Abd al-Malik
28 –30 , 503 –507 , 513 , 519 , 523 , 531 –532 , 534
Abbasids
33 , 35 , 37 , 40 –42 , 78 , 97 , 455 , 457 , 528 –529
see also
Al-Mahdi
;
Al-Ma’mun
;
Al-Mu’tasim
;
Al-Mutawakkil
;
Harun al-Rashid
acheiropoieta
see
icons: acheiropoieta
Acts of John
115 , 136
Adoptionism
555 , 559
Adversus Constantinum Caballinum (Against Constantine the Horseshit/Horseman)
240 –242 , 244n55 , 249n74 , 383 –384 , 467 –470 , 477
Africa, North
21 , 27 , 29 , 33 , 40 , 541 , 563
Agapios
202 –205 , 223 , 340
Agathias
154 , 158 –159 , 168 –169
Akroinon, battle of
33 , 350
Alcuin
552 –553
Alexandria
165
see also
Egypt
;
patriarch of Alexandria
Al-Mahdi
528
Al-Ma’mun
41
Al-Mu’tasim
41
Al-Mutawakkil
532
altars
12 , 44 , 53 , 92 , 104 , 115 , 118 –119 , 173 , 223 , 354 , 362 , 387 , 478 , 500 , 568 –569
see also
churches
;
Cult of Relics
;
the Eucharist
Al-Walid i
505 , 507
Al-Walid ii
529 , 531
Amorion
41 , 80 , 369 , 392
Anastasios, patriarch
334 , 339 , 341 , 345 , 356
Anastasius i
337 , 345n89
Anastasius ii
30
Anastasius Bibliothecarius
206 , 209 , 212 , 376 –377
Anastasius of Sinai
273 , 459 , 474 –475 , 479 , 529
Anatolia
5 , 27 , 35 , 40 , 148 , 166 , 185 , 187 , 351 , 368 , 373
Andrew Kalybites
357 , 359 , 485
Angilbert
552 , 554 , 560
Anna, daughter of Leo iii
31
Antioch
139 , 157
see also
patriarch of Antioch
;
Syria
Antonius, patriarch of Grado
99 , 544 , 546 –547
Anthony of Sylaion
379n52 , 386
Arabs and the Conquests
8 –10 , 14 , 26 –33 , 72 –75 , 149 , 156 , 206 , 235 , 326 , 329 , 338 , 340 –344 , 347 –350 , 412 , 472 , 537
warfare with Byzantium post 740
35 –38 , 40 –42 , 75 , 78 , 80 , 351 , 363 , 368 –369 , 392
see also
Muslims and Islam
Aristotle
48 , 104 , 122 , 435
use by iconophiles
11 , 14 , 88 –89 , 425 , 431 , 433 , 444 –447
Armenia
8 , 28 , 94 , 211
Army
21 , 23 –24 , 27 , 29 –33 , 35 , 39 , 490
Anatolikon
31 , 33 , 41 , 369 , 385 –386
Armeniakon
31 , 368
Opsikion
30 , 35 , 77 –78 , 343 , 351 , 368
Tagmata
35 , 38 , 77 –78 , 351 , 364 , 378
Thrakesian
362 , 487
See also
iconoclasts: in army
;
kastra and fortifications
Arnobius
122 , 138
Arsaber
198
Artabasdos
31 , 33 , 342 –343 , 351 , 356
asceticism
see
monks and monasticism
Asia Minor
see
Anatolia
Augustine of Hippo
140 –141 , 541 , 570
Avars
23 –24 , 145
Balkans
23 , 28 , 36 , 38 –41 , 76 , 370
see also
Avars
;
Bulgars
;
Greece
;
Slavs
;
Thessalonica
Basil i
237 , 372 , 562 , 564
Basil of Caesarea
52 , 81 , 85 , 139 –140 , 405 , 410 , 415 –417 , 420 , 422 –423 , 479 , 541 , 565
Bede
99 , 335 , 538 , 545 , 565 –566
Berbers
33
bishops
4 , 14 , 17 –19 , 21 –22 , 52 , 56 , 59 , 65 , 73 , 77 –79 , 86 , 130 , 138 –139 , 143 , 149 –151 , 154 , 163 –170 , 185 –187 , 230 , 233 , 235 –237 , 243 , 246 –248 , 255 , 257 , 333 , 338 , 345 –346 , 352 –354 , 357 , 364 , 373 , 378 –379 , 386 –391 , 394 , 396 , 411 , 418 , 422 , 426 , 472 –473 , 476 , 482 , 518 , 520 , 528 Antonius, patriarch of Grado
;
Basil of Caesarea
;
Claudius of Turin
;
Clement of Alexandria
;
Constantine of Cyprus
;
Constantine of Nakoleia
;
Emilian of Cyzicus
;
emperors: and the Church
;
Epiphanius of Salamis
;
Euthymios of Sardis
;
Gregory of Neokaisareia
;
Gregory of Nyssa
;
iconoclasts: in episcopacy
;
John of Synada
;
Leontios of Neapolis
;
Michael of Synada
;
orthodoxy
;
patriarch of Alexandria
;
patriarch of Antioch
;
patriarch of Constantinople
;
patriarch of Jerusalem
;
popes and the papacy
;
Theophylact of Nicomedia
;
Thomas of Klaudiopolis
Bithynia
186 , 195 , 253 , 357 , 378 , 391 , 427 , 543 , 545
Boris-Michael i, king of Bulgaria
378
Buddhists and Buddhism
94 , 490 –491
Bulgars
28 , 30 –31 , 36 , 38 –40 , 76 , 78 , 351 , 363 , 368 , 371 , 383 , 385
see also
Krum
Calabria
36 , 376
Callixtus, pope
124
Carolingians
36 , 38 –39 , 78 , 206 –207 , 370 , 396
and Byzantine iconoclasm
98 –102 , 250 –252 , 367 , 384 , 538 , 548 –555 , 557 –561 , 567 –570
see also
Charlemagne
;
Claudius of Turin
;
Council of Frankfurt (794)
;
Council of Gentilly (767)
;
Council of Paris (825)
;
Dungal of Pavia
;
iconoclasm in the West
;
Jonas of Orleans
;
Louis the Pious
;
Pippin
;
Theodulf of Orleans
Cassiodorus
212
Celsus
51 , 118 , 121
Chalke icon
5 –6 , 11 , 62 , 68 , 72 , 78 –79 , 197 , 203 –204 , 275 –277 , 340 –343 , 385 , 387 –388 , 543
see also
iconoclasm, Byzantine
;
icons
;
Leo iii
;
Trier ivory
Charlemagne
38 –39 , 78 , 250 , 368 –369 , 381 , 551 –554 , 557 , 560 , 568
churches
17 , 51 , 53 , 57 –59 , 69 –70 , 79 , 84 , 97 –104 , 130 , 135 –143 , 148 , 158 , 165 –183 , 205 , 216 , 223 , 262 , 283 –321 , 334 –340 , 353 –355 , 366 , 381 , 451 , 453 , 455 –457 , 468 , 470 , 479 –483 , 507 , 511 , 515 –523 , 526 –527 , 535 , 538 –539 , 542 , 545 , 547 –549 , 558 , 564 , 566
see also
Constantinople
;
Nicaea
;
iconoclasm in the Caliphate
;
icons
;
Rome
;
Thessalonica
Christology
5 , 7 –9 , 14 , 17 –18 , 21 –22 , 26 , 34 –35 , 52 , 59 , 64 , 74 , 82 , 85 , 88 , 136 , 151 , 154 , 166 , 180 –183 , 187 , 230 –232 , 251 , 352 , 380 , 411 –412 , 417 –419 , 423 –424 , 429 –435 , 441 –444 , 452 –453 , 456
see also
Constantine v: the Peuseis
;
Council of Hiereia
;
heresy
;
iconoclasm, causes of
;
John of Damascus
;
Monophysites and Monophysitism
;
Monotheletes and Monotheletism
;
Nestorians and Nestorianism
;
Nikephoros, patriarch
;
orthodoxy
;
Theodore the Studite
chronicles
60 –61 , 145 , 184 , 192 –208 , 510 –513
see also
Agapios
;
Chronicle of Zuqnīn
;
Chronicle of 811
;
Genesios, Joseph
;
George Synkellos
;
George the Monk
;
Maronite Chronicle
;
Michael the Syrian
;
Scriptor Incertus
;
Symeon Logothetes
;
Pseudo-Symeon Magistros
;
Theophanes the Confessor
;
Theophanes Continuatus
;
Theophilus of Edessa
Chronicle of Zuqnīn
202 , 509 –510 , 513
Chronicle of 811
371
Chronicle of 1234
202 –203
Chrysopolis
368 , 387
cities
17 , 24 –25 , 145 , 163 , 241 , 332 , 368 , 481 , 516
see also
Alexandria
;
Amorion
;
Antioch
;
Chrysopolis
;
Constantinople
;
Edessa
