Illustrations
1.1 Title-page, in Ortelius Abraham, Theatrum orbis terrarum (Antwerp: 1579). Hand-coloured engraving, 37 × 23 cm, Los Angeles, Special Collections, Occidental College Library. Image © Occidental College 2
1.2 Abraham Ortelius, World Map, Theatrum orbis terrarum, 1579. Hand-coloured engraving, Los Angeles, Special Collections, Occidental College Library. Image © Occidental College 4
1.3 Personification of the Six Continents outside of the Musée d’Orsay, 1878. Cast iron, h. ca. 2 m, Paris. Image © Photograph by author 8
1.4 Daniel Chester French, Continents (From right to left: Africa, Europe, America, and Asia) 1903–1907. Marble, New York City, National Museum of the American Indian (former Custom House). Image © Photograph by author 9
1.5 Jan Cornelisz Verheyan, detail of Conquest of Tunis, ca. 1546–1555. Cartoon for tapestry, Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum. Image © Kunsthistorisches Museum 11
1.6 Frans Francken (II), Allegory of Abdication of Charles V in Brussels, 25 October 1555, c. 1630–c. 1640. Oil painting, 134 cm × 172 cm, Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum. Image © Rijksmuseum 12
1.7 Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Apollo and the Continents, detail with America, 1752–1753. Fresco, Würzburg, stairwell of the Residenz. Image © Würzburg Residenz 13
1.8 America, 1671. Engraving in Ogilby John, America: being the latest, and most accurate description of the New World; containing the original of the inhabitants, and the remarkable voyages thither […] (London, John Ogilby: 1671), Los Angeles, Special Collections, Occidental College Library. Image © Occidental College 14
1.9 Pieter Baltens, Dance of the World, mid-16th century. Engraving, 41.2 × 51 cm, New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Purchase, Gift of Mrs. Gardner Cassatt, by exchange, 1997. Image: Public Domain 16
1.10 Aids Healthcare Foundation float, Girl’s World of Adventure, 2016. Floral sculptures, eight feet. Image © Photograph by author 20
3.1 Cesare Ripa, The Four Continents, 1603/1644. Woodcut illustrations, in Ripa Cesare, Iconologia, of uytbeeldingen des verstands, trans. D.P. Pers (Amsterdam, Lescaille: 1644) 601–605 42
3.2 William Blake, Europe supported by Africa and America. Engraving, 19.4 × 14.1 cm, finis page (plate 80) of Stedman John Gabriel, Narrative of a Five Years Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam (London, J. Johnson and J. Edwards: 1796) 44
3.3 Opicinus de Canistris, map of Europe and Africa, c. 1330s. Rome, Vatican Library, in Goss J., The Mapmaker’s Art: a History of Cartography (London: 1993) plate 11.2, 330 51
3.4 Johannes Putsch [Bucius], map of Europe as a woman, 1537. Woodcut, printed in Paris by Christian Wechel in 1537, Innsbruck, Tiroler Landesmuseum. Image ©Tiroler Landesmuseum, by kind permission 52
3.5 “Europa prima pars terrae in forma virginis”, from an original print in the Strahov Monastery Library in Prague, taken from a Czech edition of Bunting Heinrich, Itinerarium sacrae scripturae (1592) 18–19 54
3.6 Title page with the four continents in Weigel Hans and Amman Jost, Habitus praecipuorum populorum tam virorum quam feminarum singulari arte depicti (Nuremberg: 1577) detail 57
3.7 Hendrik Frans Verbruggen, Statues of the continents – Europe, Africa and America (c. 1700). Wood sculptures supporting the pulpit, church of Saints Peter and Paul, Mechelen. Author’s photographs 58
3.8 Theodor Galle (engraver) and Jan van der Straet (Stradanus) (designer), Amerigo Vespucci meeting America, 1589. Engraving, 27 × 20 cm, original in Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stradanus_America.jpg, Public domain, Accessed 19 June 2018 61
