General Index
Abercrombie, David
98
Abrams, Kenneth
189
abrupt release
4, 6–7, 10, 25, 48, 134, 180, 189, 201, 249, 250n, 254–256, 266, 297–302, 321, 323, 329, 331, 336, 340n1, 341
accompaniments, (overview of)
22–36
accompaniments, dorsal
ejected (af)fricated clicks
2, 23, 29, 32, 34–35, 104–105, 112–113, 118, 132, 134, 180, 305–306, 309–310, 321–323, 345, 349–352
fricated dorsal click release accompaniments
27–29, 32, 34–35, 51, 75, 92, 101, 103–105, 107–109, 111–114, 117–119, 120, 132, 134–135, 141, 180, 183, 192, 296, 305, 310, 315, 321–323, 327, 341, 349–352
linguo-glottalic click
29, 32
uvular (constriction in click)
3, 23n, 27–35, 51, 87, 94, 100, 102–104, 107, 112–113, 132, 210, 219–222, 224–232, 257–261, 265–266, 287, 306, 316–317, 395, 400, 429
uvular frication
27, 29, 34–35, 51, 102–105, 107–109, 112–113, 132, 134, 180, 183, 296, 327
velar (constriction in clicks)
3, 23, 26n, 28–29, 31–35, 78, 82, 97–98, 102, 106–107, 139, 162, 166, 180, 210, 217–219, 222, 226–227, 231–232, 257–258, 260–261, 266, 400
accompaniments, laryngeal
23–27
aspirated, voiced
28, 31, 35n, 103–106.
delayed aspiration
aspirated, voiceless
23–24, 26–27, 31, 35, 47, 74, 81–83, 99, 102–106, 131–134, 139, 143, 162, 191, 216, 223–224, 296, 304, 314, 320–321, 345, 349, 406, 418n, 419.
delayed aspiration
breathy aspiration
28, 35, 151.
delayed aspiration
breathy voiced
23, 262–264, 357–358, 366, 378
devoiced
23, 26, 357, 277
ejective clicks
24–26, 31, 34–35, 102–103, 132, 150, 257–258, 264–267, 316, 321.
accompaniments, dorsal > ejected (af)fricated clicks
glottalized click
2, 24–28, 93–95, 103, 105, 108, 112–113, 118, 119n, 132, 216, 220, 250, 257, 264–267, 275, 305–306, 310, 315–317, 321–323, 325–328, 343, 345, 349, 391, 392, 394, 406–407, 418–420, 440.
nasal venting
plain
2, 23–24, 28n, 29, 31, 33, 47, 99, 103, 108–109, 111–112, 216, 220–222, 304, 314, 316, 349–352, 391–392, 394, 405, 407, 419
pre-voiced accompaniments
23, 24, 26n, 28, 35n, 94, 104, 110
slack-voiced
23, 148, 150–152, 262–264, 419
unaspirated
30–31, 81–82, 103, 106, 216, 391–392, 405–407, 419.
accompaniments, plain
voiced (oral)
2, 4, 14–15, 17, 23–24, 28, 31–32, 34, 40, 47, 80–83, 95, 103–106, 108–111, 129–132, 139, 141, 143–152, 159–162, 165–166, 168, 172, 191, 197, 216, 260–263, 266, 275, 277–282, 284, 296, 304–306, 310, 314–316, 327, 340–341, 346, 349, 350–352, 357, 366, 391–392, 394, 405, 418–420,
voiceless
1–2, 4, 17, 23–26, 28, 31, 33–34, 35, 40, 45, 47, 80, 82, 95, 102–103, 105, 108–110, 114, 118, 132, 137, 150, 159–162, 165, 172, 191, 192n, 194, 216, 220, 223, 224, 227, 229, 250, 260, 266, 281–282, 284, 306, 340, 357–358, 366, 377, 391–392, 402–406, 411, 419, 420n, 430n.
