Figures
1 Silvio Bedini (right), with Antonio Lenner (left), standing before his Giuseppe Campani silent night clock acquired in 1950. Photograph from the authorâs archive (1999) xvii
2 Panoramic view of Castel San Felice, SantâAnatolia di Narco, Perugia 9
3 Campani family tombstone, Church of San Felice e Mauro, Castel San Felice, SantâAnatolia di Narco, Perugia. Photo by Anatolio Egidi 11
4 The Church of San Felice e Mauro (twelfth century), Castel San Felice, SantâAnatolia di Narco, Perugia 17
5 Dwellings in Castel San Felice, SantâAnatolia di Narco, Perugia, 1950s. Authorâs archive 19
6 Map of Seventeenth-century Central Italy 22
7 View of Rome by Matthäus Merian the Elder, date estimated to be between Sixtus V urbanistic program and the Baroque redesign 28
8 Via Parione and Church of S. Tommaso. Woodcut from Giuseppe Vasi, Chiesa di S. Tommaso in Parione, Libro VI, 1756 30
9 Church of S. Tommaso in Parione, 1950s. Authorâs archive 32
10 Detail of Saint Peterâs Basilica before Madernoâs and Berniniâs interventions, from Matthäus Merian the Elder, View of Rome 35
11ab Gaspare Morone Mola the Younger, Recto: bust of Pope Alexander VII. Verso: view of Piazza San Pietro with Berniniâs colonnade. Silver medal (gr. 113,86, diam. 72 mm), 1657, private collection 44
12 Night clock by Giuseppe Campani (1665) with an eight-pointed star pendulum bob. Private collection 45
13 Portrait of Queen Christina of Sweden (1644â1654) by David Beck (?), oil on copper (w 173 mm, h 230 mm), The Royal Armoury, Stockholm 49
14 Jacomo Molinari, Disegno dellâIsola e degli altri luoghi di Roma serviti in occasione di peste lâanno MDCLVI. Detail of the Tiberine Island from the plate depicting the public health operations during the 1656 outbreak of plague in Rome 54
15 The Collegio Romano. Eighteenth-century French woodcut 57
16 Mechanism of the âHorologi con una sola ruotaâ. From Horologio dâacqua: inventione dell Ecc.mo Sigr. Attilio Parisio dated from Treviso February 18, 1626. Private collection 71
17 Detail of the lucern, Pietro Tommaso Campani, night clock (1682). Courtesy of Cambi Aste 73
18 Detail of the mounted lucern with chimney, Pietro Tommaso Campani, night clock (1682). Courtesy of Cambi Aste 74
19 Night clock by Pietro Tommaso Campani (1682). Courtesy of Cambi Aste 81
20 Papal privilege for the invention of the silent clock granted on April 11, 1657 to Pier Tommaso and Giuseppe Campani. Privately owned 89
21 Cornelius Drebbelâs perpetual motion device. Print by Hiesserle von Choda (1557â1665) 103
22 Drawing from Adam A. Kochanski, âA New Kind of Pendulum for Watches,â Acta eruditorum, 1685 107
23 Portrait of Eustachio Divini. Anonymous, San Severino Marche, Palazzo Comunale 113
24 Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz (1606â1682). Seventeenth Century. Anonymous engraving 117
25 Cardinal Caramuelâs Epistola, drum shaped mercury motor for a silent clock. Photograph from the authorâs archive 134
26 Image of Athanasius Kircherâs museum, or âcabinet of wonderâ. Giorgio de Sepibus, Romani Collegii Societatus Jesu Musaeum celeberrimum ⦠Amsterdam 1678 138
27 Portrait of Athanasius Kircher at the age of 53, Engraving by Cornelis Bloemaert II, (1655) 139
28 Iudicium doctissimorum virorum artiumque peritissimorum ⦠Romae 1658 144
29 Portrait of Cardinal Leopoldo deâ Medici. Engraving by Adriano Haluech, (post 1667) 153
30 Eschinardiâs hexagonal and pentagonal dial-works, Appendix ad Exodium de tympano, Bononae (1648) 158
31 Dialwork of Giuseppe Campaniâs night-clock showing linked disks on a decagonal block (post 1659). Private collection 158
32 Diagram illustrating the two systems behind the dial: on the left the epicycloidal disks. On the right the linked disks on a decagonal block. From La Voce di Hora, n. 8, 2000 159
33 Silent night clock by Giuseppe Campani, made under Chigi patronage (post 1659). Painted dial with the martyrdom of Saint Catherine (unknown artist). Authorâs collection 159
34 Detail of the clock illustrated in the previous figure: movement and epicycloidal disks with Roman numerals behind the dial. Giuseppe Campani, (post 1659) 160