4.1 Woman with witch’s tail about to club Vespucci, 1509. Woodcut in The First Four Voyages of Americus Vespucius: A Reprint in Exact Facsimile of the German Edition printed at Strassburg by John Grüninger (New York: 1902). Los Angeles, Department of Special Collections, University Research Library, University of California. Image © University of California Los Angeles 72
4.2 Atlas holding up a celestial sphere, 17th century. Marble, 6 m, Amsterdam, Western side of Citizens’ Hall, Koninklijk Paleis. Image © Photograph by author 75
4.3 Restored marble floor map of the Western Hemisphere. Amsterdam, Western side of Citizens’ Hall, Koninklijk Paleis. Image © Photograph by author 76
4.4 Joan Blaeu, Nova totius terrarum orbis tabula, 1648. Austin Harry Ranson Center, University of Texas. Image © Harry Ranson Center 77
4.5 Artus Quellinus, Amsterdam and the Continents, ca. 1650. Frieze, Amsterdam, Western tympanum, Koninklijk Paleis. Image ©Photograph by author 78
4.6 Artus Quellinus and Hubertus Quellinus, Amsterdam and the Continents, 1664–1668. Etching for Western Tympanum, Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum. Image © Rijksmuseum 78
4.7 Lodewijk van Schoor, Allegory of Europe, 1680–1700. Wool and silk tapestry, New York, Trustees Room, New York Public Library. Image © Photograph by Alexander Laurent, July 5, 2018, by permission of Map Division, New York Public Library 83
4.8 Lodewijk van Schoor, Allegory of Asia, 1680–1700. Wool and silk tapestry, New York, Trustees Room, New York Public Library. Image © Photograph by Alexander Laurent, July 5, 2018, by permission of Map Division, New York Public Library 85
4.9 Lodewijk van Schoor, Allegory of America, 1680–1700. Wool and silk tapestry, New York, Trustees Room, New York Public Library. Image © Photograph by Alexander Laurent, July 5, 2018, by permission of Map Division, New York Public Library 86
4.10 Lodewijk van Schoor, Allegory of Africa, 1680–1700. Wool and silk tapestry, New York, Trustees Room, New York Public Library. Image © Photograph by Alexander Laurent, July 5, 2018, by permission of Map Division, New York Public Library 87
4.11 Title-page with the Four Continents, 1615. Engraving, in Avity Pierre d’, The Estates, Empires & Principallities of the World, trans. E. Grimstone (London, Adam Islip: 1615), San Marino, CA, The Huntington Library. Image © The Huntington Library 88
4.12 Christoph Weiditz, Drummer at the Entrance of the Emperor in Spain, 1529. Watercolor drawing, in Das Trachtenbuch des Christoph Weiditz von seinen Reisen nach Spanien, Nuremberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum. Image © Germanisches Nationalmuseum 89
4.13 Wilhelm Stetter, Adoration of the Kings, detail with Magus Balthazar, 1526. Oil on panel, 87.3 × 54 cm, Baltimore, Walters Art Museum. Image © Walters Art Museum 90
4.14 Cornelis Boel (engraver) and Otto van Veen (designer), Amorum Emblemata, (Antwerp: 1608). Engraving, 16.5 × 21 cm, San Marino, CA, The Huntington Library. Image © The Huntington Library 91
4.15 Lodewijk van Schoor, Allegory of Africa, detail of translucent black wings in Africa tapestry 1680–1700. Wool and silk tapestry, New York, Trustees Room, New York Public Library. Image © Photograph by Alexander Laurent, July 5, 2018, by permission of Map Division, New York Public Library 93
5.1 Personification of Rome on the Tabula Peutingeriana, c. 1200, detail of Section IV, Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Codex Vindobonensis 324. Image © Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, by permission 104
5.2 Wind diagram around the personified earth, in Isidore, De rerum natura, early 9th century. Paris, BnF MS lat. 6400G, f. 142r. Image © BnF 105
5.3 Mappamundi, in Isidore’s Etymologiae, 9th century. St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 236, p. 89, by courtesy of the Stiftsbibliothek St. Gallen 109
