 186–187, 187fig.
jingjiao 景教 (Luminous Teaching)
52, 57, 60
see also Persian Christians
Jiuzhang suanshu 九章算術 (Nine chapters on mathematical procedures)
172
Jiyuan li 紀元曆 (astronomical system)
67
junjūn (zhuanzhong 轉終)
148, 158–159
Kālacakra system
13, 231
circles of fire and wind
235, 237, 243–246, 249, 251–252, 255
commentaries on
231, 237–238
correspondence between cosmos and human body
241
cosmos murals
242–244, 244fig., 247fig., 248fig.
model of the cosmos
232, 233–235, 237, 238fig., 241, 242fig., 245–246
mutual influence with abhidharma
231–232, 248–250, 251, 252–255
Outer Kālacakra
235–236
perspective view
236fig.
plan views
241, 246, 247fig., 248–249
Kālacakra Tantra
234
Kanchū 環中
mechanical models of Mount Sumeru
217–219, 219fig., 220fig., 221fig., 223–225, 223fig.
Model of Mount Sumeru Inscribed
217, 218fig.
Model of Relative Phenomena Illustrated (Shukushōgizu 縮象儀図)
221, 221n42, 222fig.
Kangxi 康熙, Emperor of Qing
123, 170, 182–183, 189, 191–193
Kashf al-ḥaqāʾiq (al-Nīsābūrī)
139, 141, 145–147, 146n26
lunar anomaly
144, 148–154, 153fig., 155, 162–166
manuscripts of
158, 162
translation of seventh section
158–162
Kāshī, Ghiyāth al-Dīn Jamshīd al-, Zīj-i khāqānī
147
Kenkon bensetsu 乾坤辨説 (A discussion on heaven and earth with critical commentaries)
101, 103–106, 200–201
Kephalaia
85–91
Kepler, Johannes
65
Ketu (pseudoplanet)
47, 76, 76n5
Kharoṣṭhī
273
Khmer astrology
75–76
Khubilai Khan
62
Kokubu Tanenori 國府種德, Shina bunmei shi 支那文明史
32–33
King Father of the East (Dongwangfu)
267
Kitāb al-Zīj
62
Kobayashi Yoshinobu 小林義信 (Kentei 謙貞)
102n13
Nigi ryakusetsu 二儀略説 (Outline of Terrestrial and Celestial Globes)
101–102n13, 200
Kōgenji 光源寺
101, 108
Kopff, August
27
Kṛttikā (Maosu/Pleiades)
269fig., 273–274
Kugler, Franz Xavier
19, 19–20n10, 24–25, 38
Kunlun Mountain
267
kursī (Divine Footstool)
126, 130
Kūshyār ibn Labbān
Madkhal
62–63, 63nn67–68, 120
al-Zīj al-jāmiʿ (Comprehensive astronomical handbook)
147
Kyoto, in Kanchū’s model of the universe
221
Lacouperie, Terrien de
18, 20, 29, 32–33
Lansberge, Philip van
66n80
Lei Zong 雷宗
132
Lekir Monastery (Ladakh)
238–239, 239fig., 247
li 曆 (calendar/astronomical system)
143–144, 143n21
see also calendars/astronomical system; Chinese astral science
Li Chong 李翀
119
Li Chunfeng 李淳風
182
Li Miqian 李彌乾
56, 56n43
Li Su 李素 (Wenzhen 文貞)
52–53, 56, 56n42, 56n43
Li Zhizao 李之藻
122
Liang 梁 dynasty
264
lingzhi 靈芝 (fungus)
267
Liu Wenshu 劉温舒
102n14
Suwen rushi yunqi lunao (Marvelous introductory remarks on the theory of yunqi according to the Suwen)
102, 108, 109
Liu Xianting 劉獻廷
66
Liu Zhi 劉智
129–131, 133
Tianfang xingli 天方性理 (On the principles of nature in Islam)
129, 130
Living Spirit
79, 81, 83
Lixiang kaocheng 曆象考成 (Thorough investigation of astronomical phenomena)
182
Lloyd, G.E.R.