35 Detail of the epicycloidal disks with Arabic numerals as appear once the movement is removed. Giuseppe Campani, (post 1659), private collection 160
36 Description of Eschinardiâs water-clock. Horologium Hydraulicum, in Microcosmi physicomathematici (1658) 161
37 Cylinder of Eschinardiâs water-clock, Appendix ad Exodium de tympano (1648) 163
38 Cylinder of Eschinardiâs water-clock Horologium Hydraulicum, in Microcosmi physicomathematici (1657) 163
39 Mechanism of Eschinardiâs water-clock, Appendix ad Exodium de tympano, (1648) 164
40 Case of Eschinardiâs water-clock, Appendix ad Exodium de tympano, (1648) 164
41 Title page of Giuseppe Campaniâs Discorso di Giuseppe Campani intorno aâ suoi muti oriuoli ⦠Roma 1660 166
42 Title page of Pier Tommaso Campaniâs Lettera di Pier Tommaso Campani, ad vn suo amico ⦠Roma 1660 166
43 Reconstruction of Galileoâs pendulum-clock by Eustachio Porcellotti. Courtesy of the Museo Galileo, Florence, Photo by Franca Principe (Inv. 3450) 170
44 Pen-and-ink drawing showing the âfront view of a clock in the Roman style that indicates only the hours, quarters, and minutes.â Italian manuscript, second half of the 17th century. Authorâs collection 171
45 Pen-and-ink drawing of the Roman-style clockâs dial with a semicircular opening. Italian manuscript, second half of the 17th century. Authorâs collection 171
46 Pen-and-ink drawing of the Roman-style clockâs large revolving dial with its two openings. Italian manuscript, second half of the 17th century. Authorâs collection 172
47 Pen-and-ink drawing showing the inverted crown-wheel and a verge-regulated pendulum of a âRoman-style clockâ. Italian manuscript, second half of the 17th century. Authorâs collection 172
48 Unusual, unsigned night clock (not silent). Painted dial depicting Time/ Kronos and the Parcae (unknown painter of the Seventeenth Century). Authorâs collection 175
49 Silent night clock by Giuseppe Campani, (1687) (70 Ã 45 Ã 23 cm). Painted dial by Francesco Trevisani (Jacobâs Ladder), oil on copper. Private collection 180
50 Detail of the signed movement: âJoseph Campanus inventor Romaeâ (1687) 181
51 Detail of the dial side with the front view of the crank-lever escapement, Giuseppe Campani silent night clock illustrated in Figure 12 (1665). Picture from authorâs archive 181
52 Side view of the crank-lever escapement, Giuseppe Campani silent night clock (1665). Picture from authorâs archive 182
53 The action of the crank-lever escapement with removed escape-wheel bridge, Giuseppe Campani silent night clock (1665). Picture from authorâs archive 182
54 Silent night clock by Pier Tommaso Campani (1685), Painted dial by Filippo Lauro (The Angel appears to Hagar and Ishmael), oil on copper. Private collection 183
55 Detail of the clock from figure 54: Pier Tommaso signed movement with hour and quarter striking mechanism (1685) 184
56 Detail of the dial side of Pier Tommaso movement with his crank-lever escapement (in this picture the pendulumâs rod and bob were removed) and hour and quarter striking mechanism (1685) 184
57 Papal privilege for the invention of the silent clock granted on August 30, 1659 to Giuseppe Campani. Private collection 187
58 Portrait of Grand Duke Ferdinand II deâ Medici by Adriano Haluech. Engraving (1660s) 191
59 Giuseppe Campani silent night clock (1659). Painted dial, Allegory of Time (unknown artist). Salón Azul of the Embassy of Spain to the Holy See, Courtesy of the Museo Nacional del Prado. Photo from the authorâs archive 196
60 Movement, Silent night clock. Embassy of Spain to the Holy See, Courtesy of the Museo Nacional del Prado. Photo from the authorâs archive 196
61 Silent night clock by Pier Tommaso Campani (1681). Private collection 208
62 Detail of the signed movement (Petrus Thomas invenen[t]o[r] Romae 1681) with striking mechanism 208
63 Silent night clock by Giuseppe Campani, (post 1659). Private collection 209
64 Detail of the signed movement (Joseph Campanus inventor Romae) with striking mechanism. In this picture, the pendulumâs rod and bob were removed 209
65 Silent night clock by Pier Tommaso Campani, (1670). Painted dial by Crescenzio Onofri (Allegory of Time), oil on copper. Private collectionâex Pope Pius VIâs collection, ex Counts Visconti di Modroneâs collection 210