5.4 Unfinished mappamundi, in Isidore’s De natura rerum, 12th century. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Auct. F. 3. 14, f. 19v. Image © Bodleian Library 110
5.5 Mappamundi, in Jean Mansel, La Fleur des Histoires, c. 1455. Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale, MS 9231, f. 281v. Image © Bibliothèque Royale, by permission 111
5.6 World map in Hartmann Schedel’s Liber chronicarum, 1493. Courtesy of the Sydney R. Knafel Map Collection, Phillips Academy, and the Norman B. Leventhal Map & Education Center at the Boston Public Library 113
5.7 Introductory scene for the maps of Europe in a fifteenth-century manuscript of Ptolemy’s Geography. BnF MS lat. 10764, ff. 236v–237r. Image © Bibliothèque nationale de France 116
5.8 Introductory scene for the maps of Asia in a fifteenth-century manuscript of Ptolemy’s Geography. BnF MS lat. 10764, ff. 258v–259r. Image © Bibliothèque nationale de France 117
5.9 Introductory scene for the maps of Africa in a fifteenth-century manuscript of Ptolemy’s Geography. BnF MS lat. 10764, ff. 284v–285r). Image © Bibliothèque nationale de France 119
5.10 Detail of North America in the world map by Jodocus Hondius, Nova et exacta totius orbis terrarum descriptio geographica et hydrographica, 1603. Libertyville, Illinois, MacLean Collection no. 3648. By courtesy of the MacLean Collection 122
5.11 Detail of North America in the world map by Jodocus Hondius, Nova et exacta totius orbis terrarum descriptio geographica et hydrographica, 1608. London, Royal Geographical Society 123
6.1 Albrecht Dürer, Adoration of the Magi, 1504. Oil/wood, 100 × 114 cm, Florence, Uffizi. Image © Alinari/Art Resource, NY 131
6.2 Battista Agnese, World Map, from a manuscript atlas for Emperor Charles V, 1543–1544. Providence, RI, Brown University, John Carter Brown Library. Image © John Carter Brown Library, Brown University, RI, USA/Bridgeman Images 132
6.3 World Map, from a Central Italian medical miscellany, eleventh century. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. Lat. 7028, f. 156r. Image © Photograph by Author 136
6.4 Map of the oecumene, from a copy of Ptolemy’s Geographia made for Cardinal Bessarion, c. 1453–1454. Venice, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Ms. Gr. Z. 388, fs. 50v–511r. Image © HIP/Art Resource, NY 138
6.4a Detail of Fig. 6.4. Photo: HIP/Art Resource, NY 139
6.5 Francesco Rosselli, map of the oecumene, 1492–1493. Engraving, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Florence, Italy, Alinari Archives, Florence – Reproduced with the permission of Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali/ Image © Bridgeman Images 140
6.6 Attributed to Albrecht Dürer, Armillary Sphere with wind-heads, 1524. Woodcut, detail of “euroasuter/euronotos”, in Ptolemaeus, C. Claudii Ptolemaei geographicae enarrationis libri octo, fol. 69 v, New York, Rare Books Library, New York Public Library. Image © New York Public Library 142
6.7 Jacopo de’ Barbari, Bird’s-Eye View of Venice, 1500. Woodcut, Venice, Museo Correr. Image © Alinari/Art Resource, NY 144
6.7a Jacopo de’ Barbari, Bird’s-Eye View of Venice, ‘Auster’, detail, 1500. Woodcut, Venice, Museo Correr. Image © Alinari/Art Resource, NY 144
6.8 Filippo Ferroverde, Four Winds, from Vincenzo Cartari, Le vere e nove imagini de gli dei delli antichi, 1615 ed. Woodcut. Image © Photograph by Author 147
6.9 Giovanni Mannozzi, Stillness with the Four Winds, 1630–1632. Fresco, Quarto (FI), Villa la Quiete, ceiling of loggia. Image © Photograph by Author 148
6.10 Giovanni Mannozzi, Stillness with the Four Winds, 1630–1632. Fresco, Quarto (FI), Villa la Quiete, ceiling of loggia, detail of Eurus (Levante). Image © Photograph by Author 149