45
lodges
see xiu
Lokasthānābhidharma-śāstra
208
longevity symbols
243, 269, 271
Lopez, Donald
226
lotus
266, 267, 272n34
Lü Liuliang 呂留良
66
Lüli zhi 律曆志 (Monograph on the pitchpipes and the calendar)
182
Lülü zhengyi 律呂正義 (Correct interpretation of [standard] pitchpipes)
182
Luminous Teaching (Jingjiao)
52, 57, 60
see also Persian Christians
lunar anomaly
148–154, 152fig., 153fig., 155–156, 162
lunar lodges
see xiu
lunar nodes
75–76, 75n1, 80, 82, 84, 86–89, 90–91
Luoyang 洛陽
257, 263, 266, 268, 275
Ma Decheng 馬德稱 (Ruji 儒驥)
116, 125–126, 132–133, 133nn55–56
Ma De-lu-ding 馬德魯丁
120
Ma Dexin 馬德新
Huanyu shuyao 寰宇述要 (Exposition on cosmology)
130–131
Tianfang liyuan 天方曆源 (The source of the Islamic calendar)
131
Ma Junxi 馬君錫
126–127
Ma Weixian 馬偉賢
128
Ma Yize 馬依澤
61–62
Ma Yonghe 馬永和
128
Ma Zhu 馬注, Qingzhen zhinan 清真指南 (Compass to Islam)
130
Maghribī, Muḥyī al-Dīn al-, Adwār al-anwār
147
Ma-ha-ma 馬哈麻 (Muḥammad)
63n66, 116, 120, 121
Mahāsaṃnipāta-sūtra
see Dafangdeng daji jing
Mahātejas
273, 273n39
Mahayana Buddhism
197, 211, 232–233
Maitreya
78
Manchu texts
189–190
maṇḍalas
244–246, 254
Mandate of Heaven
117
Mani
77–79
Eikōn (Book of Pictures)
78
Šābuhragān (M 98)
81–85, 88–91, 88n61
see also Manichaeism
Manichaean Treatise
79, 81
Manichaeism
77–80, 85–87, 91
seasons
82–84, 88–90, 91
soteriological framework
77, 84, 90, 91
see also Mani
maṇi jewels (maṇiratna)
266
Manuščihr, Dādēstān-ī dēnīg
82
manzil system
33, 34, 35
Mao Jike 毛際可, biography of Mei Wending
132n54
maps
204, 206fig., 216–217, 221, 225
see also cartography; world maps
Maragha observatory
140, 145
Martzloff, Jean-Claude
143
Māshāʾallāh
63n68, 76
Ma-sha-yi-hei 馬沙亦黑 (Shaykh Ma)
63n66, 116, 120, 121, 122, 123
Qianfang mishu 乾方秘書
128
Masʿūdī, Muḥammad b. Masʿūd al-Ghaznawī al-, al-Kifāyāh fī ʿilm hay’at al-ʿālam
129–130
mathematical astronomy
association with harmonics
182–183
in China
48–49, 179–184, 187, 191
Chinese Muslims and
117, 126–128, 130–131, 133–134, 135
Jesuit
172, 179–180, 182
Islamicate
127, 132–133, 144–145
numerical cosmology
143, 144, 157
mathematics
applied to Buddhist cosmology
211, 216
and cartographic techniques
172, 184–191
Chinese
172–174, 182–183, 185
Greek and Indian
49
and Islam
144
Jesuit teaching of
171–172, 185
and ways of ordering the world
192
Western, in China
172–184
see also circle; Euclid; geometry; mathematical astronomy; Ptolemy; trigonometry
Mecca, direction of
144
Mei Wending 梅文鼎
66, 67n85, 121, 133, 209
biography by Mao Jike
132n54
essay on shadow measurement
116, 132–133, 133n55
Lixue quanshu 暦學全書
67–68
Sisheng biaoying licheng 四省表影立成
125–126
Wu’an lisuan shumu 勿菴歷算書目
133n56
Mercury
26
Meru, Mount
in the abhidharma cosmos
233
as abode of the devas
241
depictions of
238–241, 239fig., 242fig., 245, 248
in Outer Kālacakra
235–236
overlapping circles surrounding
237, 238fig., 243
see also Sumeru, Mount
meteorology
98, 101
Middle Persian language
55, 82, 88
Migettuwatte Guṇānanda
227
Milinda, King of Bactria
47
Mindroling monastery (Tibet)
239–240, 240fig., 247
Ming Imperial Library
118
Ming Royal Observatory
63n66
Mingyi tianwen shu 明譯天文書
63, 63nn67–68, 64fig.