66 Detail of the signed movement: âPetrus Thomas Campanus Inventor Romae Intrestiberim 1670â 210
67 Silent night clock by Giuseppe Campani. Private collection 211
68 Silent night clock by Pier Tommaso Campani, (1666). Painted dial by Giacinto Giminiani (Time/Kronos between Kairos and Phanes), oil on copper. Private collection 212
69 Movement of an unsigned night clock (last third of the Seventeenth Century). It is inscribed Fatto in Gallerie De S[ua] A[ltezza] S[erenissima] Fiorenza. Private collection 213
70 Silent night clock by Pier Tommaso Campani (1664). Ex Time Museum 222
71 Detail of the movement with signature and date: âPetrus Thomas Campanus Inventor Romae in via Julia ad Ponte Sixtu 1664â 223
72 Silent night clock by Giuseppe Campani (1659). Grünes Gewölbe, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Photo: Bildarchiv Grünes Gewölbe 224
73 Allegorical figure of Wisdom (Circle of Gian Lorenzo Bernini?). Grünes Gewölbe, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Photo: Bildarchiv Grünes Gewölbe 225
74 Allegorical figure of Chronos (Circle of Gian Lorenzo Bernini?). Grünes Gewölbe, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Photo: Bildarchiv Grünes Gewölbe 225
75 Allegorical figure of Justice (Circle of Gian Lorenzo Bernini?). Grünes Gewölbe, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Photo: Bildarchiv Grünes Gewölbe 226
76 Giuseppe Campani, non-silent night clock made for the Medici court. Ebonized pearlwood, gilt bronze, and painted copper of unknown artist (54 Ã 34 Ã 11 cm). Private collectionâex Mosca Lamberti collection 228
77 Movement of Giuseppe Campani non-silent night clock signed âGiuseppe Campani in Romaâ. Private collectionâex Mosca Lamberti collection 229
78 Detail of the movement seen from below with the pendulumâs rod attached to the verge. Private collectionâex Mosca Lamberti collection 229
79a Römischer Prünckschrank, Giacomo Erman, cabinet (1668) and Pier Tommaso Campani, night clock (1663), with paintings by Francesco Legerino, and possibly Carlo Maratta, Guglielmo Cortese, and Pietro del Poâ. KK 3395, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna (KHM-Museumsverband) 232
79b Detail of Pier Tommasoâs clock (1663) from Figure 79a 233
80 Portrait of Pope Clemens IX (1669) by Carlo Maratta. Oil on canvas (cm 145 Ã 116). Musei Vaticani (Inv. 40460). Wikicommons 236
81 Privilege for invention granted to Pier Tommaso Campani by Pope Clemens IX for clock with automata (1668). Privately owned 237
82 Lens-grinding lathe by Ippolito Francini il Tordo, from Lâocchiale allâocchio. Dioptrica pratica del co. Carlo Antonio Manzini, 1660, p. 162 259
83 Portrait of Eustachio Divini as the best dioptrical-instruments maker of the time, from Lâocchiale allâocchio. Dioptrica pratica del co. Carlo Antonio Manzini, 1660 261
84 Lens-grinding lathe operated âin the airâ, from Lâocchiale allâocchio. Dioptrica pratica del co. Carlo Antonio Manzini, 1660, p. 158 263
85 Simplified version of one of Maignanâs lens-grinding lathes, from Lâocchiale allâocchio. Dioptrica pratica del co. Carlo Antonio Manzini, 1660, p. 223 266
86 Giuseppe Campani illustration of Saturn as seen at 1:00 in the morning in October 1663, from Ragguaglio di due nuoue osseruazioni (1664) 287
87 A vendor of Murano glass, engraving by Gaetano Zompini from Arti che vanno per via nella città di Venezia (1746â1754) 312
88 Model of Saturn prepared at the Accademia del Cimento in 1660. MS Gal. 289, fol. 82r, courtesy of the BNCF 317
89 âIl gran cannocchiale astronomico allâultima modaâ (the fashionable great telescope). Anonymous, Seventeenth Century woodcut. Courtesy of BUB 331
90 Test sheet of the first type with lines from traditional literature. Printed by the Accademia del Cimento with the results of the test held in Florence, written by Lorenzo Magalotti in pen. Ms. N. A. 1284, cc. 9v, 12r, courtesy of the BNCF 336
91 Other test sheet (first type with lines from traditional literature) printed by the Accademia del Cimento with annotations of the results of the test held in Florence. Ms. N. A. 1284, courtesy of the BNCF 336