;
Ephesus
;
Jerusalem
;
Rome
;
Thessalonica
Claudius of Turin
98 , 101 , 540 –543 , 560 , 564 , 569
Clement of Alexandria
50 , 110 , 116 –123
climate change
23 –24
coinage
29 –34 , 39 , 41 , 49 , 68 –69 , 89 , 95 –97 , 261 , 277 –282 , 320 , 366 , 374 –375 , 500 –506 , 514 , 531 –533
Christ on
29 –30 , 56 , 104 , 246n66 , 278 , 347 –348 , 374 , 503
miliaresion
31 , 39 , 278 –279 , 281 , 328
Constans ii
26 –28 , 337
Typos, the
27 –28
Constantine i
3 , 16 , 18 –19 , 28 , 31 –32 , 35 , 105 , 130 , 133 , 136 , 243 , 300 , 329 , 421 , 551 , 557
Constantine iv
28 , 281
Constantine v
and iconoclasm
5 –6 , 8 –9 , 14 , 64 , 66 , 74 –75 , 85 , 87 , 89 , 105 , 179 , 195 , 210 , 236 , 238 , 247 –248 , 253 , 326 , 333 , 350 –366 , 374 , 383 , 390 , 401 , 408 , 421 , 440 , 465 , 483 , 485 , 546 –547 , 551 , 566
Peuseis, the
64 , 231 –232 , 242 –243 , 248 –249 , 352 , 402 –403 , 418 –420 , 434 , 441 –442 , 447 , 449 –450 , 466 –467
and law
35 , 346 , 489
and martial victory
365
wars with Arabs
35 –36 , 75 , 351 , 363
wars with Bulgars
36 , 75 –76 , 351 , 363
and monks
9 , 66 , 75 , 92 –93 , 253 , 243 , 248 , 256 –257 , 357 –363 , 465 , 483 –490
and Old Testament kingship
35 , 346 , 348 , 365
and papacy
100 , 550 –551
and relics
92 –93 , 360 , 465 , 477 –483
and saints
92 –93 , 241 , 360 , 365 , 465 –477
and the Cross
34 , 69 , 211 , 283 –287 , 294 , 360 –362 , 365 –366
and the Franks
100 , 549
and the Virgin
92 –93 , 241 , 360 , 466 –473
as organizer of Leo iv’s marriage to Irene
78
as patron and builder
34 , 68 , 263 –264 , 303 , 351 , 361 –363
baptism and crowning
31 , 198 , 241 , 278 , 328 , 384
civil war
33 , 74 , 351 , 356
coinage and seals of
33 , 278 –281
in non-iconophile sources
62 , 202 , 211
marriage to Khazar princess
33
memory/reputation/smearing of
36 , 40 , 42 , 62 , 66 , 76 –77 , 87 –88 , 103 , 195 , 199 , 217 –218 , 241 –243 , 254 , 332 –333 , 350 –351 , 373n19 , 383 –386 , 465 , 469 , 485 –486
Constantine vi
6 , 37 , 257n108 , 292 –293 , 313 , 370 , 372 , 551 , 567
betrothal to daughter of Charlemagne
38 , 78
coinage of
33 –34 , 281 –282
factional fighting with Irene and blinding by
38 , 255 , 368 , 382
marriage and Moechian Controversy
38 , 255 , 427 , 555
Constantine vii
372
Constantine of Cyprus
250 , 555
Constantine of Nakoleia
65 , 71 , 204 , 235 –236 , 330 –331 , 333 , 339 , 345 , 403 , 543
Constantine of Tios
480 –482
Constantine, patriarch
358
Constantinople
15 –16 , 26 , 28 –33 , 154 , 161 , 212 –218 , 263 –264 23 , 36 , 356 –357
and iconoclasm
5 , 34 –35 , 77 , 84 , 207 , 233 , 239 , 253 –254 , 335 , 341 , 352 , 360 –362 , 378 –379 , 393 , 425 , 440 , 455 –456 , 462 –463 , 510
and relics
20 , 24 –25 , 32 , 34 , 178 , 276 , 329 , 480
and the Virgin
24 , 34 , 178 –179 , 361 –362 , 394 , 548
aqueduct of Valens
34
churches of
58 –59 , 148 , 165 –166 , 178 –182 , 185 –186 , 295
Blachernai
178 –179 , 362 , 394
Virgin of the Chalkoprateia
179 –182 , 361 –362
Virgin of the Pharos
34 , 297n87
Hagia Eirene
34 , 68 , 294 –298 , 300 –305 , 311 –313 , 321 , 361
Hagia Sophia
16 , 57 , 59 , 104 , 178 , 277 , 300 , 301 , 303 , 320 , 386 –388 , 394 , 420 , 422
Sekreton of
69 , 283 –285 , 320 , 360 –361
Hagios Polyeuktos
165
Holy Apostles
378 , 383 , 385
environs attacked by Krum in 813
40 , 368 , 371 , 383 , 385
Hippodrome
217 , 253 , 358 , 484 , 487 –489
Kynegion
217
Magnaura
375 –376
Mese
277 , 359
Milion
362
monasteries and monks
38 , 200 , 357 –358 , 376 , 391 , 427 , 464 –465 , 475 , 485 –488 , 492
imperial palace
20 , 25 , 29 , 31 –32 , 34 –35 , 80 , 149 , 329 , 332 , 338 , 386 , 388 –394 , 480 , 557
Chalke gate
5 , 72 , 203 , 275 –277 , 341 , 385 , 392 , 543
siege of 626
24 , 55 , 145 , 163
siege of 717–18
30 –32 , 74 , 198 , 211 , 326 –328 , 349 , 514
Council of Chalcedon (451), the 4th Ecumenical
18 , 21 –22 , 234 , 247 , 412 , 452 –453 , 456 , 462 , 482
Council of Constantinople, Second (553), the 5th Ecumenical
22 , 149 , 249
Council of Constantinople, Third (680–81), the 6th Ecumenical
28 , 149 , 233n14
Council of Constantinople, Fourth (869–70), the 8th Ecumenical
233n14 , 236 –237
Council of Elvira (305)
134 –136
Council of Ephesus (431), the 3rd Ecumenical
17 –18 , 431
Council of Frankfurt (794)
101 , 250 , 381 , 554 –555
Council of Gentilly (767)
100 , 548 –550 , 558
Council of Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (815)
87 , 232 –233 , 243 , 371 , 392 , 426 , 441 , 558
Council of Hiereia (754)
5 –6 , 14 , 63 –64 , 66 , 74 –75 , 79 , 85 –87 , 99 –100 , 179 , 203 , 230 –232 , 240 –243 , 248 –250 , 253 , 256 , 352 –357 , 362 , 365 –366 , 369 , 372 , 376 , 378 , 385 , 390 , 392 , 396 , 401 –403 , 407 , 418 –422 , 425 , 427 , 434 , 441 , 460 , 465 –467 , 472 –473 , 476 –478 , 484 , 490 , 547 , 550 –552 , 555 , 566
Council, Lateran (649)
27 –28 , 411
Council of Nicaea, First, the 1st Ecumenical (325)
18 , 234 , 247 , 379
Council of Nicaea, Second (787), the 7th Ecumenical
6 , 13 , 38 , 63 –64 , 71 , 77 –79 , 85 –88 , 92 , 96 , 100 –101 , 157 , 195 , 204 , 210 , 212 , 222 , 230 –237 , 240 –244 , 247 , 249 –254 , 259 , 285 , 292 , 330 , 332 –333 , 339 , 345 , 352 , 354 –355 , 366 , 369 , 371 –386 , 390 , 394 –396 , 401 –403 , 420 , 422 –425 , 427 , 440 , 454 , 462 , 468 –469 , 471 , 473 , 476 , 488 , 510 , 529 , 544 , 551 –555 , 558 –559 , 561 , 569
Council of Paris (825)
101 , 540 –542 , 552 –553
Council, Quinisext or in Trullo
29 , 56 –57 , 59 , 73 , 82 , 147 –156 , 163 –164 , 168 , 182 , 185 , 249 , 271 , 278 , 347 –348 , 401 –402 , 405 , 445n115
Council of Rome (731)
99 , 335 , 541 , 546 –547 , 551
Council of Rome (769)
100 , 375 , 546 , 550 –551 , 554 , 566
Crete
40
Cross, the
19 –20 , 25 , 53 –55 , 57 , 65 , 89 , 104 , 120 , 130 , 138 , 142 , 149 , 151 –153 , 163 , 165 , 267 , 273 –275 , 277 –289 , 293 –298 , 304 , 381 , 420 , 422 , 445 , 448 –450 , 457 , 461 , 500 , 541 –542 , 561 , 566 , 569 –570
and the iconoclasts