Ming Yuan 明元, Emperor of Northern Wei
263
missionaries
68, 85
see also Jesuits in China; Jesuits in Japan
Mitsuan Shakusōji 密庵釈僧慈
208
Model of Mount Sumeru Explained in Japanese (Shumisen gimei narabini jo wage)
see under Fumon Entsū
Model of Mount Sumeru Inscribed and Explained (Shumisengi mei narabini jo)
see under Fumon Entsū
Model of Relative Phenomena Explained (Shukushōgi setsu)
see under Fumon Entsū
Mogao Cave 249 (Dunhuang)
267, 269, 274
syncretistic image of a mountain
268fig.
Mogao Cave 285 (Dunhuang)
Amitābha Buddha with portraits of Hephthalite donor group
262fig.
Buddhist-Taoist syncretism
265–269, 275
ceiling
258, 258fig., 265–266, 269, 270
donor portraits and inscriptions
261–262, 262fig., 262–263n6, 264, 264n14, 265
iconography
257, 265–267, 266n21, 269–275
Indian deities
260, 265, 269–270, 273, 273n38
multiethnicity
13, 257, 260–261, 265, 275
platform
258, 258n1
program of paintings
260–261, 261n4
southern wall
263n9
structure and layout
258–263, 259fig.
wall niches
260
western wall, northern wall, and ceiling
258fig., 260fig.
western wall iconography and astral images
269–275, 269fig., 270fig.
Mojing 墨經
172n4
Monnō 文雄 (Musō 無相)
Hi tenkyō wakumon 非天經或問 (A refutation of Inquiries into the Classic of Heaven)
208, 208n22
Kusen hakkai gechōron 九山八海解嘲論 (A vindication of the theory of the nine mountains and the eight seas)
208, 209fig.
moon
in Babylonian astronomy
23
in Buddhist cosmology
202, 203fig., 204, 204fig., 212, 214, 214n36
lunar anomaly in Chinese calendar
139, 144, 148, 151, 152fig., 155
lunar nodes
75–76, 75n1, 80, 82, 84, 86–91
see also eclipses; sun and moon
Mori Shōken 森尚謙, Treatise for the Defense of the Dharma (Gohō shijiron)
202, 205fig.
Morrison, Robert
147
Islam and Science
144–145
Mozaffari, Mohammad
140
Mukai Genshō 向井玄松
101, 103, 201
MUL.APIN
19n9, 24, 30, 37
Muš Parīg
81
Nagasaki school
101–102, 102n13, 102fig., 107
Nāgasena
47
Nakayama Shigeru 中山茂, A History of Japanese Astronomy
98–99
nakṣatra
33–34, 34, 35, 266, 267, 273
Nanban tenchiron 南蠻天地論 (Southern barbarian theory of heaven and hearth)
111
Nanban unkiron 南蠻運氣論 (Yunqi theory of the southern barbarians)
astronomical terminology
99, 103–104
compared with Kenkon bensetsu
103–106
Nishikawa Joken and
109–110
origin and background
99–102, 100fig., 103
reception in the eighteenth century
110–112
use of material from Chinese texts to supplement Aristotle
103–108, 112
Nandou liuxing 南斗六星
see Southern Dipper
Napier’s bones
179, 181
Narendrayaśas