92 First sample of the final test sheet printed by the Accademia del Cimento with annotations of the results of the test held in Florence. Ms. N. A. 1284, cc. 23v, 26r courtesy of the BNCF 337
93 Second sample of the final test sheet printed by the Accademia del Cimento with annotations of the results of the test held in Florence. Ms. N. A. 1284, cc. 24v, 25r, courtesy of the BNCF 337
94 Letter from Paolo Falconieri to Lorenzo Magalotti with the results of the test held in Rome between Diviniâs and Campaniâs telescopes (nd). MS Gal. 284, c. 163r, courtesy of the BNCF 341
95 Giuseppe Campaniâs terrestrial telescope of eight draw tubes, one of leather and the others of cardboard (1664). Courtesy of the Museo Galileo, Florence, Photo by Franca Principe, Inv. 2551 353
96 Vincenzo Viviani, Rate of the Prices for Telescopes (1665â66). MS Gal. 243, c. 50r, courtesy of the BNCF 359
97 Portrait of Cardinal Gian Carlo deâ Medici by Adriano Haluech. Engraving (1660s) 363
98 Title page of Matteo Campaniâs Nova experimenta physico-mechanica (1666) 373
99 Plate of the experiments from Matteo Campaniâs Nova experimenta physico-mechanica (1666) 375
100 Title page of Matteo Campaniâs, Lâoriolo giusto di Antimo Tempera (1668). Courtesy of the Museo Galileo, Florence, Photo by Franca Principe 403
101 Plate illustrating nautical clock within a vacuum by Matteo Campani. From LâOriuolo Giusto di Antimo Tempera Utilissimo à Naviganti. Roma, per Michele Ercole, 1668. Courtesy of the Museo Galileo, Florence, Photo by Franca Principe 412
102 Title page of Matteo Campaniâs Horologium solo naturae motu (1677) 466
103 Plate of Matteo Campaniâs Horologium solo naturae motu, atque ingenio, dimetiens, et numerans momenta temporis, constantissime aequalia. Accedit circinus sphaericus pro lentibus telescopiorum tornandis, et poliendis, Amsterdami (1678, p. 40) 468
104 Wooden sculpture by Johannes-Jacobus Reyff (attr.) and silent night clock by Giuseppe Campani (1670). Del Vecchio Collection 478
105 The movement with the signature âJoseph Campanus inventor Romaeâ (1670) 479
106 Detail of the pierced upper calotta made double to enable the heat and smoke to escape 479
107 Illustration of the magic lantern. Athanasius Kircher in Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae (second edition: 1671) 484
108 Magic lantern-clock by Giuseppe Campani, Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel, Astronomisch-Physikalisches Kabinett (APK U 42) 484
109 Projector Night Clock in the Bedroom of King Louis XIV, Giovanni Augusto Corvino (drawing) and Johann Jakob Schübler (engraving). In Jeremias Wolff, Synopsis Architecturae Civilis Eclecticae (1724) 490
110 Papal letter patent (September 7, 1669âprinted on the 14th) 495
111 Projector clock by Giuseppe Campani. Courtesy of the Museo âGiannettino Luxoroâ, Genova Nervi 496
112 Projector clock by Giuseppe Campani. Most probably made for Cardinal Flavio Chigi around 1670. Private collectionâex Bedini collection 497
113 Projector clock by Giuseppe Campani (1669). Detail of the signed movement geared to the painted lens of the hours (inserted in a metal geared frame) overlapping the glass with the painted pointer in the shape of the Chigi eight-pointed star. Private collectionâex Bedini collection 498
114 Projector clock by Giuseppe Campani (1669) 499
115 Method for knowing the time at night directing a beam of light on a clock dial situated on the face of a public building, from Mario Bettini, Apiaria (1641) 508
116 Night clock by Giuseppe Campani, Floreria Apostolica Vaticana, Città del Vaticano. Photograph from the authorâs archive 510
117 Opened night clock by Giuseppe Campani. Floreria Apostolica Vaticana, Città del Vaticano. Photograph from the authorâs archive 510
118 Detail of the movement with the painted disk. Giuseppe Campani, night clock. Floreria Apostolica Vaticana, Città del Vaticano. Photograph from the authorâs archive 511
119 Copper painted disk with scenes from the Passion of Christ and hours. Giuseppe Campani, night clock. Floreria Apostolica Vaticana, Città del Vaticano. Photograph from the authorâs archive 511