accompaniments, laryngeal > aspirated, unaspirated
accompaniment, labio(velar)ized
23, 50, 229
accompaniment, epiglottalized
23, 34, 110n
accompaniments, nasalized
4–5, 24, 28, 35–36, 74, 88–89, 93–97, 104–106, 108–109, 114–116, 130, 149–150, 162, 165, 167, 172, 174, 192, 214, 229–230, 250, 257, 260–262, 345, 357, 405–408, 411, 428
aspirated nasal (= delayed aspiration, voiced or voiceless)
25–28, 35–36, 74, 93n, 103, 105–106, 108, 119, 132–133, 139, 216, 296, 327, 341, 343, 345, 349, 406.
nasal venting
glottalized voiceless nasal. see glottalized click
,
accompaniments, laryngeal
pre-glottalized nasal
24
preglottalized voiced nasal click
24, 31, 103, 105, 394
prenasalized (voiced, voiceless)
26n, 28–29, 31–32, 82, 82n1 (prenasalized voiceless aspirated), 82n2, 82–83, 83n1, 102–103, 260–262, 275, 277–278, 280–285, 289, 305, 310, 315, 320
voiced nasal
4–5, 28, 40, 46–47, 80–82, 83n1, 88–89, 93–95, 103, 105, 108–109, 116, 118, 130–133, 135–136, 139, 143–147, 159, 161–162, 165, 172–173, 216, 221, 223–224, 260, 262–263, 275, 277–289, 305, 310, 315–317, 329, 349, 358, 366, 391, 394, 405, 418–420
voiceless nasalized
24–26, 28, 35, 93–95, 103, 105, 108, 159, 160–162, 165, 227–229, 250, 260, 391, 406.
aspirated nasal, glottalized click
acoustic
acoustic characteristic
4, 7–8, 10, 21–25, 31, 74–75, 179–184, 217–218, 245, 249–250, 262, 267, 366, 370, 392, 399, 426, 430.
burst characteristics, place of articulation
acoustic features
23, 29, 45, 74–76, 78, 80–83, 85, 87, 89, 91–92, 94, 97–100, 120, 148, 150–151, 162, 183, 220, 250, 297, 306, 310, 329, 340n1, 341, 349.
burst
acoustic measurement
44, 85, 137, 247–268, 271–272, 298, 368–369, 374–378
acoustic modelling
45
acquisition
47–48, 75, 197–200, 361–362, 389, 410, 418–420
advanced tongue root
9, 76, 218–219, 222–225, 231.
tongue retraction
aerodynamic
25, 44, 46, 93–95, 116, 210, 406.
airflow
Afido, Pedro
40
affricate
3, 28–29, 47n, 47–48, 81, 92, 92n, 96n1, 101–102, 108–111, 114, 145, 214, 317–318, 326–327, 392–393
Agwuele, Augustine
433
airflow
2n1, 3–4, 10, 20, 22, 24–26, 35, 94–95, 106, 132, 260, 262, 357, 405–407, 429
airstream mechanism
2–4, 29, 94–95, 97–100, 166–167, 201, 210n, 214, 228–229, 233, 264, 275, 356–358, 366, 378, 392, 406, 427, 429
Alexander, Qwa7yán’ak, Carl
438
allophone (allophonic, allophony)
6, 8, 16, 28, 32, 96n2, 173–174, 181n2, 182, 211, 224, 244–245, 279, 283, 286, 310n1, 318, 425, 427, 434
Almeida, António de
295, 323–324, 326
alternation
75–87, 120, 156, 165–174, 281, 284, 287
Altmann, Christian F.