48, 272n36
see also Mahāsaṃnipāta-sūtra
navagraha (nine planets)
47, 49, 76, 87
Naxian biqiu jing 那先比丘經
47
Needham, Joseph
5, 20, 39, 48
Science and Civilisation in China
17, 36–38
Neugebauer, Otto
4, 38
Nile river
2, 3
Nine Seizers Canon (Jiuzhi li 九執曆)
see under Gautama Siddhārtha (Qutan Xida 瞿曇悉達, astronomer)
nine-sphere universe
199fig., 201
Nineveh
22, 26, 27, 36
Nīsābūrī, Niẓām al-Dīn al-
12, 139, 141, 144–147
Gharāʾib al-qurʾān wa-raghāʾib al-furqān commentary on the Qurʾān
145
Sharḥ taḥrīr al-majisṭī (Commentary on the revision of the Almagest)
145, 146n26
Tawḍīḥ al-tadhkira (Elucidation of the Tadhkira)
146
see also Kashf al-ḥaqāʾiq (al-Nīsābūrī)
Nishikawa Joken 西川如見
102, 109–110, 112
Ryōgi shūsetsu 兩儀集説
109
Nishi Kichibyōe 西吉兵衛
101
Niu Weixing 鈕衛星 (钮卫星)
56n42
Niujie 牛街 mosque (Beijing)
126, 128
Normal Stars
23, 34–35
Northern Dipper
271, 271n32, 274
see also Saptarṣi (Seven Sages)
Northern Wei 北魏 dynasty
257, 263, 268
numerical cosmology
143, 144, 157
Nüwa 女媧
see Fuxi and Nüwa
omens
22–24, 25–29, 40, 266
“optical knowledge” (genchi)
211
Orientalism
39
Outline of Terrestrial and Celestial Globes (Nigi ryakusetsu)
101–102n13, 200
Ōya Shin’ichi 大矢真一
103n17
Pan-Babylonianism
19–20, 20n10, 27, 33, 39
Pankenier, David W.
28
Pardies, Ignace Gaston
construction of a circle
191fig.
Elémens de géométrie
184, 187–190, 191fig.
Pengzu 彭祖
269
Persian Christians (Jingjiao)
47, 52–54, 53n35, 55, 57, 57n49, 60
Pettipiece, Timothy
87
Peuerbach, Georg von
143
Pinches, Theophilus
29
Pingcheng 平城 (Datong 大同)
257, 263, 267, 268
Pingree, David
5, 6n21
Pisces
31, 32, 62, 83, 149
planets
Arabo-Persian
129, 130
Aristotelian
142
Babylonian
23, 87
colors of
26
and days of the week
54–55, 55fig., 61
Greek
47, 87, 88
Manichaean view
79–80, 86–87, 87n53, 88
navagraha (nine planets)
47, 49, 76, 87
as omens
26
Rāhu and Ketu
47, 76
revolving around earth in Ricci’s Complete Map
199, 199fig.
in the Zīj-i īlkhānī
156
Zoroastrian
76, 81
Pole Star
272, 272n34
Ptolemy
Almagest
21, 62, 63, 142, 147, 157
Ptolemaic astrology
56, 58n53, 77, 88, 91, 178, 195, 201, 226
Ptolemaic geometry
12, 139, 142–144, 145–147, 178
Tetrabiblos
62–63, 63n68, 65–66, 88, 89–90
Punakha Dzong (Bhutan)
243–249
abhidharma cosmos mural
245–246, 245fig., 247–248, 249fig.
Kālacakra cosmos murals
243–245, 244fig., 247fig., 248fig.
conflation of abhidharma and Kālacakra elements
245–246, 248–250
overview of cosmological murals
243, 243fig.
plan view of Kālacakra cosmos
246, 247fig.