120 Detail of the twentieth hour with the Christ crucifixion and the Latin caption âVerbaâDerelictionisâ. Giuseppe Campani, night clock. Floreria Apostolica Vaticana, Città del Vaticano. Photograph from the authorâs archive 512
121 Glass-painted disk with scenes from the Passion of Christ and hours. Giuseppe Campani, night clock. Floreria Apostolica Vaticana, Città del Vaticano. Photograph from the authorâs archive 512
122 âDe scmicroscopio parastatico.â Athanasius Kircher, Ars Magna lucis et umbrae (1646) page 770 513
123 Johann Philipp Treffler, projector day-and-night clock produced for the Landgrave Karl of Kassel (ca. 1677). Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel, Astronomisch-Physikalisches Kabinett (APK U 67) 514
124 Projector clock by Vincenzo Roffeni (last quarter of the Seventeenth Century). Private collection 518
125 Movement of the projector clock by Vincenzo Roffeni (last quarter of the Seventeenth Century). Private collection 518
126 Unsigned night clock (not silent) perhaps the wedding gift sent by Grand Duke Ferdinand II to the English queen, Catherine of Braganza. Painted dial depicting Time/Kronos and the Parcae, by Filippo Lauri. Private collection. Photograph from the authorâs archive 524
127 Iconismus xxv illustrating a rolling ball clock, from Schott, Technica curiosa, 1664 531
128 Rolling ball clock in Grollier de Serviere, Recuil dâouvrags curieux de mathématique et de mécanique ⦠Lyon 1719, Bibliothèque de lâInstitut national dâhistoire de lâart, Paris 541
129 Rolling ball clock by Giuseppe Campani. Courtesy of the Museo Galileo, Florence, Photo by Franca Principe 544
130 Rolling ball clock by Giuseppe Campani seen from above. Courtesy of the Museo Galileo, Florence 545
131 Movement of the rolling ball clock by Giuseppe Campani. Courtesy of the Museo Galileo, Florence 545
132 Rolling ball clock by Giuseppe Campani as it appeared before World War II. Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel, Astronomisch-Physikalisches Kabinett (APK U 66) 550
133 Side view of the surviving movement of the rolling ball clock by Giuseppe Campani. Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel, Astronomisch-Physikalisches Kabinett (APK U 66) 551
134 Frontal view of the surviving movement of the rolling ball clock by Giuseppe Campani. Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel, Astronomisch-Physikalisches Kabinett (APK U 66) 551
135 Drawing illustrating the motion of the rolling ball clock from Kassel. Authorâs archive 552
136 Francesco Eschinardi, rolling ball clock, from the Raguagli del padre Francesco Eschinardi della Compagnia di Giesuâ dati ad vnâamico in Parigi (1680), Tav V fig. 24 553
137 Portrait of Cardinal Flavio Chigi, Giovanni Maria Morandi (drawing), Giuseppe Maria Testana (engraving) and Giovanni Giacomo deâ Rossi (printer), (1658â1676) 556
138 Eustachio Divini (1610â1685) Map of the Moon, 1649 (late 19th century reprint from original copper plate). Courtesy of the Biblioteca Comunale âF. Ciniâ, Osimo 563
139 Octagonal section telescope made by Divini for the Grand Duke in 1664. âEustachio Divini in Roma Palmi 12â. Courtesy of the Museo Galileo, Florence, Photo by Franca Principe, Inv. 2553 565
140 Biconvex lens that is mounted in a cardboard ring with a diameter of about 55 mm. âEustachio Divini in Roma 1665 acuto per bracci 4â. Courtesy of the Museo Galileo, Florence, Photo by Franca Principe, Inv. 2573 567
141 Biconvex lens with a diameter of about 55 mm, exposed diameter of 29 mm, and polished concave section of 25 mm. The cardboard holder containing it is inscribed âEustachio Divini in Roma 1666 Acuto per Palmi 26â. Courtesy of the Museo Galileo, Florence, Photo by Franca Principe, Inv. 2574 567
142 Detail of the sketch of a reflecting telescope from the letter from Giuseppe Camapani to either the Grand Duke or Prince Leopold on September 6, 1664. Gal. vol. 283, c. 163r, courtesy of the BNCF 569
143 Detail of written instructions on how to draw the tubes. Giuseppe Campani, terrestrial telescope of eight draw tubes (1664). Courtesy of the Museo Galileo, Florence, Photo by Franca Principe, Inv. 2551 575
144 Biconvex objective lens belonging to the terrestrial telescope inv. 3185, âFerdinando II. Serenissimo Magno Etrurie Duci. Joseph Campani faciebat Romae anno 1665â. Courtesy of the Museo Galileo, Florence, Photo by Franca Principe, Inv. 2587 576