8 , 31 –34 , 68 –69 , 71 , 75 , 86 , 180 , 279 –281 , 283 –287 , 294 , 320 , 326 –333 , 346 –347 , 350 , 358 , 360 –362 , 365 –366 , 421 , 426 , 448 , 558
attacked by Jews and Muslims
55 , 65 , 81 –82 , 96 –97 , 331 , 349 –350 , 411 , 455 , 503 , 507 –509 , 511 , 524 , 534 –535
relic of the True Cross
19 –20 , 24 , 32 , 34 , 81 , 211 , 329
Cult of Relics
19 –21 , 24 –26 , 34 –35 , 53 –58 , 65 , 82 , 98 , 104 , 140 , 166 , 178 , 347 , 361 , 440 , 458 , 461
and the iconoclasts
8 –9 , 12 , 14 , 90 –93 , 327 –329 , 343 , 365 , 464 –465 , 467 –468 , 477 –483
See also
The Cross: relic of the True Cross
;
icons: acheiropoieta
Cult of Saints
6 –8 , 12 , 14 , 20 –21 , 24 –26 , 51 , 53 –58 , 65 , 90 –93 , 98 , 155 , 347 , 404 , 411 , 431 , 439 , 461
and the iconoclasts
232 , 241 , 343 , 365 , 464 –483 , 491 –493
“ethical theory” of iconoclasts
67 , 88 , 92 –93 , 365 , 471 , 492 –493
see also
Cult of Relics
;
icons: of saints
;
icon veneration
;
Sleep of the Soul
;
Theodore of Sykeon
Cult of the Virgin Mary
8 , 17 , 24 , 90 –93 , 178 , 258 , 326 , 328 , 343 , 359 , 361 –362 , 404 , 466 –472 , 477 , 481 , 548
see also
Constantinople: Blachernai church, church of Virgin of the Chalkoprateia, and church of Virgin of the Pharos
;
icons: of the Virgin
;
Nicaea: Koimesis Church
Cyclades
203 , 342
Cyprian of Carthage
116 , 119n40
Cyprus
234 , 337 , 411 –412 , 487 , 555
see also
Constantine of Cyprus
;
George of Cyprus
;
Leontios of Neapolis
Damascus
96 , 514 , 519 , 529
Great Mosque
457 , 505 , 507
De Cerimoniis
376 , 392
demons
114 , 116 , 350 , 363 , 446
Dionysios the Areopagite
249 , 414 –415
Dionysius of Telmahre
202
Dungal of Pavia
540 –542 , 560 , 569
Dura-Europos
49 –50 , 128 , 452
Ecloga, the
32 , 35 , 346 , 348 , 383n70 , 489 –490
economy, Byzantine
21 , 23 –24 , 27 , 30 , 36 , 40 –42 , 68 , 351
Edessa
55 , 145 –146 , 163 , 380 , 454 , 461
see also
icons: the Mandylion
Egypt
18 , 24 , 26 , 45 , 67 , 178 , 273 , 508 , 511 –512
Einhard
251 , 561
Eisagoge, the
397
elites in Byzantium
5 , 17 , 21 , 49 , 59 , 77 , 79 , 183 , 186 –187 , 215 –216 , 236 , 255 , 281 , 374 –375 , 389 , 391 , 484 , 486
Emilian of Cyzicus
388
emperors
and the Church
18 –22 , 25 –28 , 84 , 105 , 237 –240 , 243 , 245 , 248 , 332 , 336 –337 , 352 –353 , 356 –357 , 385 , 390 , 395 –397 , 411 –413 , 421 , 473
and cult of saints and relics before iconoclasm
25 –26 , 82 , 474
and martial victory
19 –20 , 31 –32 , 279 , 326 –329 , 350 –351 , 365 , 392
and Old Testament kingship
24 , 35 , 73 –74 , 105 , 346 , 348 350 , 365
as moral reformers
20 , 25 , 29 , 32 , 35 , 57 , 59 , 73 , 348 , 477
images of
25 , 29 –31 , 33 –34 , 48 –49 , 52 , 68 , 81 , 89 , 144 , 328 , 415 –416 , 500 , 507
model of Constantine i
16 , 18 –19 , 28 , 31 –32 , 35 , 78 , 105 , 329
model of Justinian i
6n8 , 16 , 22 , 28 –29 , 35 , 105
see also
Anastasius i
;
Anastasius ii
;
Basil i
;
coins
;
Constans ii
;
Constantine i
;
Constantine ii
;
Constantine iv
;
Constantine v
;
Constantine vi
;
Heraclius
;
Irene
;
Justin ii
;
Justinian i
;
Justinian ii
;
Leo iii
;
Leo iv
;
Leo v
;
Maurice
;
Michael i
;
Michael ii
;
Michael iii
;
Nikephoros i
;
Philippicus Bardanes
;
seals
;
Theodora
;
Theophilos
;
Tiberius ii
;
Tiberius iii
Ephesus
18 , 160 , 301 , 311 –315
Epiphanius of Salamis
51 , 137 –138 , 141n81 , 234 , 239n36 , 410
Eucharist, the
1 , 37 , 38 , 53 , 79 , 223 , 256 –257 , 390 , 391 , 426 , 456 , 461 , 465 , 486 , 559 , 569
and relics removed from altars
12 , 92 , 478
as the true icon of Christ
8 , 86 , 89 , 91 , 231 –232 , 352 , 362 , 365 , 418 –421 , 448 –450 , 566
see also
altars
;
iconoclasts
eulogiae
57 –58
eunuchs
37 , 39 , 363 –364 , 368 , 561
Euphemia, saint
92 , 277 , 480 –482
Eusebius of Caesarea
19 , 133 , 136 –138 , 234
Eustratius
474 , 476
Euthymios of Sardis
80 , 388 , 390 , 393
Eutychius, exarch
547 –548
Eutychius, patriarch
474
fasting
20 , 27 , 563
Feast of Orthodoxy
1 –2 , 103 –104 , 395
Felix iv, pope
166 –169
filioque
549 , 558 –560 , 563
Franks
see
Carolingians
George of Cyprus
247n71 , 353 , 403
George of Pisidia
158
George Synkellos
62 , 195 –199 , 203 , 208 , 212
George the Monk
199 –201 , 371 , 466 , 470 –471 , 474
Genesios, Joseph
200 , 371 –372
Germanos, patriarch
87 , 89 , 103 , 105 , 299 , 326 , 349 , 353 , 374n23 , 384 –385 , 410 , 415 , 418
deposition of
5 , 72 , 99 , 238 , 251 –252 , 333 –334 , 336 , 338 –339 , 343 –345 , 365 , 408 , 412 , 546 –547
letters
13 , 65 , 71 –72 , 83 , 222 , 235 –236 , 330 –334 , 402 –407 , 545
see also
Constantine of Nakoleia
;
Council of Nicaea, Second
;
Gregory ii, pope: letter to Germanos
;
Leo iii
;
John of Synada
;
Thomas of Klaudiopolis
Greece
5 , 338 , 370
see also
Cyclades
;
Hellas
Gregory ii, pope
99 , 205 , 231 , 238 , 334 –335 , 340 , 345 , 543 –546 , 566 , 570
letter to Germanos
13 , 403 , 544
letters to Leo iii
13 , 205 , 222 , 239 –240 , 339 –340 , 383 , 396 , 544 –545
Gregory iii, pope
99 , 205 , 334 –335 , 544 , 546 –548 , 550 , 566 –567 , 570
Gregory Asbestas of Syracuse
561
Gregory of Neokaisareia
422
Gregory of Nyssa
51 , 139 , 416 , 539 , 565 –566
Gregory of Tours
539 –540
Hadrian i, pope
100 –101 , 250 , 345 , 376 , 550 –556 , 560 , 562 , 566 –567 , 569 –570
Hadrian ii, pope
564
hagiography
10 , 20 –21 , 65 –67 , 76 , 79 , 145 , 156 , 182 , 245 , 250 , 252 –260 , 355 , 371 –372 , 379 , 384 , 388 –392 , 411 , 431 , 436 , 466 , 471 , 476 –477 , 482 –485 , 491 –493
“iconoclast”
10 , 67 , 211 , 256 –257 , 492 –493
See also
Life of Athanasia of Aegina
;
Life of Eudocimus the Righteous
;
Life of Euthymius of Sardes
;
Life of George of Amastris
;
Life of Ioannikios
;
Life of the neo-martyr Romanus
;
Life of Nicetas of Medikion
;
Life of Niketas the Patrician
;
Life of Patriarch Nikephoros
;
Life of Patriarch Tarasios
;
Life of Peter of Atroa
;
Life of Philaretos
;
Life of Philotheus of Opsikion
;
Life of Stephen the Younger
;
Life of Theophanes the Confessor
;