194
alveolar
9, 50, 82n2, 108, 111, 145, 180, 191, 197, 317, 322, 341, 345–346, 350, 393, 419, 439–440
alveolar click
1–10, 14, 16, 18, 20–21, 23, 30–32, 31n1, 33–34, 46–49, 49n1, 50–51, 80, 86–87, 89n1, 89n2, 92, 95–96, 96n2, 103–105, 108, 111, 131–135, 140, 144–145, 147–148, 158, 161–162, 164–165, 168, 170, 180–182, 191–193, 195, 197, 211, 214, 216–220, 226–232, 249–250, 254, 256, 260–261, 263, 266–267, 276, 283, 291, 293, 297–311, 321–325, 327–330, 338–341, 344–350, 352–353, 357, 393–396, 400, 411, 418–419, 420n, 429, 432–435, 439.
postalveolar click
alveolar ridge
8, 10, 16, 22, 216, 219, 221, 228, 230, 384–385, 402, 432
alveolopalatal click
6
alveo-palatal click
211
amplitude
6, 8, 21, 25–26, 46, 132, 134, 180, 182n, 212, 248, 250, 264, 271, 298, 407, 426, 430, 432
anatomical/morphological variation
230, 232–233, 384–386, 408n, 409–411
Anders, H.D.
20n
Anderson, Anne H.
246
Anderson, Victoria B.
16
Angola
36–37, 294, 324, 336–338, 341, 344, 353–354
Anonby, Erik J.
428–430
anterior seal (anterior constriction location)
6–8, 17–19, 22, 92, 95, 97, 211, 217–219, 221–224, 226–232, 250, 311, 357, 395–397, 399–400, 402
Antoniou, Mark
184, 189
Aoyama, Katsura
185–186
apical
4, 6, 8–10, 85, 191, 216–217, 219, 227, 232, 249, 255–256, 258, 295, 395–396, 400.
subapical, tongue tip
apicolaminal
4, 6, 8, 211, 221, 230
apicosublaminal
16
Apraxia of speech (AOS)
47, 356, 358, 360
archaic
245
areal distribution. see linguistic area
areal feature. see linguistic area
articulation. see place of articulation
;
closure, constriction, lingual kinematics, lingual posture, posterior constriction location
aspiration
29, 74–75, 81, 83 (deaspiration), 104, 106, 108–109, 118, 130–133, 151, 320–321 (loss of aspiration), 321, 341, 345, 357, 401, 406, 418n.
accompaniments, aspirated; delayed aspiration
assimilation
77n, 81–88, 91, 320, 326–327.
perceptual assimilation
audible dorsal burst
16, 27, 29, 107, 132, 162
audio
193–194, 198, 212–214, 232, 268–272, 368, 387
Australia
36, 181–182
autoscaling
248
Avery, Robert A.
185, 195
Aycard, Pierre Benjamin Jacques
40
Aylett, Matthew
243
back-released velar click
3, 422–423, 425, 427–431, 434
Back Vowel Constraint (BVC)
86–87, 92, 120
backchanneling
423n2, 425–427, 431, 434–435
Bailey, Richard
40, 121
Bakker, Peter
48
Ball, Martin J.
9n, 48, 91, 430n
Barbieri, Chiara
330
Barnard, Alan
46, 129
Bastin, Yvonne
171, 173
Battistella, Edwin
420
Baucom, Kenneth L.
277
Baum, Shari R.
386
Baumbach, Erdmann J.M.
39–40, 162, 164, 182
Beach, Douglas M.
5, 10, 38, 43, 48, 74, 90, 92n, 101, 108–109, 136, 139, 210–211, 214, 217, 296, 399–400, 411
beatboxer
44, 212, 225–230, 397
Beck, Janet
441
Beddor, Patrice S.
52, 182
Bedore, Lisa M.
48
Belin, Pascal
185, 194
Bell, Arthur
24, 38, 45, 95n
Bennett, Wm. G.
23, 42, 80n, 82, 89–90, 93–95, 184
Benor, Sarah B.
46
Bernhardt, Barbara H.
357
Best, Catherine T.
42, 52, 179n, 184–185, 189–200, 409
Bever, Thomas G.