145 Giuseppe Campaniâs large 10 tubes terrestrial telescope (12 m) made of wood covered with cardboard (1665). Courtesy of the Museo Galileo, Florence, Photo by Franca Principe, Inv. 3185 577
146 Representation of the apparent motion of the Sun, Mercury, and Venus from the earth. James Ferguson (1710â1776). Based on similar diagrams by Gian Domenico Cassini (1625â1712) and Dr Roger Long (1680â1770); engraved for the Encyclopaedia by Andrew Bell. Encyclopaedia Britannica (1st Edition, 1771; facsimile reprint 1971), Volume 1, Fig. 2 of Plate XL facing page 449 584
147 Giuseppe Campani, Pamphlet in which he annunces Cassiniâs discovery of the shadows of Juiterâs satellites (1664) 590
148 Giuseppe Campani, table from the Lettera di Giuseppe Campani intorno allâombre delle stelle Medicee nel volto di Giove, ed altri nuovi fenomeni celesti scoperti coâ suoi occhiali. Rome: Fabio de Falco, 1665 593
149 Gian Domenico Cassini, first table from Martis circa axem proprium revolubilis observationes (1666). Central caption notes that the observations were made with a Giuseppe Campaniâs telescope. Courtesy of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München 594
150 Gian Domenico Cassini, second table from Martis circa axem proprium revolubilis observationes (1666). Central caption notes that the observations were made with a Giuseppe Campaniâs telescope. Courtesy of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München 595
151 Giuseppe Campani, Telescope (170 centimeters when closed, 1660s). Courtesy of the Osservatorio Astronomico di Monte Mario, Museo Copernicano, Rome 605
152 Detail of the ocular with its 3 lenses erector. Courtesy of the Osservatorio Astronomico di Monte Mario, Museo Copernicano, Rome 605
153 Detail of the objective lens (ø 53 millimeters). Courtesy of the Osservatorio Astronomico di Monte Mario, Museo Copernicano, Rome 605
154 Portrait of Gian Domenico Cassini with the Parisian Observatoire on the background. N. Dupuis, after painting by Baubrun (Paris, eighteenth century). Courtesy Hope Portraits Collection, Oxford 610
155 Bust of Louis XIV by Gian Lorenzo Berini (1665). Salon de Diane, Château de Versailles 612
156 Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1655) by Philippe de Champaigne. Oil on canvas. Courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 614
157 The visit of King Louis XIV of France to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris in 1671. The building on the hill outside the window is the Paris Observatory, completed in 1671. Engraving by Sebastien Leclerc I (1670s) 617
158 Paris Observatory, second half of the Seventeenth Century. Courtesy of the New York Public Library / Science Source 619
159 Cassini IVâs reprint (1787) of Gian Domenico Cassiniâs Large Map of the Moon (1679). Utrecht University Library, Kaart: Moll Astronomicae 79 [56] 622
160 Recto of commemorative Medal âSaturni satellites primum cognitiâ (1686). Private collection 624
161 Verso of commemorative Medal âSaturni satellites primum cognitiâ (1686). Private collection 624
162 Gilles-François de Gottigniesâs long focal-length telescope from Francesco Bianchiniâs Hesperi et Phosphori Nova Phaenomena, Table VII (1728) 632
163 Johannes Hevelius, aerial telescope, fig. AA from Machinae coelestis, (1673) 635
164 Detail of Tab. XIII, Christiani Hugenii Astroscopia compendiaria Tubi optici molimine liberata (Christian Huygensâ tubeless telescope), in âActa Eruditorumâ, December 1684 636
165 lâObservatoire de Paris with the tower of Marly used for tube-less telescopes. At the centre of the picture, a Campaniâs aerial telescope. From C. Wolf (1827â1918)âWolf, Charles J.E. Histoire de lâObservatoire de Paris ⦠(1902) 637
166 Giuseppe Campani, lens for the Observatoire of Paris signed and dated: âGiuseppe Campani in Roma 1672â. Photo from the authorâs archive 642
167 Some of the large lenses by Giuseppe Campani held in the Museo della Specola of Bologna. To be noted on the far left is the broken lens (signed âGiuseppe Campani in Roma anno 1683 palmi 205â) produced for Colbert. Courtesy of the Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Sistema Museale di Ateneo, Museo della Specola 643