Qi Bo 岐伯
109–110
Qintianjian 欽天監
120–122, 121n16, 124–125, 125n28, 131–134, 170, 179, 184
see also Directorate of Astronomy; Astronomical Bureau
Qiyao rangzai jue 七曜攘災決
76n5
Qu Shigu 瞿式榖
177
Queen Mother of the West (Xiwangmu 西王母)
267
Qurʾān
145
Ragep, Jamil
142
Rāhu
3, 47, 75–76, 76n11
“two Rāhus”
82
Ramaḍān
125, 126, 127, 128
Rashīd al-Dīn al-Hamadānī
145
Tānksūqnāma
157
rāśikuṇḍalī (circle of signs)
49
Realm of Desire
212n33
Realm of Form
212n33
Realm of Light
80, 84, 87
Renwang bore jing 仁王般若經 (Humane king perfection of wisdom sutra)
264, 269
Ṛg Veda
2
Rho, Giacomo
65
Ricci, Matteo
Kunyu wanguo quantu 坤輿萬國全圖 (Complete Map of Myriad Countries)
198–200, 198fig., 199fig., 206n16, 207
critique of Buddhist cosmology
199–200
mathematical works
180–181
nine-sphere universe
199fig., 201
translations of scientific works
65, 122, 173, 188, 189
Rites of Zhou (Zhouli 周禮)
267
Rizang fen 日藏分 (Sūryagarbha-parivarta)
272, 272n36, 273, 274
Roman Empire
46
Rouran 柔然
263
Ryūshinji 龍津寺 (Shizuoka 静岡)
217
Sada Kaiseki 佐田介石
223–226
Device to Represent the Equivalency of the Apparent and the Real (Shijitsu tōshōgi ki shōsetsu 視実等象儀詳説)
224fig., 225
Śākyamuni Buddha
200, 208, 225, 272–273
Samarqand school
147
Saptarṣi (Seven Sages/Northern Dipper)
270fig., 271–272, 271n32, 272n34, 274
Šāpur I, King
81, 82
Śārdūlakarṇāvadāna
47, 47–48n14, 76n11
Sargon of Akkad
22, 22n16
Sarton, George
4
Sasaki Ritsuko 佐々木律子
271
Sasanian Empire
77, 81, 82n40, 264
see also Manichaeism
Sāwajī, Saʿd al-Dīn al-
145, 145–146n26
Sawano Chūan 澤野忠庵 (Cristóvão Ferreira)
100–101, 103, 104, 107, 201
Sayce, Rev. Archibald Henry
22–24, 36
“Astronomy and Astrology of the Babylonians”
18, 26, 39
Schall von Bell, Adam
65, 66, 66n80, 122–123, 179
Schick, Jürgen
246, 249
Schreck, Johannes
65
seasons
in Japanese Buddhist texts
208, 212
in the Kālacakra system
237
in Manichaeaism
82–85, 88, 91
and solstices and equinoxes
2, 85, 89–90
Sédillot, Louis-Pierre-Eugène Amélie
4, 17–18
Sengjiu 僧就
272n36
Seven Sages (Saptarṣi/Northern Dipper)
270fig., 271–272, 271n32, 272n34, 274
shadow measurement
116, 125–126, 132–133, 133n55
Sharia law
127, 128
Shi Yao 史瑤
54–55
see also Xiuyao jing
Shinjō Shinzō 新城新蔵
36
Shirakawa Jirō 白河次郎, Shina bunmei shi 支那文明史
32–33
Shīrāzī, Nāṣir b. Haydar al-, Zīj-i nāṣirī
147
Shixian li 時憲曆 (Calendar of Timely Modeling)
65, 179
Shōgin 松吟
101, 108
Shoushi li 授時曆
65n71
Shuli jingyun 數理精蘊 (Essence of numbers and their principles)
182, 184–187
definition of the circle
187, 189–191
illustration of surveying techniques
187fig., 189n43, 192
Shumisenzu 須彌山図 (圖) (Image of Mount Sumeru)
212n33
Shunzhi 順治, Emperor
122
siddhānta astronomy
45
Silk Road
13, 91, 264, 275
see also Dunhuang
Sima Qian 司馬遷, Shiji 史記
25, 26
Sima Tan 司馬談, Tianguan shu 天官書 (Treatise on Celestial Offices)
25, 28–29
Simtokha Dzong (Bhutan) cosmological mural
249–250, 250fig.