6.11 Giovanni Mannozzi, sketch for Stillness with the Four Winds, 1630–1632, 20 × 27 cm, Florence, Uffizi, GDSU 2379S. Image © Uffizi 150
7.1 Piazza dei Miracoli, Pisa showing the Camposanto, Cathedral, Leaning Tower, and Baptistery. Image © Guglielmo Giambartolomei, Wiki Creative Commons 159
7.2 Camposanto interior. Image © Hilary Haakenson, 2010 162
7.3 Piero di Puccio, Cosmography (1389–1391). Fresco, Pisa, north wall of the Camposanto, photo by Brogi, ca. 1920–1930. Image © Archivi Alinari, Firenze 166
7.4 Ebstorf Map (thirteenth century), destroyed in WWII. Image: Public domain 168
7.5 Piero di Puccio, Noah’s Construction of the Ark (1389–1391). Fresco, Pisa, north wall of the Camposanto. Image © Miguel Hermoso Cuesta, Wiki Creative Commons 171
7.6 Taddeo Gaddi, Life of Job (1342–1366), detail of scene with Mongol elements. Fresco, Pisa, south wall of Camposanto. Image © Linda De Volder 174
7.7 Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Martyrdom of the Franciscans (ca. 1342). Fresco, San Francesco, Siena. Image: Public domain 175
7.8 Giovanni del Biondo, Saint Sebastian Altarpiece (ca. 1370). Triptych, wood panel, 224 × 89 cm, Florence, Museo dell’Opera del Duomo. Image: Public domain 178
7.9 Spinello Aretino, Conversion of Ephesius (1391). Fresco, Pisa, south wall of the Camposanto. Image © Hilary Haakenson, 2010 180
7.10 Giovanni Paolo Lasinio, Miracles of Ranierus. Engraving made in 1832 after Antonio Veneziano’s frescoes painted in Pisa’s Camposanto in 1384–1386. Image: Public domain 184
8.1 World map with the personifications of America and Asia (on the left), Europe and Africa (on the right), The Room of Maps, south-east wall (1573–1575). Fresco, Palazzo Farnese, Caprarola. Image © Scala Archives, Florence 191
8.2 Personifications of Iudea and Jerusalem (on the left), Rome and Italy (on the right), The Room of Maps, north-west wall (1573–1575). Fresco, Palazzo Farnese, Caprarola. Image © Scala Archives, Florence 201
8.3 Prospero Fontana (school), Camerino dei Continenti, detail of the ceiling (c. 1552). Fresco, Palazzo Firenze, Rome, from Maria Giulia Aurigemma, Palazzo Firenze in Campo Marzio (Rome: 2007), 105. Image: Public domain 205
8.4 Giovanni and Cherubino Alberti, Personification of Africa (1591). Fresco, lunette in the loggia, Palazzo Ruggeri, Rome. Image © Photograph by author/Gruppo BPM 208
8.5 Giovanni and Cherubino Alberti, Personification of Asia (1591). Fresco, lunette in the loggia, Palazzo Ruggeri, Rome. Image © Photograph by author/Gruppo BPM 208
8.6 Giovanni and Cherubino Alberti, Personification of Europe (1591). Fresco, lunette in the loggia, Palazzo Ruggeri, Rome. Image © Photograph by author/ Gruppo BPM 209
9.1 Totius orbis descriptio (1560). Copper engraving, 776 × 491 mm, London, British Library, with permission from The British Library Board, BL Maps K.Top.4.3 223
9.2 Giacomo Gastaldi, Dell’universale (1550). Woodcut, 29 1/2 inches × 16 1/4 inches, London, British Library, with permission from The British Library Board, BL Maps C.7.c.17 224
9.3 Giacomo Gastaldi, Cosmographia universalis (1561). Woodcut, 1 map on 9 sheets, sheets 45x40cm, London, British Library, with permission from The British Library Board, BL Maps c.18.n.1 224
9.4 Giacomo Gastaldi, Cosmographia universalis, detail 225
9.5 Giacomo Gastaldi, Cosmographia universalis, detail 225
9.6 Frontispiece, in Vecellio Cesare, Habiti antichi e moderni (1598). Printed book, 15.2 cm × 9.5 cm. Image © Wikimedia Commons 227
9.7 Giuseppe Rosaccio, Universale descrittione di tutto il mondo (1597). Copper engraving, 185 × 108 cm, Cambridge, MA, Houghton Library, Harvard University, courtesy of Houghton Library, 51–2554 228
9.8 Giuseppe Rosaccio, Universale descrittione di tutto il mondo, detail, Allegory of Asia 229
9.9 Giuseppe Rosaccio, Universale descrittione di tutto il mondo, detail, Allegory of America 230