168 Giuseppe Campani, 130 palms lens produced for Colbert in 1683. Courtesy of the Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Sistema Museale di Ateneo, Museo della Specola 643
169 Diviniâs four-tube microscope (1672). Courtesy of the Museo di Storia della Fisica, Università di Padova 646
170 Detail of plate XXV in Gaspar Schott, Magia universalis naturae et artis, vol. 1 650
171 Portrait of Marcello Malpighi, by Carlo Cignani, Seventeenth Century, oil on canvas. Courtesy of the Accademia di Belle Arti, Accademia Celmentina, Bologna 651
172 Istruzione delle due sorti di Microscopi tortoniani nuovamente inventati (Roma: Gio. Giacomo Komarek, 1687) 659
173 Sliding-tube microscope by Giuseppe Campani, (ca. 1675), Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel, Astronomisch-Physikalisches Kabinett (APK F 208) 661
174 Similar sliding-tube microscope by Giuseppe Campani disassembled. Photo from the authorâs archive, Christieâs sale 661
175 Giuseppe Campani, compound microscope, wood, brass and cardboard, max. h 28 cm, diameter 6,7 cm (1675â1700), signed âG.C.â on the ring of the tripod. It contains three lenses: objective, field and ocular. Private collection 662
176 Giuseppe Campani [attr.], compound microscope (third quarter of the seventeenth century), Courtesy of the Museo Galileo, Florence, Photo by Franca Principe, inv. 3429 662
177 Detail of the field lens of the compound microscope attributed to Giuseppe Campani, Courtesy of the Museo Galileo, Florence, Photo by Franca Principe, inv. 3429 663
178 Drawing of the method of using the sliding-tube microscope (seventeenth century), Anonymous. Archivio Famigliare Chigiano, (Ms n. 373, vol. E, VI 205), Courtesy of the Archivio Apostolico Vaticano, Città del Vaticano 664
179 Method of using the sliding-tube microscope (seventeenth century), Anonymous. Archivio Famigliare Chigiano (Ms n. 373, vol. E, VI 205). Courtesy of the Archivio Apostolico Vaticano, Città del Vaticano 665
180 Single-lens microscope made and signed by Giuseppe Campani. Courtesy of the Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Sistema Museale di Ateneo, Museo di Fisica 668
181 Carlo di Napoli, Table from Nuove inventioni di tubi ottici (1686). Photo from the authorâs archive. Note a fine blue line by Bedini framing Campaniâs microscope (Fig. 8) 674
182 Novum Microscopium D[omi]n[i] Josephi Campani, eiusque usus, in Acta Eruditorum 1686 680
183 Screw-barrel microscope by Giuseppe Campani (ca. 1700). Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel, Astronomisch-Physikalisches Kabinett (APK F 21) 681
184 Screw-barrel microscope by Giuseppe Campani (ca. 1700). Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel, Astronomisch-Physikalisches Kabinett (APK F 228) 681
185 Screw-barrel microscope by Giuseppe Campani (1696). Destroyed in an air raid during the bombing in World War II. Courtesy of the Mathematisch-Physikalischer Salon, Staatlichen Kunstsammlungen Dresden 682
186 Screw-barrel microscope by Giuseppe Campaniâdismounted. Photo from the authorâs archive 682
187 Screw-barrel vase-shaped body microscope. Photo from the authorâs archive 684
188 Screw-barrel vase-shaped body microscopeâdismounted. Photo from the authorâs archive 684
189 Methods of holding an object for a microscope, from Filippo Buonanni, Micrographia curiosa (1691), 26 686
190 Horizontal setting for microscope, from Filippo Buonanni, Micrographia curiosa (1691), 28 686
191 Monsignor Bianchini, double meridian in Santa Maria degli Angeli, from His accessit enarratio per Epistolam ad Amicum de nummo et gnomone Clementino, auctore Francisco Blanchino Veronensi (1702) 712
192 Di Napoli, Table 1 from Nuove inventioni di tubi ottici: dimostrate nellâAccademia fisicomatematica romana lâanno 1686 717
193 Di Napoli, Table 2 from Nuove inventioni di tubi ottici: dimostrate nellâAccademia fisicomatematica romana lâanno 1686 717
194 Two aerial telescopes by Giuseppe Campani. Francesco Bianchiniâs Hesperi et Phosphori Nova Phaenomena, Table VIII (1728) 720