Pratum Spirituale
Harun al-Rashid
368
Helena, mother of Constantine i
19 , 78 , 329
Hellas
203 , 342
see also
Greece
Heraclius
24 , 26 , 28 , 32 , 329 , 337 , 420
Ekthesis, the
26 –27
heresy
34 –35 , 100 , 114 , 183 , 230 , 239 –240 , 249 , 357 , 395 , 397 , 474
iconoclasm as
2 , 8 , 72 , 77 , 102 , 233 , 237 , 240 , 242 –243 , 253 , 255 , 259 –260 , 325 , 333 –335 , 340 , 363 –364 , 370 , 375 , 395
“accusers of Christians”
378 , 384
icon veneration as
34 –35 , 64 , 74 , 85 , 230 –232 , 251 , 352 –354 , 360 , 365 , 419
see also
Christology
;
Monophysites and Monophysitism
;
Monotheletes and Monotheletism
;
Nestorians and Nestorianism
;
orthodoxy
Hisham
32 –33 , 329 , 513 , 519
histories
60 –61 , 192 –193 , 208 –218
chronicles; iconophiles: as creators/rewriters of sources; History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria; Łewond; Liber Pontificalis; Patriarch Nikephoros: Short History
History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria
507 –508
Honorius i, pope
548
Hyakinthos, abbot
161n67 , 180 –181 , 186 –187 , 285
iconoclasm, Byzantine
and monks
5 –9 , 12 , 14 , 61 , 66 , 75 , 79 , 90 –93 , 104 , 205 , 233 , 246 , 253 –255 , 258 , 344 , 353 , 369 , 379 , 383 , 385 , 388 , 392 –393 , 396
and rebellions
5 , 203 , 338 , 342
causes of First
4 –15 , 43 , 55 , 58 –59 , 71 –73 , 82 , 94 , 183 –187 , 203 –208 , 346 –350 , 509 –510 , 537
causes of Second
76 , 78 , 87 , 383 , 385 –390
earlier Christian examples of
51 , 94 , 98 , 137 –138 , 143 , 438 –440
end of First
76 –78 , 364 , 369 , 372 –382
end of Second
76 , 80 , 90 , 369 , 372 , 394 –395
extent of destruction
2 , 5 –6 , 9 , 11 –15 , 60 , 68 –69 , 71 –79 , 87 , 105 –106 , 205 , 223 , 236 , 261 , 267 , 275 , 282 –285 , 320 , 325 , 331 , 333 –339 , 344 –346 , 354 –356 , 360 –363 , 365 –366 , 391 –393 , 401 , 412 , 426
memory of
2 , 11 , 36 , 66 , 77 , 87 –88 , 103 , 369 –370 , 383 –386
significance of
4 –7 , 9 , 12 –15 , 75 –77 , 103 –106 , 366 –367 , 369 , 395 –397
whitewashing
69 , 264 –267 , 334 , 355
see also
Chalke icon
;
Christology
;
the Cross
;
Cult of Relics
;
Cult of Saints
;
Cult of the Virgin Mary
;
emperors
;
the Eucharist
;
heresy
;
iconoclasts
;
iconomachy
;
iconophiles
;
icon veneration
;
idols and idolatry
;
Orthodox Church
;
orthodoxy
;
orthopraxy
;
Triumph of Orthodoxy
iconoclasm in Armenia
94
iconoclasm in China
94 , 490 –491
see also
Muslims and Islam
;
Qur’an
;
Yazid ii
iconoclasm in the West
94 –95 , 98 –99 , 137 –138 , 143 , 538 –543
see also
Carolingians
;
Claudius of Turin
;
popes and the papacy
;
Serenus of Marseilles
iconoclasts
2
and the church building
86 , 354 , 421
and the Cross
8 , 31 –34 , 68 –69 , 71 , 75 , 86 , 180 , 279 –281 , 283 –287 , 294 , 320 , 326 –333 , 346 –347 , 350 , 358 , 360 –362 , 365 –366 , 421 , 426 , 448 , 558
and the Eucharist
8 , 12 , 53 , 86 , 89 , 91 , 231 –232 , 256 –257 , 346 , 352 , 354 , 362 , 390 , 418 –421 , 448 –450 , 465 , 478 , 486 , 566
arguments against icons and icon veneration:
that novel, non-traditional and against Church Fathers
81 , 349 , 350 , 353 , 420 –421 , 437 , 456
that Christian worship should be spiritual not material
12 , 81 –82 , 239 , 432
that encouraged erroneous/superstitious practices
79 , 251 , 391 , 426
that heretical as against Orthodox Christology
34 –35 , 64 , 74 , 85 , 230 –231 , 352 –354 , 360 , 365 , 418 –419 , 442 , 566
that icons dangerous as unblessed and outside Church control
7 –8 , 10 , 59 , 86 , 91 , 231 , 346 , 420 –421
that idols and idolatry condemned in Old Testament
1 , 8 , 12 , 34 , 71 –74 , 80 –83 , 83 , 89 , 91 , 231 , 248 , 330 –331 , 334 –335 , 362 , 373 , 384 , 388 , 344 –353 , 403 , 410 , 418 , 438 , 440 , 561 , 566
that superfluous and useless
79 , 82 , 87 , 231 , 251 , 420
that true icon of Christ the Eucharist
8 , 86 , 89 , 91 , 231 –232 , 352 , 362 , 365 , 418 –421 , 441 –442 , 566
in army
5 , 7 , 38 , 75 –78 , 203 , 342 –343 , 360 , 364 , 378 –379 , 387
in the episcopacy and clergy
4 , 14 , 65 , 71 , 73 , 77 –79 , 233 , 235 –236 , 247 –248 , 255 , 330 –334 , 345 –346 , 352 –355 , 364 , 373 , 378 –379 , 382 –383 , 389 –390 , 396
monks
79 , 253 –254 , 364 , 383 , 465
number of
76 –77 , 330 –332 , 364 , 382 , 394
purged from Church post 843
103
see also
bishops
;
Christology
;
Constantine v
;
Constantine of Nakoleia
;
the Cross
;
Cult of relics
;
Cult of Saints
;
Cult of the Virgin Mary
;
emperors
;
hagiography: “iconoclast”
;
heresy
;
iconoclasm
;
iconophiles
;
idols and idolatry
;
John the Grammarian
;
Leo iii
;
Leo iv
;
Leo v
;
Michael ii
;
Theophilos
iconomachy
7n14 , 8 –9 , 106 , 401 , 486
iconophiles
2
arguments for icons and icon veneration:
an ancient tradition supported by Church Fathers
64 , 77 , 81 , 84 , 86 , 88 , 234 , 243 , 246 –249 , 334 , 372 , 379 –380 , 421 , 437 –438 , 456 –457 , 566 –567
supported by Scripture
81 , 83 , 344 , 410 , 413 , 566
that Christ had defeated idolatry and an insult to deny it
1 , 234 , 246 , 403
that Christians only venerate not worship icons
82 –83 , 88 , 244 –245 , 334 , 404 , 406 –407 , 409 –410 , 416 –417 , 437 –439 , 451 –452 , 458
that honour paid to image passes to archetype
85 –86 , 381 –382 , 405 , 415 –417 , 422 –423
that icons represent hypostasis of Christ
89 , 244 , 429 –430 , 432 –434
that icons one of many types of images ordained by God
84 –85 , 409 , 413 –415
that icons represent real holy persons
88 , 248 , 406 , 421 , 446
that icons useful for teaching and moving emotions
88 , 405 , 567
that images united by shared likeness
88 , 244 –245 , 430 –432 , 442 –446
that images united by shared name
88 , 234 , 246 , 255 , 429 –431 , 444 –446 , 460
that Incarnation made images of Christ possible/necessary
82 , 84 , 88 –89 , 402 , 405 , 408 –410 , 412 , 417 –418 , 443 –444
that Jews/Muslims/pagans the real idolators and one should not support 84 , 331 –334 , 349 , 384 , 412
that material things worthy
81 –82 , 84 , 410