Sino-Babylonianism
18–20
Sirius
2, 3
Sitian jian 司天監
see Director of Astronomy (Tang China)
Sitiantai 司天台
see Astronomical Bureau (China)
Śiva
270, 272, 273, 273n38
Sivin, Nathan
5, 51, 143, 143n21
Skanda-purāṇa
273n38
Smogulecki, Jan Mikołaj (Nikolaus)
66, 66n80, 133, 133n56
Tianbu zhenyuan 天步眞原 (True origin of the movement of the heavens)
66, 66n78
solar apogee, measurement of
140
solar longitude
62, 69, 140
Song Taipingxingguo sannian maoyin sui yingtian juzhu liri 宋太平興國三年戊寅歲應天具注曆日
61
Southern Dipper
269fig., 271, 272, 274
sphere
celestial
35, 49n20, 58, 80, 143, 143n20, 197, 270
doctrine of concentric spheres
50
in Manichaean cosmology
79–80, 89
nine-sphere universe
199fig., 201
planispheres
23, 36–37, 226
see also earth as sphere
stars and constellations
Babylonian
19n9, 24, 27, 30–32, 34–38
in Buddhist cosmology
200, 210, 212, 217
fixed stars
110, 126, 200
in Islamic astronomy
127, 128
in Islamic law
145, 146
Manichaean view
79–80
manzil and nakṣatra systems
33–34, 35, 266, 267, 273
Normal Stars
23, 34–35
Pole Star
272, 272n34
Sirius
2, 3
Three Stars Each texts
23, 24, 36–37, 39
twenty-eight stations
33–35, 199, 219
and zodiac signs
31–32, 37–38, 83
see also Northern Dipper; Southern Dipper; xiu; zodiac
stems and branches
29–33, 57fig.
Stimmen aus Maria-Laach
25
Strassmaier, Johann Nepomuk
23–24
Suanfa tongzong 算法統宗 (Unified lineage of mathematical methods, Cheng Dawei)
172–173, 174, 176, 180
Suanjing shishu 算經十書 (Ten mathematical classics)
182
Sudhana
207–208
sukuyōdō 宿曜道
45
Sumeru, Mount
in Christian critique
199–201
diagram of, from Defense of Buddhism
205fig.
in Dunhuang iconography
267
Entsū’s model
13, 209–217, 212n33, 213fig., 217fig.
mechanical models
217–225
orbits of sun and moon around
195, 202, 203fig., 212
universe of
196fig., 208, 225–226
see also Fumon Entsū; Kanchū; Meru, Mount
sun and moon
creation of
266
iconography at Dunhuang
270, 273, 275
in Manichaeism
83, 84, 86–87, 87n53, 89, 91
movement of, in Buddhist cosmologies
202, 203fig., 204fig., 212, 214, 214n36, 233, 237, 245
as universal features of cosmology
2
see also eclipses; moon; sun
surveying instruments
187fig., 189, 189n43, 191, 192
Sūrya
269fig., 270, 273
Sūryagarbha-parivarta (Rizang fen)
272, 272n36, 273, 274
Sutra of Four Regions of Sumeru (Xumi siyu jing)
265
Sutra of the Great Conflagration (Da loutan jing 大樓炭經)
208
Sutra on the Arising of Worlds (Qishi jing 起世經)
208
Suwen 素問 (Huangdi neijing suwen)
99, 102, 105–106, 109–110
Suwen rushi yunqi lunao 素問入式運氣論奥 (Liu Wenshu)
102, 108, 109
syncretism
257, 265–269, 268fig., 274–275
see also cosmological overlap
Tabayashi Kei 田林啓
264
Taixu 太虛
227
Tanaka Hisashige 田中久重
217–219
clockwork models of the Mount Sumeru universe
219–223, 219fig., 220fig., 221fig., 223fig., 226
Tang Shunzhi 唐順之
132
Tani Kakimori 谷垣守
110–111
Tānksūqnāma-yi īlkhān dar funūn-i ʿulūm-i khiṭāʾī (The treasure book of the Īlkhān on the Cathay arts and sciences)
157
Taoism
fate calculation
69
iconography
268, 271
Taoist-Buddhist syncretism
265–269, 275
teleological approach
4–5, 8
telescopes
108, 110, 216, 225, 226
Ten mathematical classics (Suanjing shishu)
182
Tendzin Trinlé
227
Tenmon yōkai 天文要解 (Outline of astronomy)
110
Terajima Ryōan 寺島良安, Wakan sansai zue 和漢三才圖會 (Japanese and Chinese Collected Illustrations of the Three Realms)
200
Thibaut, George
35, 36
Three-in-One philosophy
275
Three Stars Each texts
23, 24, 36–37, 39
tiangan 天干 (heavenly stems)
29
see also stems and branches
Tianjing huowen 天經或問 (You Yi)
66n76, 110n37, 111
Tianwen shiyong (Practical application of astral knowledge)
65–66, 66n76
Tibet
183
see also Mindroling monastery
Tongtian li 統天曆 (astronomical system)
67
Toshiba Corporation
226
Trāyastriṃśa heaven
241, 267
trigonometry
50, 51, 68, 143, 144, 172, 181
Triple Realm
200, 210
Trongsa Dzong (Bhutan)
abhidharma cosmos mural
251–252, 252fig.