9.10 Giuseppe Rosaccio, Universale descrittione di tutto il mondo, detail 231
10.1 Title page, Georg Braun, Urbium praecipuarum mundi theatrum (1598), vol. V of the Civitates orbis terrarum (Cologne: 1572–1617). Washington, DC, Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division 239
10.2 Joris Hoefnagel, detail from a view of Tours, in Civitates orbis terrarum, vol. V (Cologne: 1598). Washington, DC, Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division 242
10.3 Title page, Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg, vol. I of the Civitates orbis terrarum (Cologne: 1572). Washington, DC, Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division 247
10.4 Title page, Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg, De praecipuis, totius universi urbibus, liber secundus (1575), vol. II of the Civitates orbis terrarum (Cologne: 1572–1617). Washington, DC, Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division 248
10.5 Title page, Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg, Urbium praecipuarum totius mundi liber tertius (1581), vol. III of the Civitates orbis terrarum (Cologne: 1572–1617). Washington, DC, Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division 249
10.6 Title page, Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg, Liber quartus urbium praecipuarum mundi theatrum, (1588), vol. IV of the Civitates orbis terrarum (Cologne: 1572–1617). Washington, DC, Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division 250
11.1 Title page, in Ortelius Abraham, Theatrum orbis terrarum, Antwerp (1570), detail of Magellanica. Hand coloured map, Washington, DC, Library of Congress, Geography and Map division. Image: public domain 256
11.2 Ortelius Abraham, Typus orbis terrarum, Antwerp (1587), detail, caption for Magellanica. Map, 47.2 × 58.3 cm, Canberra, National Library of Australia. Image: public domain 257
11.3 Three Neapolitan Women, in Boissard Jean-Jacques – Bruyn Abraham de, Habitus variarum orbis gentium/ Habitz de nations estranges/Trachten mancherley Volker des Erdskreyks (Mechelen: 1581). Image: public domain 259
11.4 Title page, Boissard Jean Jacques (editor) and Bruyn Abraham de (engraver), Habitus variarum orbis gentium/ Habitz de nations estranges/Trachten mancherley Volker des Erdskreyks (Mechelen: 1581). 975 B 636 95(a), Cambridge, MA, Houghton Library, Harvard University. Image: public domain 260
11.5 Title page, in Bruyn Abraham de, Omnium poene Europae, Asiae, Aphricae atque Americae gentium habitus (Cologne: 1581) fourth edition, 1610, 975 B 636 95(a). Cambridge, MA, Houghton Library, Harvard University. Image: public domain 263
11.6 Title page, in Bruyn Abraham de, Omnium […] gentium habitus (Cologne: 1581). Hand-coloured engraving, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Textile Conservation Center, OCLC 853626176. Image: public domain 265
11.7 Title page, in Grassi Bartolomeo, Dei veri ritratti degl’habiti di tutte le parti del mondo tagliati in rame (Rome: 1585), GEN (Typ. 525 85.435.), Cambridge, MA, Houghton Library, Harvard University. Image: public domain 267
11.8 Title page, in Amman Jost (drawings), Weigel Hans (woodcuts and poems), Habitus praecipuorum populorum, tam virorum quam foeminarum singulari arte depicti (Nuremberg: 1577), second edition, Ulm, 1639. HEW 15.8.8, Cambridge, MA, Houghton Library, Harvard University. Image: public domain 269
12.1 Johann Jakob Fröschle, Adoration of the Eucharist by the Four Continents (1780). Choir fresco, Bad Wörishofen, St. Justina. Image © Marion Romberg 276
12.2 Graph representing the number of instances in which the Four Continents iconography appears, based on building type and sub-region within the Baroque high-density area, from the 16th till 19th century. Image © Marion Romberg 277