195 Portrait, Luigi Ferdinando Marsili, anonymous artist of the Eighteenth Century, oil on canvas (75Ã100 cm). Courtesy of the BUB 726
196 Schenographia Machiane quae Clemente XI Pont Max ⦠by Arnold Van Westerhout, (1725), Etching on paper (21 1/2 à 44 inches). Tab. XXXI. Privately owned 736
197 Drawing from the illustration of Giuseppe Campaniâs trochlea in the Acta eruditorum (1707) 740
198 Giuseppe Campani, printed price list for his optical instruments. Klaute, Diarium Italicum, p. 129 747
199 Photograph taken in c. 1990 of the long telescope made by Campani and purchased by the Landgrave Karl of Hesse on his tour of Italy. Mackensen, Naturwissenschaftlich-technische Sammlung, 76 748
200 Octagonal telescope by Giuseppe Camapani (when closed: 1.70 m, with a diameter of 12 cm). Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel, Astronomisch- Physikalisches Kabinett (APK F 184) 748
201 Giuseppe Camapani, objective lens for aerial telescope: âGuiseppe Campani in Roma anno 1684 Palmi 145â. Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel, Astronomisch-Physikalisches Kabinett (APK F 184) 752
202 Caricature of Monsignor Bianchini mounting a long telescope, Pier Leone Ghezzi (1729) 757
203 Piazza alle Quattro Fontane (with a fountain in each of the four corners) and the Church of San Carlino by Felice Borromini. Engraving (Seventeenth Century) 760
204 Palazzo Poggi, site of the Accedemia delle Scienze dellâIstituto di Bologna. (Eighteenth Century Engraving from the cover of De Bononiensi scientiarum et artium Instituto atque Academia) 762
205 Pierre Subleyras, Official Portrait of Benedict XIV (ca. 1740) Musée Conde, Chantilly. Wikicommons 765
206 Metal molds for fashioning lenses by Giuseppe Campani. Courtesy of the Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Museo di Fisica, Sistema Museale di Ateneo 770
207 Giuseppe Campani, metal molds for fashioning lenses. Courtesy of the Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Museo di Fisica, Sistema Museale di Ateneo 770
208 Giuseppe Campani, metal molds for fashioning lenses. Courtesy of the Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Museo di Fisica, Sistema Museale di Ateneo 771
209 Giuseppe Campani, metal molds for fashioning lenses. Courtesy of the Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Museo di Fisica, Sistema Museale di Ateneo 771
210 Giuseppe Campani, metal mold for fashioning lenses. Courtesy of the Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Museo di Fisica, Sistema Museale di Ateneo 772
211 Giuseppe Campani, metal molds for fashioning lenses. Courtesy of the Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Museo di Fisica, Sistema Museale di Ateneo 772
212 Giuseppe Campani, metal molds for fashioning lenses. Courtesy of the Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Museo di Fisica, Sistema Museale di Ateneo 773
213 Giuseppe Campani, metal molds for fashioning lenses. Courtesy of the Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Museo di Fisica, Sistema Museale di Ateneo 773
214 Giuseppe Campani, metal tools for fashioning lenses and microscope. Courtesy of the Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Museo di Fisica, Sistema Museale di Ateneo 774
215 Giuseppe Campani, bunch of metal rulers for fashioning lenses. Courtesy of the Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Museo di Fisica, Sistema Museale di Ateneo 774
216 Engraving illustrating Giuseppe Campaniâs lathe for fashioning molds. Fougeroux de Bondaroy, (Mémoires de lâAcadémie Royale des Sciences, 1764) 777
217a Giuseppe Bruni (attr.), Giuseppe Campaniâs lathe, engraving, ca. 1771 (table I). BUB Ms.4151/5-b. Courtesy of the BUB 782
217b Giuseppe Bruni (attr.), engraving depicting his own lathe, ca. 1771 (table II). BUB Ms.4151/5-b. Courtesy of the BUB 783
218 Sebastiano Canterzani, âDe machinis duabus ad metallicas formas, quibus vitreae lentes conficiuntur, construendas inventisâ, De Bononiensi Scientiarum et Artium Instituto atque Academia Commentarii 6 (1783) 784
219 Octagonal telescope by Giuseppe Campani, (1682). Courtesy of the Museo-dellâOttica-Luxottica, Agordo, Belluno 797
Table
1 Rate of the prices for telescopes 357