entranceway cosmological mural
253fig., 254fig.
fire disc in abhidharma cosmos
251–252, 255
Turfan
91, 260, 266
Astana tombs
267n21
M98 (Šābuhragān)
81–85, 88–91, 88n61
Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn al-
139–141
Cathay calendar
141–142
dialogue with Fu Mengzhi
141–142, 157
Memoir on Astronomy (al-Tadhkira fī ʿilm al-hay’a)
126, 146
Taḥrīr al-majisṭī (Revision of the Almagest by Ptolemy)
145
see also Zīji īlkhānī
Tuyuhun 吐谷渾
263, 264
twelve astrological places
57fig., 58
twelve branches (dizhi)
29, 30–32, 57fig.
twenty-eight lodges (xiu)
33–38, 49, 126
two truths (satya-dvayam)
211
Tychonic system
66n80, 171–172, 178
Ulugh Bīg, Zīj-i jadīd-i sulṭānī
146, 147
Vajrayāna ideology
233, 234
van Bladel, Kevin
142n18
van der Waerden, Bartel L.
37, 38
Varāhamihira, Bṛhatsaṃhitā
48n16, 75, 82, 271–272
Vasiṣṭha
272, 272n34
Vasubandhu
Abhidharmakośa
1, 202, 203fig., 208, 232–233, 237, 249, 251
cosmology of
6–7
Venus
26, 47, 199
Venus Tablet (S.162)
23
vihāra cave structure
258
Vimalakīrti-nirdeśa-sūtra
204–206
Virgo
30, 31, 60, 60n55, 60fig., 62, 83
Viṣṇu
270, 272
Wābkanawī, Shams al-Munajjim al-, Zīj al-muḥaqqaq al-sulṭānī
147
Wan Minying 萬民英, Xingxue dacheng (Grand achievement of astral learning)
57
Wang Daiyu 王岱輿
124
Wang Qi 王圻, Sancai tuhui 三才圖會 (Collected Illustrations of the Three Realms)
200
wangyue lou 望月樓 (observing the moon minarets)
125
Weber, A., Die vedischen Nachrichten von den naxatra (Mondstationen)
33, 34, 36
Weidner, Ernst
19, 19n9, 24–25, 37, 38
Western Wei dynasty
263–264, 267
wheel of existence
230, 231, 241, 243
Winckler, Hugo
19
wind discs
235, 237, 243–247, 249, 251–252, 255
“wisdom eye” (prajñā-cakṣus)
197, 204, 207, 211
world maps
204, 206fig., 216–217, 221, 225
Wu Bozong 吴伯宗
63n66, 119, 128
Wu Erzhang 伍爾章 (Zuntao 遵韜)
133
Wu Liang 吳諒
see Ma-sha-yi-hei (Shaykh Ma)
Wu Mingxuan 吳明炫 (烜)
123
Wu Ru 伍儒
119, 124–125
Wu Xinmin 吴信民, Jiuzhang bilei 九章比類
133
Wu Yuanzhi 伍元芝
125n29
Wujing zongyao 武經總要
62
wuxing 五行 (five phases)
3
Wylie, Arthur
66n78
Xi’an stele
54
Xiaowen 孝文, Emperor, of Northern Wei
263, 268
Xincheng 新城 Tomb (Gansu)
266n21
Xingxue dacheng 星學大成 (Grand achievement of astral learning) horoscopes
58fig.
Xitian yusi jing 西天聿斯經
56, 57fig., 60, 63n67
xiu 宿 (lodges)
33–38, 49, 126
Xiuyao jing 宿曜經 (Amoghavajra)
51, 54–55, 55fig.