189
Bhaskararao, Peri
402
bilabial
45–46, 48, 102, 108, 116, 191, 194, 197–199, 223, 228–229, 231
(
labial, lips
)
bilabial click
1–2, 4, 6–8, 45–46, 48, 50–51, 82n2, 84–86, 91–92, 95–96, 98, 103–104, 180–183, 192–193, 198–199, 211, 249, 250n, 251, 253–254, 293, 297, 357, 408, 422–423, 429, 432, 435
Binder, J. R.
185, 194
Bleek, Dorothea F.
36n3, 43, 50n, 79, 101, 338, 341n, 344, 353
Bleek, Wilhelm Heinrich Immanuel
7n2, 43, 74n, 440–441
Blevins, Juliette
115
Boersma, Paul
247, 405, 423
Bohn, Ocke-Schwen
189
Boozer, Donald
439
borrowing
1, 36, 40–41, 49–50, 86–87, 90, 115–116, 164, 170–171, 173, 202, 279, 281–282, 284–285, 287, 300–303, 305, 311, 330
(
loan words
)
Bostoen, Koen
40, 79, 157, 162, 171, 173, 182–183
Botswana
36, 39, 129–131, 192, 260, 292, 294, 300, 302–303, 312, 336–337
Bouquiaux, Luc
244
Bowern, Claire
145
Boyce, William B.
4n2
Bradfield, Julian
3, 6n2, 84, 99–102, 114n, 211, 410, 430n
Bradshaw, Mary M.
129–130
Brancazio, Lawrence
194
breathy
11, 24, 26, 28, 35, 151, 262–264, 296, 357–358, 366, 378
Breckwoldt, G. H.
4, 43
Bresch, Erik
212–213, 232
Brooks, Vernon B.
360
Brosnahan, Leonard Francis
386
Brown, Justin
46
Bruderer, Alison G.
409
Brugman, Johanna
6, 11–12, 22, 24, 29, 35, 38, 44, 52, 88–90, 108–109, 211, 214, 220, 232, 407
Brunner, Jana
386
buccal
22
Burger, Sharon
47, 361–362, 418–420
burst characteristics
(
release
)
4–5, 8–10, 13, 16n1, 21–22, 25, 27–32, 79n2, 92n, 107, 160–161, 180, 194, 201, 243, 249–256, 258–261, 264–267, 340–341, 368, 370, 374–377, 380, 386, 391–392, 406, 424, 426, 430,
Cameroon
430, 435
Campbell, Lyle
168
cardioid
271–272, 387
Carreiras, Manuel
196n1
Catford, J. C.
3, 101, 317
cavity
2, 18, 22, 25, 92, 95, 132, 134, 180, 213, 216, 218–219, 223, 227–230, 232–233, 298, 357–358, 395, 399–401, 427–430
center of gravity
10, 32, 247, 250–251, 254, 257
Central Africa
130, 422, 433–435
Chad
422–423, 430–431, 435
Chebanne, Andy M.
35, 52, 130–133, 135, 139, 144, 148, 152, 276, 279, 282, 300, 330
Chen, Su-I
220
Chen, Yiya
139, 150–151
children and clicks
4n2, 47–48, 199–200, 313, 344, 353, 361–362, 418–420
Chladni, E.F.F.
74n
Chomsky, Noam
92n, 97, 101
Clements, George N.