as creators/rewriters of sources
3 , 4 , 11 –14 , 36 , 54 , 60 , 63 –67 , 71 –72 , 76 , 103 , 146 , 157 , 191 –192 , 323 , 341 , 350 –351 , 367 , 369 , 383 –386 , 401 –403 , 510
number of
77 –79 , 351 , 364 , 390 –391 , 394 , 465
persecution of
5 –6 , 9 , 12 , 14 , 75 , 77 , 79 –80 , 325 , 334 , 338 –339 , 341 , 344 , 354 –355 , 357 –360 , 363 –365 , 386 –387 , 390 , 392 –394 , 425 –427 , 441 , 483 –484
see also
icons
;
Irene
;
John of Damascus
;
Nikephoros, patriarch
;
Tarasios
;
Theodora
;
Theodore Abū Qurrah
;
Theodore the Studite
;
Theophanes the Confessor
iconostasis
104
icons (Christian figural images)
acheiropoieta
11 , 14 , 24 –25 , 54 –56 , 88 , 145 –146 , 380 , 419 –420 , 570
the Mandylion
25 , 55 , 145 –146 , 243 , 248 , 260n119 , 380 , 420 , 430 , 461
after iconoclasm
67 , 104 –106 , 395 –396
in Christian art before ca.500
49 –54 , 65 , 123 –143
in Christian art ca.500–700
54 –59 , 64 , 73 , 144 –187 , 347 –348
in the West
98 –102 , 547 –548 , 564 , 568
of angels
130 , 144 –145 , 159 –162 , 164 –165 , 170 , 175 , 178 –179 , 184 , 231 , 238 , 434 –435 , 447 –448 , 451
of Christ
1 , 5 , 11 , 29 –30 , 46 , 51 –57 , 59 , 64 , 66 , 73 –75 , 82 , 85 , 88 , 104 , 111 , 113 –114 , 128 –145 , 149 –154 , 157 , 161 –163 , 165 –187 , 230 –232 , 234 , 238 , 243 –246 , 248 , 257 –258 , 260 , 330 , 334 –336 , 347 –348 , 352 –353 , 355 , 361 –362 , 374 , 381 , 384 , 396 , 402 , 415 –417 , 423 , 426 , 429 –445 , 448 –451 , 458 , 461 , 507 , 526 , 540 , 547 –548 , 550 , 557 , 564 –567
of the Good Shepherd
124 , 128 , 130 , 132
of Old Testament figures
47 , 51 –54 , 57 , 70 , 111 , 124 –130 , 141 , 332 , 405 –406 , 507 , 526
of saints
25 , 51 , 53 –58 , 64 , 66 , 75 , 82 , 88 , 99 , 111 , 113 , 130 –145 , 155 , 157 , 166 –179 , 184 , 205 , 231 –232 , 234 –235 , 238 , 241 , 244 –245 , 330 , 334 –336 , 340 , 345 , 355 , 358 , 366 , 381 , 384 , 396 , 405 , 415 , 417 , 435 –436 , 439 , 458 –461 , 526 , 535 , 540 , 557 , 564
of the apostles
51 , 53 , 71 , 111 , 115 , 123 , 128 –133 , 136 –142 , 332 , 405 –406
of the Virgin
51 , 53 –57 , 75 , 104 , 128 , 144 –145 , 156 –157 , 161 , 165 , 170 , 173 –180 , 184 , 203 , 231 , 238 , 241 , 247 , 334 , 342 –343 , 355 , 361 –362 , 381 , 384 , 396 , 405 , 415 , 417 , 435 , 439 , 443 , 481 , 550 , 564
surviving examples on wooden panels
58 , 67 –68 , 144 , 267 –274
see also
Chalke icon
;
iconoclasm, Byzantine
;
iconostasis
;
icon veneration
icon veneration
1 –2 , 12 , 231 –232 , 234 –237 , 239 –245 , 248 , 257 –260
after Iconoclasm
67 , 89 –90 , 102 –106 , 236 –237 , 260 , 395 –396
before Iconoclasm
5 , 7 –8 , 10 , 13 –14 , 25 , 52 , 54 –59 , 64 –65 , 73 , 77 , 81 –82 , 114 –115 , 134 –143 , 145 –187 , 234 –235 , 347 –348 , 372 , 411 –412
declared necessary
2 , 42 , 82 , 85 –86 , 89 , 100 –104 , 232 , 241 , 372 , 381 –382 , 415 , 422 , 440
iconoclast attempts to curb
8 –9 , 12 , 14 , 72 , 75 , 79 , 87 –88 , 333 –334 , 345 –346 , 353 –356 , 391 , 426 , 440
oath to not venerate
12 , 75 , 358 –360 , 365 , 373 –374 , 382
in the West
98 –102 , 250 –252 , 550 , 564 , 570
lighting lights and burning incense
52 –54 , 58 , 114 –115 , 145 , 156 –157 , 165 , 183 , 372 –373 , 391 , 404 –405 , 426 , 440 , 558 , 569
kissing
56 , 77 , 79 , 87 , 145 , 150 , 334 , 336 , 372 , 381 , 440 , 461
prostration
56 , 77 , 84 , 88 , 260 , 334 , 372 , 381 , 404 , 409 –410 , 440
see also
icons
;
idols and idolatry
;
lamps
;
latreia
;
prayer
;
proskynesis
idols and idolatry
328
early Christian critique of
50 –53 , 81 , 109 –123 , 139 –140
icons and icon veneration as
1 , 8 , 12 , 15 , 34 , 71 –74 , 77 , 80 –83 , 89 , 91 , 231 , 248 , 338 , 345 –248 , 330 –331 , 334 –335 , 338 , 344 –353 , 362 , 366 , 373 , 384 , 403 , 410 , 418 , 438 , 440 , 561 , 566
charge dropped in Second Iconoclasm
79 , 87 , 390
New Testament on
45 –47
Old Testament on
43 –45 , 55 , 73 –74 , 346 , 348
pagan practice and cult statues
47 –53 , 110 –116 , 119 , 134 , 137 , 139 –140 , 446
see also
Jews and Judaism
;
Muslims and Islam
Ignatios the Deacon
66 –67 , 221 , 254 –255 , 257n104 , 377 , 464
Ignatios, patriarch
236 , 256 , 561 –564
Illyricum
376
inscriptions
56 –57 , 99 , 147 –148 , 158 –161 , 167 –170 , 175 –178 , 180 –182 , 215 , 507 , 518n41 , 520 , 524
Iraq
35 , 95 , 202 , 509
Irenaeus of Lyons
114 , 116
Irene
6 , 210 , 228 , 391
and icons
38 , 77 –78 , 100 , 241 , 243 , 255 , 275 , 342 , 372 –382 , 387 , 427 , 551 , 567
as empress
37 –39 , 243 , 254 , 256 , 277 , 368
as regent
37 –38 , 77 –78 , 292 –293
factional strife with Constantine vi
34 , 368 , 382
Irene the Patrician
225
Isaurian dynasty
8 , 11 –12 , 31 –33 , 42 , 57 , 62 , 65 , 69 , 73 –77 , 88 , 105 , 197 –198 , 202 –203 , 217 , 224 , 236 , 241 , 278 , 326 , 346 , 348 , 364 –370 , 373 –376 , 380 , 384 –386 , 392
See also
Constantine v
;
Constantine vi
;
Irene
;
Leo iii
;
Leo iv
Italy
21 , 23 , 32 , 36 , 99 –100 , 131 , 205 , 207 , 334 –335 , 340 , 543 –546 , 549 , 551
see also
Calabria
;
Ravenna
;
Rome
;
Sicily
;
Venice
Jerusalem
19 , 24 , 45 , 81 , 128 , 130 , 137 , 250 , 394 , 408 , 411 , 506 –507 , 513 –514 , 517 , 519 , 521 , 530
Dome of the Rock
96 , 457 , 505 –507
see also
Palestine
;
patriarch of Jerusalem
Jews and Judaism
16 –17 , 26 , 151 , 540 , 569
and art
43 –46 , 49 –50 , 55 , 81 , 110 –113 , 118 , 125 –128 , 521 –527
and Byzantine iconoclasm
7 , 13 –14 , 63 –64 , 71 –72 , 74 , 84 , 334 , 339 , 384 , 412 , 510 –511 , 536 , 543 –544
attacking Christian practices
65 , 81 –82 , 89 , 329 , 349 , 411 , 452 –453 , 455 –459 , 462 , 507
forced conversion by Leo iii
329
see also
Dura-Europos
;
Old Testament
John Chrysostom
138 –139 , 478 –479
John of Damascus
157 , 260 , 432 , 468 , 489 –490 , 569 –570
anathema at Hiereia
85 , 353 , 357 , 403 , 407
arguments for icons and their veneration
83 –85 , 87 –88 , 232 , 237 –240 , 242 , 244 –245 , 248 , 256n102 , 402 , 407 –418 , 420 , 423 , 446 –448 , 452 , 454 , 457 , 460 –463