12.3 Gottfried Bernhard Göz, Adoration of the Eucharist by the Four Continents, n.d. Etching, Vienna, private collection. Image © Friedrich Polleroß 279
12.4 Interior and main altar, Niedersonthofen, Saints Alexander and Georg. Image © Marion Romberg 288
12.5 Michael Beisch, The Four Continents (1699). Wood, Niedersonthofen, Saints Alexander and Georg, tabernacle. Image © Marion Romberg 291
12.6 Anonymous, The Four Continents (1766). Wood, Fünfstetten, St. Dionysius, pulpit’s roof. Image © Marion Romberg 291
12.7 Johann Philipp Wagner, The Four Continents (1768). Wood, Ebing am Inn, St. Martin, Pulpit’s body and staircase. Image © Marion Romberg 292
12.8 Anton Wintergerst, left: Adoration of the Name of Christ by the Four Continents (1780). Fresco in the choir, and right: Adoration of the Church’s Patron St. Leonhard (1780). Fresco in the nave, Oberliezheim, St. Leonhard. Image © Marion Romberg 295
12.9 Philip Galle, Adoration of the Name of Christ (1569). Etching, Diameter 270 × 354 mm. Image © Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel, Graph. A1: 781r 296
12.10 Joseph Anton Walch, Adoration of the Eucharist by the Four Continents (1769). Fresco, Lengenwang, St. Wolfgang, choir. Image © Marion Romberg 299
12.11 Frontispiece Holy Communion to Liguori Alfonso de’, Besuchungen des allerheiligsten Sacraments und der allzeit unbefleckten Jungfrau Maria für einen jeden Tag des Monaths […] (Bamberg – Würzburg, Göbhardt: 1767).Etching. Image © Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München, Asc. 5554m, urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10270902-6 300
12.12 Balthasar Riepp, Adoration of the Sacred Heart of Jesus by the Four Continents (ca. 1728), and detail from Jesus’ breast. Oil on canvas, Bad, Hindelang, St. Johannes Baptist. Image © Marion Romberg 302
12.13 Gottfried Bernhard Göz and Franz Anton Zeiller, Teaching the Children the Rosary and the Four Continents, detail from the altar painting Adoration of Our Lady of Rosary by the Four Continents (1748). Oil on canvas, Scheer, St. Nikolaus, left side altar. Image © Marion Romberg 306
12.14 Roman Dionys Weiß, Chronogram (1785). Fresco, Vorderburg, St. Blasius. Image © Marion Romberg 307
13.1 Derby Porcelain Manufactory, Allegorical Figure of Europe (ca. 1770/80). Soft-paste porcelain with polychrome enamels and gilding, 25.1 (h) × 12 (base diam.) cm, Chicago, Art Institute. Image © Art Institute of Chicago/ Art Resources, NY 314
13.2 Derby Porcelain Manufactory, Allegorical Figure of Asia (ca. 1770/80). Soft-paste porcelain with polychrome enamels and gilding, 25.1 (h) × 12 (base diam.) cm, Chicago, Art Institute. Image © Art Institute of Chicago/ Art Resources, NY 315
13.3 Jan Collaert (after Jan van der Straet), Nova Reperta [New Inventions of Modern Times] (ca. 1600), 27 × 20 cm, New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image: Public Domain 318
13.4 Wine Pot and Lid (1630–1660). Glazed porcelain (Dehua) with decoration in relief, 16.5 (h) × 9.5 (d) cm, London, Victoria and Albert Museum 321
13.5 Jan van Kessel, Africque (1664–1666). Oil on copper, 48.5 × 67.5 cm, Munich, Alte Pinakothek, Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen. © Blauel/Gnamm, Artothek 324
13.6 Johann Friedrich Böttger (Meissen Porcelain Manufactory), Coffeepot and Cover (1710–1713). Böttger stoneware, partly polished, with decoration in relief, 16.2 (h) × 13 (w) cm, San Francisco Legion of Honor Museum (promised gift of Malcolm D. Gutter) 329
13.7 Johann Friedrich Böttger (Meissen Porcelain Manufactory), Teabowl and Saucer (ca. 1716). Hard-paste porcelain, decorated in silver in the workshop of Georg Funke, 5.1 × 7.3 (bowl) and 11.1 (saucer) cm, San Francisco Legion of Honor Museum (promised gift of Malcolm D. Gutter) 330