99
clicks
click accompaniment
(
see accompaniment
)
click clusters
(
see cluster
)
clicks, false reports
438–441
clicks, in beatboxing
(
see vocal percussion
)
click insertion
(
emergent click, discourse marker
)
80, 156, 171–174
click languages
1–2, 36–42, 94, 157, 162, 183, 438n2
click loss
(
see click replacement
)
clicks, mechanical
189–191
click mechanism
2–4, 98–99, 134, 166, 210, 216–225, 232, 357–358, 366
click replacement
(
consonant substitution, variant pronunciations
)
47, 49, 78–80, 131–136, 140, 142–146, 149–150, 156, 162, 170–174, 182–183, 277, 283, 291, 294, 297–331, 336–354, 419–420
click sound errors in apraxia of speech
356, 358, 368–373
click symbols
1–9, 23–26, 43, 276–278, 296
(
transcription
)
click type
2–22, 28–29, 47–51, 74, 95–97, 99–101, 109, 131, 133–135, 144, 159, 162, 192, 214, 217–218, 248–259, 327, 340n2, 341, 345, 394–395, 397, 406–407, 429
(
see influx, alveolar click, bilabial click, dental click, lateral click, palatal click, retroflex click
)
clicks, vocal percussive
(
see vocal percussion
)
closure
(
constriction
)
2, 3n, 7–8, 17–18, 22–24, 26–29, 74–75, 80, 82–83, 85, 89, 92n, 93–95, 97–98, 102, 106, 107n, 109, 114, 119, 132, 159–162, 166, 180, 222–224, 227, 230, 260–262, 264, 266, 279, 281, 297–299, 311, 340, 357, 398, 405–407, 411, 426, 428–430, 432–433
cluster (consonant)
23, 24n, 29, 31, 35, 91, 99–120, 132, 211, 214, 257–259, 261, 266–267, 439
coarticulation
6–7, 16, 18, 22–25, 30–34, 45–46, 51, 75, 84–87, 92, 104, 106, 120, 161, 182, 191, 194, 201, 216–219, 221–225, 230–231, 259, 311, 320, 326–327, 357, 360, 377–378, 380, 394, 406
coarticulatory influence
221, 224
coda
88, 90–91
cognates
50–51, 118, 133, 140, 143–148, 170–172, 276–288, 299, 301–306, 313, 316–317, 322–328, 338–357
collaborative task
244, 246–247, 267
Collins, Chris
24, 38, 45, 52, 76–77, 95n, 132–133, 139, 144, 148, 151, 300
community-based
244, 267
comparative-historical research
48–51, 129–152, 245, 275–289, 291–331, 336–354
concave tongue body shape
6, 8, 18, 385
configuration
98n, 211, 216, 230, 232–234, 400
conlangs
438–439
consonants
consonants in inflectional suffixes
418n
consonant inventories
(
see segment inventory
)
consonant substitutions
(
click replacement, variant pronunciations
)
47–48, 79, 89n1, 91, 93–94, 113, 131, 172, 358, 363, 368–370, 374–375, 377–379, 391, 397, 401–404, 406–408, 411, 418, 441
consonant-tone interaction
(
tonal depression
)
129–131, 141, 1 46
consonant-vowel coarticulation
(
see coarticulation
)
constriction, vocal tract
(
closure
)
2–4, 6–10, 16–19, 22, 25–26, 28–29, 45, 92, 100, 107, 194, 210–213, 216–232, 392
consultant
131, 242, 244–247, 268–271, 418, 423
continuous seal
226, 230
contour, tonal
136–138, 141–142, 146, 149
contour segment
29–31, 100, 110, 214
contrast
2, 5, 8–10, 20–21, 23–24, 27–29, 31–32, 49–50, 82, 94–95, 106–107, 109, 112, 136–137, 158–159, 161–162, 168, 179, 181, 184, 186–201, 211, 214, 218, 220, 244, 261, 275, 297–298, 310, 321, 340–341, 350, 409
coordination
216, 219–220, 231, 361, 387, 391, 400, 402, 407, 411
Cootes, Timothy F.
412
Copland, B. D.
43
correspondence sets
(
see cognates
)
coronal
8–9, 16, 45, 47, 78, 85–87, 111, 114–115, 117, 198–199, 216–217, 219, 223–224, 226–227, 230–233, 400, 402, 407, 411
coronal posture
232
corpora
214–216, 221, 226, 276
Corum, Claudia W.