on iconoclasm
71 , 238 –239 , 336 –338 , 403
dating of Three Treatises on Images
13 , 66 , 71 , 83 –84 , 238 –239 , 336 –338 , 407 –408
John “of Jerusalem”
377 –378
John of Synada
330 , 336 , 403 –406
John Skylitzes
201 , 393
John the Grammarian, patriarch
40 –42 , 78 , 80 , 386 , 392 –394 , 430 , 465 , 561
Jonas of Orleans
540 –542 , 559 –560 , 569
Justin ii
151
Justin Martyr
50 , 116 –117 , 119 , 121 –122
Justinian i
3 , 6n8 , 10 , 16 , 21 –26 , 28 –29 , 35 , 57 , 105 , 156 , 178 , 243 , 298 –301 , 304 , 474
Justinian ii
28 –29 , 149 , 216 , 246n66 , 278 , 280 , 347 –348 , 503
Kallirhoe
154 , 159 –160 , 168
Kassia, abbess
225
kastra and fortifications
35 –36 , 368
kissing
20 –21 , 53 , 56 , 77 , 79 , 87 , 114 , 145 , 150 , 334 , 366 , 381 , 440 , 457 , 461 , 479 , 482
see also
icon veneration
Khazars
33
Khludov Psalter
69 , 264 –267 , 271
Krum, Khagan
40 , 76 , 368 , 371 , 383 , 386
Lactantius
138
lamps
50 –51 , 53 , 58 115 , 119 , 124 –125 , 132 , 165 , 183 , 540 , 558 , 569
see also
icon veneration
see also
iconophiles: arguments for icons and icon veneration
;
icon veneration
;
proskynesis
Leo i
179
Leo iii
156 , 408
and crowning Constantine v
328
and cult of saints and relics
90 –91 , 327 –328 , 343 , 465 , 480 –482
and iconoclasm
4 –5 , 8 , 13 –14 , 33 , 66 , 68 , 71 –74 , 79 , 84 , 99 , 203 –208 , 210 , 231 –232 , 235 , 238 –240 , 248 , 252 , 275 , 325 , 332 –350 , 356 –357 , 364 –365 , 396 , 403 , 418 , 498 , 543 –546 , 550 –551
and law
32 , 35 , 346 , 489
and martial victory
31 , 279 , 326 –329 , 350 , 365
war with Arabs
31 –33 , 74 –75 , 211 , 326 , 338 , 340 –344 , 346 –350
and Old Testament kingship
326 –328 , 346 , 348 , 350 , 365
and papacy
100 , 231 , 334 –335 , 543 –546 , 550 –551
and setting up an image
65 , 71 , 332 –333
and the Cross
31 –32 , 69 , 211 , 224 , 279 –281 , 326 –329 , 332 –333 , 346 –347 , 350 , 365
and Virgin Mary
90 –91 , 328 , 343 , 465
coinage and seals of
31 –32 , 278 –281 , 328 , 349 –350
early rule
31 –33 , 325 –329
in non-iconophile sources
62 , 202 , 211 , 326 –327
forced conversion of Jews and Montanists
329
letter exchange with Umar ii
63 , 211 , 223 –224 , 327 –328 , 350
memory/reputation/smearing of
40 , 42 , 62 –63 , 72 , 76 , 197 –199 , 217 –218 , 223 –224 , 332 –333 , 342 , 384 –386 , 536
see also
Chalke icon
;
Constantine v
;
the Ecloga
;
Isaurian dynasty
Leo iii, pope
555 , 557 , 560
Leo iv
6 , 33 , 37 , 75 , 210 , 281 , 357 , 363 –364 , 368 , 476 , 492
Leo iv, pope
561
Leo v
6 , 40 , 76 , 78 –79 , 196 , 200 –201 , 210 , 254 , 259 , 264 , 275 , 342 , 368 –371 , 383 , 385 –391 , 393 , 421 , 426 –427 , 441 , 465 , 555 –556 , 558
Leontios, emperor
29
Leontios of Neapolis
55 , 64 –65 , 81 –83 , 234 –235 , 404 , 411 , 460 , 565 –566
Leo the Mathematician
392
Letter of the Three Patriarchs
244 , 246 –247 , 249
letters
60 –61 , 192 , 218 –228
see also
Germanos: letters
;
Gregory i
;
Gregory ii: letters
;
Leo iii: letter exchange with Umar ii
;
Letter of the Three Patriarchs
;
Theodore the Studite: letters
Łewond
209 , 211 , 223 , 326 –328
Liber Pontificalis
99 , 205 , 209 , 212 –214 , 229 , 231 , 238 , 334 –335 , 344 , 543 –547 , 550 , 556 , 561 –562
Libri Carolini
see
Opus Caroli contra synodum (Libri Carolini)
Life of Athanasia of Aegina
465
Life of Eudocimus the Righteous
483 , 492
Life of Euthymius of Sardes
483
Life of George of Amastris
256 –257 , 464 , 492
Life of Ioannikios
257 –258 , 477
Life of the neo-martyr Romanus
485 –486
Life of Nicetas of Medikion
369 , 371 , 388 , 390 , 466 –467 , 470
Life of Niketas the Patrician
257 –258 , 392
Life of Patriarch Nikephoros
66 , 254 –255 , 260 , 371 , 388
Life of Patriarch Tarasios
66 –67 , 254 –255 , 260 , 377 –378
Life of Peter of Atroa
259
Life of Philaretos
257 , 492 –493
Life of Philotheus of Opsikion
483 , 493
Life of Stephen the Younger
11 , 66 , 77 , 179 , 241 , 252 –254 , 260 , 341 , 355 , 357 –359 , 362 , 372 , 382 –383 , 385 , 390 , 396 , 470 , 483 –488
Life of Theophanes the Confessor
475
Liutprand, Lombard king
99 , 335 , 544 –545
Lombards
23 , 206 , 543 –544 , 547 , 549
Louis the German
563
Louis the Pious
101 , 540 –542 , 557 –560
See also
Michael ii: letter to Louis the Pious
Macarius, abbot of Pelekete
391
Macedonian dynasty
200 , 371 –372 , 394
see also
Basil i
;
Constantine vii
Manicheans and Manichaeism
84 , 141 , 336 , 407 , 410 , 452
illustrations
68 –69 , 261 –264 , 277 , 366
see also
Khludov Psalter
;
Ptolemy’s Handy Tables
Marcus Minucius Felix
116 , 118 , 121 –122
Maronite Chronicle
503
Martin i, Pope
27 –28
Maslama
511 , 514
Maurice
25 , 481
Maximus the Confessor
27 –28 , 239 –240 , 433
Melkites
89 , 425 , 452 –456 , 462 , 481
Mesopotamia
see
Iraq
Methodios, patriarch
42 , 80 , 105 , 371n8 , 393 –396 , 475 –476 , 479 , 483 , 556 , 561
Miaphysites and Miaphysitism
see
Monophysites and Monophysitism
Michael i
40 , 371 , 383 , 393
Michael ii
6 , 40 , 372 , 464 , 556 –558
letter to Louis the Pious
79 , 87 , 101 , 183 , 223 , 391 , 426 , 542 , 558 –559 , 569
Michael iii
6 , 42 , 77 , 103 , 199 , 236 –237 , 369 , 372 , 394 , 561 –564
Michael Lachanodrakon
362 , 487 –488
Michael of Synada
388 , 390
Michael the Synkellos
394
Michael the Syrian
202 –203
Moechian Controversy
38 –39 , 198 , 255 , 391 , 427 , 555
monks, monasteries, and monasticism
20 –21 , 25 , 36 , 40 , 59 , 88 , 178 , 180 , 186 –187 , 195 , 197 , 200 , 202 , 210 , 216 –217 , 224 –225 , 227 –228 , 351 , 357 , 412 , 425 –427 , 431 , 440 , 454
and iconoclasm
5 –9 , 12 , 14 , 61 , 66 , 75 , 79 , 90 –93 , 104 , 205 , 233 , 246 , 253 –255 , 258 , 344 , 353 , 369 , 379 , 383 , 385 , 388 , 392 –393 , 396 , 464 –465 , 472 , 475 , 483 –493
persecution of
8 –9 , 12 , 14 , 357 –359 , 66 , 91 , 93 , 217 –218 , 243 , 248 , 253 , 362 –363 , 392 –394 , 483 –490
St Catherine’s at Mt Sinai
67 , 151 , 175 , 267 –274
see also
iconoclasts: monks
;
John of Damascus
;
Kassia, abbess
;