13.8 Johann Gregor Höroldt (Meissen Porcelain Factory), Teabowl (ca. 1723–1725). Hard-paste porcelain, painted in enamels and gilded (no dimensions listed), London, Victoria and Albert Museum 331
13.9 Johann Gregor Höroldt (Meissen Porcelain Manufactory), Wine Pot (ca. 1725). Hard-paste porcelain, polychrome enamel decoration, and gilding, 14 × 17 × 8.9 cm, Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty Museum 332
13.10 Johann Gregor Höroldt (Meissen Porcelain Manufactory), Saucer (ca. 1723–1725). Hard-paste porcelain, painted in enamels and gilded, 2.54 (h) × 12.7 (d) cm, Dorothy Condon Falknor Collection of European Ceramics, Seattle Art Museum 333
13.11 Johann Joachim Kändler (Meissen Porcelain Manufactory), Allegorical Figure Representing America (c. 1746). Hard-paste porcelain, polychrome enamels, and gilding, 18.4 × 15.7 × 11.8 cm, Chicago, Art Institute. Image © Art Institute of Chicago/Art Resources, NY 336
13.12 Johann Joachim Kändler (Meissen Porcelain Manufactory), Allegorical Figure Representing Asia (c. 1746). Hard-paste porcelain, polychrome enamels, and gilding, 18.4 × 14.1 × 12.4 cm, Chicago, Art Institute. Image © Art Institute of Chicago/Art Resources, NY 337
13.13 Johann Joachim Kändler (Meissen Porcelain Manufactory), Allegorical Figure Representing Europe (c. 1746). Hard-paste porcelain, polychrome enamels, and gilding, 20.6 × 15.6 × 12.2 cm, Chicago, Art Institute. Image © Art Institute of Chicago/Art Resources, NY 338
13.14 Johann Joachim Kändler (Meissen Porcelain Manufactory), Allegorical Figure Representing Europe [detail] (c. 1746). Hard-paste porcelain, polychrome enamels, and gilding, London, Victoria and Albert Museum 339
14.1a Paul Manship, James Hazen Hyde Medal (design for obverse), 1948. Lead, Washington, DC, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Bequest of Paul Manship, 1966.47.126. Image © Smithsonian American Art Museum 344
14.1b Paul Manship, James Hazen Hyde Medal (design for reverse), 1948. Lead, Washington, DC, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Bequest of Paul Manship, 1966.47.127. Image © Smithsonian American Art Museum 344
14.2 James Hazen Hyde, n.d. Black and white photograph, private collection. By kind permission 347
14.3 “L’Ermitage”, Versailles, views of James Hazen Hyde’s gardens and house, n.d. Black and white photograph, private collection. By kind permission 350
14.4 Anonymous, America, in Costumes des Fêtes, Mascarades, Théâtres, etc., de Louis XIV, vol. 12, Réserve Edmond de Rothschild, 2800 DR/ Recto. Photograph from James H. Hyde Photographic Archive, Fonds Hyde, Paris, Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs. Image © Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs 357
14.5 Allegory of Africa, n.d. Bronze head, Roman, formerly in James Hazen Hyde Collection, untraced. James H. Hyde Photographic Archive, Fonds Hyde, Paris, Bibliothèque du Musée des Arts Décoratifs. Image © Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs 361
14.6 Allegory of Africa, n.d., private collection. Marble, James H. Hyde Photographic Archive, Fonds Hyde, Paris, Bibliothèque du Musée des Arts Décoratifs. Image © Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs 362
14.7 Allegory of Africa, 1st century CE. Roman marble, James H. Hyde Photographic Archive, Fonds Hyde, Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs, Paris. Image © Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs 362
14.8 Bas-relief with Allegory of Africa, 1st century BC. Paros Marble, James Hazen Hyde Photographic Archive, Fonds Hyde, Bibliothèque du Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris. Image © Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs 363