Xiyang xinfa lishu 西洋新法曆書 (Works on astronomy according to the new Western method)
65, 179, 180, 182
Xiyu tianwen gao 西域天文稿 (Essay on astrology in the western regions)
128
Xu Guangqi 徐光啓
and the 1629 calendar reform
122, 178–181
translations with Ricci
65, 122, 173, 177, 188, 189
Xuanhe huapu 宣和畫譜
274
Xue Fengzuo 薛鳳祚
66
Yabuuti Kiyoshi 薮内清
61
Yamauchi manuscript
110
Yang Guangxian 楊光先
123
Yang Jingfeng 楊景風
54
Yangshao 仰韶 culture
33
Yi jing 易經
207n18
yin and yang
3
Yingtian li 應天曆
61
Yixing 一行
53n31, 56n42
Yoshida Yutaka 吉田豊
264
You Yi 游藝, Tianjing huowen 天經或問
66n76, 110n37, 111
Yuan Huaguang 元華光
263n8
Yuan Huang 袁黃
132
Yuan Rong 元榮
263, 263nn6,8, 264–265, 268–269
and Cave 249
267
sutra-copying project
262, 265n16
Yuan Taiyuan 阮泰元
206n16
Yuan Tong 元統
122, 122n20, 131
Yuanhui 圓暉, Kanchū kōen kusharon juso 冠註講苑倶舎論頌疏 (commentary on Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakośa)
202
Yuanzhao 元照, Guan wuliangshou jing yishu 觀無量壽經義疏 (Commentary on the Sutra on Contemplation of Amitāyus)
206n16
Yuezang fen 月藏分 (Candragarbha-parivarta)
274
Yūhan 宥範, Kusha sekenbon nichigetsu kōdō zu shō 倶舍世間品日月行動圖解 (Illustrations of Solar and Lunar Movement as Explained in the Dhātu Chapter of the Abhidharmakośa)
202, 203fig.
yunqi 運氣 theory
11, 99, 101–104, 102n14, 107–112
see also Nanban unkiron
Yusi jing 聿斯經
56, 57, 63, 63n67
genealogy of
64fig.
see also Duliyusi jing; Xitian yusi jing
Yu 禹 the Great
192–193
Yuzhi lüli yuanyuan 御製律曆淵源 (Origins of the pitchpipes and the calendar imperially composed)
182, 184
Zarathustra
78
Zhang Yongzuo 張永祚, Tianxiang yuanwei 天象源委
66n76
Zhangguo xingzong 張果星宗
57, 59fig.
Zheng ʿAlī 鄭阿里
124
Zheng He 鄭和
67
Zhiyi 智顗, commentary on the Lotus Sutra
206n17
Zhou Shuxue 周述學
132
Zhu Danxi 朱丹溪, Gezhi yulun
107
Zhu Yuanzhang 朱元璋
119, 121, 124
Zhuyao 朱繇
274
zīj (astronomical handbooks)
139–144
and Chinese calendar
141–144, 146–148
Persian
147
practical tables vs. geometrical proofs
146–147
used for predictions
145
Zīj al-Sābī, al-
62
Zīj-i īlkhānī (Īlkhānid astronomical handbook, al-Ṭūsī)
139–141, 145–147
Cathay calendar (tārīkhi Qitā)
141–142, 144, 148, 155–156
comparison with Chongxiu daming li
155, 156
lunar anomaly in
148, 149, 150, 155–157
manuscripts of
148n36
planetary table
156
see also Kashf al-ḥaqāʾiq (al-Nīsābūrī)
Zimmern, Heinrich
19
Ziweidoushu 紫微斗數
58, 58n52
zodiac
Aries
31, 32, 62, 89, 90
Babylonian
24, 29–33, 34, 38
bicorporeal
60, 60n55
Capricorn
32, 48n15, 61, 89
Chinese names
61–62
and eclipse dragons
82
Gemini
60n55, 61–62
Greco-Indian
48, 58
Kālacakra system
237
Manichaean
79–80, 82–84, 86–87, 89–90, 91
meteorological effects
89
Pisces
31, 32, 62, 83, 149
and solar months
62
Virgo
30, 31, 60, 60n55, 60fig., 83
see also horoscopy
Zontō 存統, Sekai daisōzu 世界大相圖 (Expanded image of the world)
196fig.
Zoroastrian astral science
76, 81–82, 85, 90–91
Zoroastrians
82n40, 85
Zotti, Georg
140