Macarius, abbot of Pelekete
;
Methodios, patriarch
;
Nicetas, abbot of Medikion
;
Nicholas Studites
;
Nicholas the hermit
;
Nikephoros, patriarch
;
Peter, abbot of St Sabas
;
Plato of Sakkoudion
;
Sabas, abbot of Stoudios
;
Stephen the Younger
;
Theodore the Stoudite
;
Theodore Graptos
;
Theophanes Graptos
;
Theophanes the Confessor
;
Thomas, abbot
Monophysites and Monophysitism
10 , 18 , 21 –22 , 74 , 82 , 85 –87 , 151 , 182 , 230 –231 , 352 –353 , 418 –419 , 510 , 434 , 452 , 456 , 520 –521 , 566
Monotheletes and Monotheletism
26 –28 , 30 , 151 , 182 , 233n14 , 239 , 396 , 403 , 411
Montanists
329
mosaics
34 , 51 , 57 –58 , 68 –69 , 96 –97 , 104 , 131 , 151 , 158 , 161n67 , 166 –181 , 185 –186 , 261 , 283 –300 , 304 , 317 , 355 , 360 –361 , 366 , 381 , 422 , 452 –453 , 457 , 498 , 507 , 511 , 515 –528 , 535 , 568
Mu’awiya
503 , 523 –524
Muslims and Islam
26 –27 , 30 –32 , 246 , 411 –413
and art and figural imagery
74 , 95 –98 , 278 , 328 , 349 , 412 , 443 , 457 , 497 –537
and Byzantine iconoclasm
5 , 7 –8 , 13 –14 , 63 –64 , 71 –74 , 94 –96 , 331 , 339 , 343 , 348 –350 , 498 , 509 , 536 –537 , 543 –544
attacking Christian practices
83 , 89 , 95 –96 , 327 –329 , 337 , 349 , 452 –453 , 455 –457 , 462 , 507 –509 , 511 , 513 –514 , 529 , 535
see also
Arabs and the Conquests
;
iconoclasm in the Caliphate
;
Qur’an
navy
26 –28 , 30
Nestorians and Nestorianism
17 –18 , 74 , 82 , 85 –87 , 92 , 230 –231 , 352 –353 , 418 –419 , 434 , 439 , 452 , 456 , 466 , 469 , 475 , 479 –480 , 482 , 566
See also
Nestorius
;
Timothy
Nestorius, patriarch
17 –18 , 230 , 466
New Testament
105 , 128 , 243 , 264 , 490
on religious imagery
45 –47 , 239 , 248 , 379 , 430 , 456
Nicaea
33 , 77 –78 , 203 , 329 , 338 , 342 –343 , 379
Koimesis Church
158 , 180 –182 , 185 , 285 –287 , 320 , 361
see also
Council of Nicaea, Second
Nicetas, abbot of Medikion
391
See also
Life of Nicetas of Medikion
Nicholas Studites
227 –228
Nicholas the hermit
383
Nikephoros i, emperor
39 –40 , 76 , 195 , 198 , 201 , 254 , 281 , 368 , 371 , 383 , 440
Nikephoros, patriarch
66 , 78 –79 , 105 , 198 –199 , 212 , 255 , 257 , 264 , 385 –390 , 396 , 440 –441
Short History
62 , 71 , 77 , 197 , 209 –211 , 239 , 242 –244 , 283 –285 , 303 , 326 , 338 –344 , 351 , 354 , 356 –359 , 361 , 440 , 484 –486
theological tracts in defence of icons
88 –90 , 231 –233 , 254 , 237 , 371 , 402 –403 , 418 , 425 –427 , 431 , 435 , 441 –451 , 462 –463 , 471 , 473 , 476 , 478
Nikephoros, son of Constantine v
34 , 37 –38 , 383
Niketas, patriarch
283 –285 , 360 –361
Northumbria
99 , 335 , 538 , 543
Nouthesia Gerontos (Admonition of the Old Man)
240 , 247 –249 , 351 –352 , 373n17 , 383 , 403n8
Old Testament
1 –3 , 8 , 11 , 20 , 32
argument over use and interpretation
81 , 105
as model for Byzantium
10 –11 , 20 , 24 , 73 –74 , 105 , 346 , 348 , 350 , 373 , 490
on idols and images
43 –45 , 109 –113 , 116 –120 , 248 , 346 , 498 –499 , 534 , 541
notion of the Chosen People
8 , 20 , 24 , 27 , 30 , 32 , 35 , 43 –44 , 73 , 346 , 373
see also
iconoclasm, Byzantine
;
Jews and Judaism
;
New Testament
Opus Caroli contra synodum (Libri Carolini)
87 , 100 –101 , 237 , 250 –252 , 380 –382 , 541 , 552 –554 , 560 , 567 –569
Origen of Alexandria
116 –118 , 121 –122
Orthodox Church
1 –2 , 4 –6 , 8 , 14 , 16 –20 , 25 , 29 , 38 , 59 , 69 , 103 –105 , 204 , 240 , 242 , 251 –252 , 340 , 370 , 385 , 390 , 395 –397 , 565
See also
bishops, emperors: and the Church
;
orthodoxy
;
patriarch of Constantinople
;
popes and the papacy
orthodoxy
2 , 8 , 12 , 17 –22 , 28 –29 , 34 –35 , 63 , 73 , 78 , 82 , 90 , 93 , 103 –105 , 207 , 213 , 237 , 240 , 242 , 251 –252 , 348 , 350 , 352 , 356 –357 , 360 , 370 , 379 , 387 , 394 –396 , 412 , 418 , 453 , 462 , 481
see also
Christology
;
Councils
;
the Cross
;
Cult of Relics
;
Cult of Saints
;
Cult of the Virgin Mary
;
Feast Orthodoxy
;
heresy
;
Orthodox Church
;
Synodikon of Orthodoxy
;
Triumph of Orthodoxy
orthopraxy
29 , 73 , 348
pagans and paganism
16 –17 , 46 –51 , 53 , 81 , 110 –123 , 440 , 446 , 455
see also
idols and idolatry: pagan practice and cult statues
Palatine Anthology
158 –161
see also
Agathias
Palestine
84 , 89 , 97 , 195 , 203 , 239 , 337 , 411 –413 , 425 , 452 –454 , 463 , 489 , 498 , 511 , 515 , 519 , 525 , 535
see also
iconoclasm in the Caliphate
;
Syria
Parastaseis Synotmoi Chronikai
69 , 209 , 214 –218 , 282 –283
Paschal i, pope
555 –557 , 568 –569
Patria, the
214 –218
patriarch of Alexandria
18 , 246 , 377 –378
see also
Alexandria
;
Clement of Alexandria
;
Egypt; History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria
;
Letter of the Three Patriarchs
;
Origen of Alexandria
patriarch of Antioch
18 , 116 , 138 –139 , 246 , 377 –378 , 519
see also
Antioch
;
Letter of the Three Patriarchs
;
Syria
patriarch of Constantinople
18 , 65 , 69 , 79 , 104 –105 , 354 , 375 –376 , 385 , 390 –391 , 395 –397
see also
Anastasios, patriarch
;
Constantine, patriarch
;
Constantinople: Hagia Sophia
;
Germanos
;
Ignatios
;
John the Grammarian
;
Methodios
;
Nestorius
;
Nikephoros
;
Niketas
;
Paul
;
Photios
;
Tarasios
;
Theodotus
patriarch of Jerusalem
18 , 26 , 240 , 246 , 369 , 377 –378 , 394 , 454 , 517 , 519 –520
see also
Jerusalem
;
Letter of the Three Patriarchs
;
Palestine
Paul, patriarch
255 , 363 , 375
Paul i, pope
547 –550 , 570
Paulicians
474
Paulinus of Nola
141 –143 , 566
Pavia
335
Persia and the Persians
23 –24 , 26 , 32 , 50 , 55 , 81 , 146 , 184 , 235 , 329 , 411 , 420 , 452 , 500 , 503 –504 , 531 –533
Peter, abbot of St Sabas
376
Peter, archpriest of Rome
376
Peter the Stylite
358 –359
Philippicus Bardanes
30 , 337 , 403
Photios, patriarch
102 , 104 , 221 , 233n14 , 236 –237 , 256 , 378 , 397 , 407 , 440 , 454 , 462 , 561 –564
pilgrimage
19 –20 , 57 , 98 , 524 , 542
Pippin, king of the Franks
100 , 206 , 548 –550
plague
23 , 30 , 36 , 356 –357
Plato
48 , 114 , 117 –118 , 121 –122 , 415
Plato, abbot of Sakkoudion