14.9 Pier Leone Ghezzi, Allegory of Africa, 18th century, drawing from the antique. Ink and pen on paper, Rome, Vatican Library, James Hazen Hyde Photographic Archive, Fonds Hyde, Bibliothèque du Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris. Image © Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs 364
14.10 Capital with Four Heads, ca. 1225–1250. Limestone, made in Apulia, probably Troia, (Italy), New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of James Hazen Hyde, 1955. 55.66. Image: public domain 365
14.11 Henri Bonnart (printmaker 1642–1711), L’Amérique, 1696. Engraving, New York Historical Society, Gift of James Hazen Hyde, 1959, reproduced in James H. Hyde Photographic Archive, Bibliothèque du Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris. Image © Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs 368
14.12 Abraham Bosse, America, mid to late 17th century. Etching, New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of the Estate of James Hazen Hyde, 1959, 59.654.48. Image: public domain 369
14.13 Antoine Vestier, Head of a Woman as America, n.d. Black crayon, heightened with white chalk on buff paper, New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of the Estate of James Hazen Hyde, 1959; 59.208.109. Image: public domain 370
14.14 Marguerite Gérard, after Jean-Honoré Fragonard, To the Genius of Franklin, 1779. Etching, New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of William H. Huntington, 1883, 83.2.229 (James H. Hyde owned a similar print). Image: Public domain 372
15.1 Coletta van der Keere Hondius, Portrait of Map-Makers, Gerard Mercator and Jodocus Hondius, 1613. Engraving with hand coloring, h. 386 mm × w. 451 mm (14.8 × 17.3″), Amsterdam: Rijksprentenkabinet, Rijksmuseum. Image © Rijksmuseum 383
15.2 Hendrick Goltzius (attr.), after Frans Hogenberg, Gerardus Mercator, 1576. Engraving, h. 185 mm × w. 146 mm, Amsterdam, Rijksprentenkabinet, Rijksmuseum. Image © Rijksmuseum 384
15.3 Cornelis Jacobsz. Drebbel, after Hendrick Goltzius, Geometry, number 6 from the Liberal Arts, 1587–1605. Engraving, h. 164 mm × w. 128 mm (6 1/4″ height × 5″ width), Amsterdam, Rijksprentenkabinet, Rijksmuseum. Image © Rijksmuseum 385
15.4 Prefatory miniature from a moralized Bible God as Architect of the World, folio I verso, Paris, 1225. Ink, tempera, and gold leaf on vellum, 1′ ½″ × 8 ¼″, Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek 2554. Image © Österreichische Nationalbibliothek 386
15.5 Coletta van der Keere Hondius, Portrait of Map-Makers, Gerard Mercator and Jodocus Hondius, 1613, detail. Engraving with hand coloring, h. 386 mm × w. 451 mm (14.8 × 17.3″), Amsterdam: Rijksprentenkabinet, Rijksmuseum. Image © Rijksmuseum 387
15.6 Hans Holbein the Younger, The Ambassadors, 1533, detail. Oil on oak, 207 cm × 209.5 cm (81 in × 82 in), London, National Gallery. Image © National Gallery 390
15.7 Hans Holbein the Younger, The Ambassadors, 1533. Oil on oak, 207 cm × 209.5 cm (81 in × 82 in), London, National Gallery. Image © National Gallery 391
15.8 Hans Holbein the Younger, The Astrologer, from The Dance of Death. Woodcut, 6.5 × 4.9 cm, London, Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Image © Wellcome Collection 393
15.9 The Escutcheon of Death or The Arms of Death; first published with text in Lessimulachres & historiees faces de la mort, avtant elegamment pourtraictes, que artificiellement imaginées […] (Lyon, M. and G. Trechsel (for Jean and François Frellon): 1538 (8°). This impression is part of the so called proofs, a set without text, probably published by M. Trechsel, Lyon, 1526. c. 1526. Woodcut © The Trustees of the British Museum 394
15.10 Christoph Jamnitzer, Four Continents, from Neuw Grotteßken Buch, 1610. Etching, plate: 57/ 8 × 71/ 4 in (14.9 × 18.4 cm), Amsterdam, Rijksprentenkabinet, Rijksmuseum. Image © Rijksmuseum 399