38 , 224 , 228 , 427 , 441
popes and the papacy
5 , 18 , 22 , 28 –29 , 32 , 36 , 38 , 176 , 206 –207 , 236 , 250 , 369 , 396
and Byzantine iconoclasm
72 , 78 , 99 –102 , 231 , 238 –240 , 252 , 334 –335 , 339 –340 , 367 , 370 , 543 –547 , 549 –557 , 562 –563 , 566 –569
see also
Council of Nicaea, Second (787)
;
Council of Rome (731)
;
Council of Rome (769)
;
Felix iv
;
Gregory i
;
Gregory ii
;
Gregory iii
;
Hadrian i
;
Honorius i
;
Italy
;
Leo iii, pope
;
Leo iv, pope
;
Martin i
;
Nicholas i
;
Paschal i
;
Paul i
;
Pelagius ii
;
Rome
;
Sergius i
;
Stephen ii
;
Zacharias
Poreč
170 –174
Porphyrius the charioteer
158 –159
Pratum Spirituale
156 –157
prayer
20 –22 , 27 , 93 , 111 , 114 , 120 –122 , 128 , 138 –139 , 141 , 145 , 159 , 161 , 169 , 175 , 178 –179 , 231 , 234 , 251 , 256 , 258 , 326 , 331 , 386 , 420 , 466 , 468 , 472 , 474 , 480 , 507 , 513 , 522
proskynesis
as act of prostration
20 –21 , 53 , 56 , 84 , 88 , 114 , 372 , 381 –382 , 404 , 409 –410
as veneration in general
43 , 77 , 82 –84 , 235 , 381 –382 , 404 , 409 –410 , 413 , 438 –439 , 451 , 570
see also
the Cross
;
Cult of Relics
;
icon veneration
;
kissing
;
latreia
;
prayer
Protestant Reformation
49 , 90 –91 , 94 , 252 , 356n127 , 370 , 469 , 543
Prudentius
139
Ptolemy’s Handy Tables
68 –69 , 263 –264
Qur’an
95 –96 , 278 –279 , 328 , 434 , 498 –499 , 529 , 531 , 534
Qusayr Amra
530 –531 , 535
relics
see
Cult of Relics
reliquaries
109 , 132 , 275
Ravenna
36 , 150 –151 , 170 , 174 , 540
Rome
18 , 36 , 39 , 58 , 100 , 148 , 165 –174 , 178 , 180 , 182 , 185 –186 , 205 , 207 , 212 –213 , 340 , 543 –551 , 554 , 556 –560 , 562 –564
catacombs
111 , 124 –129
church of S. Lorenzo fuori le mura
170
church of S. Maria Antiqua
165 , 173 , 271 –273 , 548
church of ss. Cosma e Damiano
158 , 166 –170
see also
Italy
;
popes and the papacy
Russia
370 , 396
Sabas, abbot of Stoudios
376
Saints
see
Cult of Saints
Sasanians
see
Persia and Persians
Scriptor Incertus
76 , 201 , 371 , 386 –390 , 393 –394
seals
31 , 69 , 123 , 186 , 261 , 281 –282 , 328 , 366
Serenus of Marseilles
98 , 143 , 538 –539 , 541 , 567
Sergius i, pope
548
Severus Alexander
114
Sicily
27 , 36 , 40 –41 , 337 , 376
silk
68 , 261 –263 , 277
Slavs
24
sleep of the soul
25 –26 , 82 , 92 –93 , 474 –480 , 483
see also
Cult of Relics
;
Cult of Saints
Socrates
121 –122
statuary and sculpture
49 , 53 –54 , 69 , 111 , 114 , 119 , 124 –125 , 128 , 130 , 144 , 214 –217 , 261 , 282 –283 , 380 , 499 , 512 , 524 –525 , 531 , 535
see also
emperors: images of
;
idols and idolatry
;
Trier Ivory
Stephen ii, pope
206 –207 , 547
Stephen iii, pope
550
Stephen of Bostra
404
Stephen the Younger
66 , 253 , 355 , 357 –359 , 385 , 483 –486
See also
Cult of Saints
;
Life of Stephen the Younger
;
monks, monasteries, and monasticism
(Pseudo-)Symeon Magistros
200 –201
Symeon the Younger
157
Synodikon of Orthodoxy
1 –2 , 395 –396 , 403
Syria
18 , 50 , 84 , 89 , 95 , 128 , 195 , 202 , 248 , 425 , 452 –454 , 463 , 500 , 503 , 517 –519
see also
Palestine
taxes and the fiscal system
23 , 26 , 30 , 32 , 39 , 41 , 196 , 205 –207 , 239 , 334 , 339 –342 , 543 –544
Tarasios, patriarch
38 , 66 –67 , 77 –78 , 105 , 195 , 210 , 235 , 241 –243 , 254 –256 , 361 , 374 –382 , 387 , 390 , 396 , 422 , 440
see also
Life of Tarasios
Tertullian
50 , 110 , 116 –121 , 123 –124
Theodora, regent for Michael iii
6 , 42 , 77 , 80 , 369 , 394 –395 , 561 , 563
Theodore Abū Qurrah
89 , 425 , 443 , 452 –463
Theodore Graptos
393 –394
Theodore Krithinos
237 , 464
Theodore of Sykeon
54
Theodore the Studite
186 , 259 –260 , 425 –428
and iconoclasm
78 –79 , 88 –90 , 237 , 244 –245 , 377 , 388 , 390 –391 , 403 , 415 , 417 , 423 , 428 –441 , 446 , 451 , 460 , 462 –463 , 465
and the Moechian Controversy
38 , 391 , 427
Catechesis
371 , 428
letters of
79 , 221 –228 , 371 , 415 , 426 , 430 , 435 –436 , 465
Theodosiopolis
211
Theodosius i
137 –138
Theodosius iii
30
Theodotus, patriarch
387 , 390
Theodulf of Orleans
87 , 100 –101 , 250 , 541 –542 , 552 –553 , 567 –570
See also
Opus Caroli contra synodum (Libri Carolini)
Theophanes Continuatus
200 , 371 –372 , 393 , 464
Theophanes Graptos
393 –394
Theophanes the Confessor
61 –63 , 71 –72 , 76 , 90 , 96 , 195 –210 , 212 , 223 , 253 –255 , 276 , 283 –284 , 303 , 326 , 339 –344 , 350 –351 , 354 , 356 –364 , 370 –371 , 375 –383 , 385 , 391 , 466 , 471 –473 , 475 , 477 , 480 , 484 –489 , 513
Theophilos
6 , 40 –41 , 77 , 79 –80 , 183 , 201 , 246 , 258 , 369 , 372 , 392 –395 , 481
Theophilus of Edessa
62 , 202 –204 , 223 , 340
Theophylact of Nicomedia
388 , 390
Theophylact Simocatta
481
Thessalonica
148 , 166 , 174 , 179 –180 , 182 , 185 , 427
Hagia Sophia
287 –294 , 296 –299 , 315 –319
Hagios Demetrios
69 , 158 , 174 –178 , 186 , 319 , 366
Hosios David
299
Thera
71 –73 , 203 , 210 , 338 , 340 , 344 , 543
Thomas, abbot
377 –378
Thomas of Klaudiopolis
13 , 65 , 331 –333 , 336 , 403 –406 , 543
Thomas the Slav
40 , 223 , 368
Thrace
36 , 368 , 383
Tiberius ii
178
Tiberius iii Apsimar
30
Timothy, patriarch
475 , 479 –480
Trajan the Patrician
199
Trier ivory
68 , 275 –277
Triumph of Orthodoxy
1 –2 , 6 , 42 , 67 , 75 –76 , 102 –103 , 200 , 236 , 242 , 246 , 254 , 256 , 258 –259 , 372 , 394 –395 , 426 , 470
Umar i
507 –508 , 528
Umar ii
63 , 211 , 223 –224 , 327 –328 , 350 , 513
see also
Leo iii: letter exchange with Umar ii
Umayyads
28 –29 , 32 –33 , 35 , 95 –97 , 457 , 503 –508 , 511 , 514 –518 , 522 –525 , 528 –536
see also
Abbasids
;
Abd al-Malik
;
Al-Walid i
;
Al-Walid ii
;
Hisham
;
Maslama
;
Mu’awiya
;
Umar i
;
Umar ii
;
Yazid ii
Valens
34 , 337
Venice
151 , 465
Vize, church of Hagia Sophia in
295 –296
Yazid ii
8 , 14 , 96 –97 , 202 , 204 , 206 , 211 , 337 , 339 , 348 –349 , 384 , 412 , 498 , 509 –520 , 525 –529 , 534 –536 , 544
See also
iconoclasm in the Caliphate
Zachary, pope
173 , 271 , 547 –548
Zeno, emperor
337
Zeno of Citium
121 –122
Zoroastrians and Zoroastrianism
94 , 500