220
creaky
27, 394
Crowley, Terry
145
Cruttenden, Alan
211
Cust, Robert Needham
439
Cutting, James E.
194
Dammann, Ernst
39, 438n2
Dart, Sarah N.
16
Dave, Radhekant
16
Davey, Anthony S.
39
Davis, William J.
4n2
De Gelder, Beatrice
194
de Luna, Kathryn
157
de Vos, Connie
48
decomposition
101, 104, 136, 211
Dediu, Dan
7, 44–45, 48, 384–386, 408
Dehaene-Lambertz, Ghislaine
185
Dekle, Dawn J.
193
delayed aspiration
25–28, 35–36, 74, 93n, 103, 108, 119, 132–133, 139, 216, 296, 327, 341, 343, 345, 349, 406
delayed dorsal release
29, 92n, 430
Delvaux, Véronique
100
demographic
242
Demolin, Didier
46, 100, 384, 386, 408, 438n2
Dempwolff, Otto
43
denasalization (of vowels)
(
prenasalization, loss of
)
280, 305, 320, 326
dental
1–9, 46, 85, 102, 191, 311, 318, 326, 389
dental click
3, 4, 6–7, 9, 20–21, 32, 41, 46–48, 49n1, 49n2 50–51, 76–77, 79n2, 80, 82n2, 84–87, 91–96, 103–104, 108, 111, 131–135, 141, 144, 158–166, 170–173, 180–182, 191–193, 195, 197–199, 211, 214, 216–224, 226–227, 229–232, 234–235, 249, 250n, 252–253, 257–259, 264–267, 276, 283, 285, 293, 297–299, 301, 310n2, 321–324, 327–328, 338, 344, 344n2, 350–353, 357–358, 366, 369, 378–379, 387–388, 391–398, 400–401, 405–407, 411, 418–420, 422–425, 429, 434–435, 439–441
(
labial-dental, labiodental, teeth
)
dentition, (dental arch, dental fillings, dental artifacts)
213, 233, 389, 390, 411
(
teeth
)
depressors
(
see tonal depression
)
Deumert, Ana
46
devoicing, loss of voicing
26, 91, 116, 152, 327, 350n, 351–352, 358
Di Paolo, Marianna
243
diachronic patterns
28, 42, 48–51, 78, 133–136, 275–289, 145–148, 301–331
diacritics
2, 5–6, 9, 23–24, 31, 102, 441n
Dickens, Patrick J.
26n, 28, 35, 40, 110, 116n, 171, 244, 276, 281, 293, 339, 341–343, 347–349, 351–352
Dieckmann, Ute
170
Diehl, Randy L.
150, 185
Diepstra, Heidi
6, 404
diffusion of clicks
48–49
digital archive
43–44, 272, 294
Dinnsen, Daniel A.
182
Diouf, Jean-Léopold
434n
diphthong
23, 50, 116
direction of airflow/airstream
2n, 4, 6, 10, 20, 22, 366, 429
discourse
243–244, 247, 427
discourse marker
45, 182
disordered speech
47–48, 90–91, 356–380
Dogil, Grzegorz
28, 39, 45, 91n, 362
Doke, Clement M.
4–5, 9–10, 13, 16, 20–21, 38–39, 43, 74n, 80–82, 89, 95, 101, 106–107, 113, 181n, 210–211, 220, 231, 297, 338–340, 341n
domed tongue body shape
6, 8, 10
Dornan, Samuel S.
293
dorsal
(
accompaniments, uvular, velar
)
dorsal accompaniment
28–35
dorsal gesture
76, 85, 213, 221–222, 400, 402
dorsal place contrast
31, 102–103, 258–259
dorsal seal / constriction
3n, 6n, 8, 16–17, 25–26, 29, 45, 210, 217, 221–224, 226–231, 384, 392
Downing, Laura J.
130
downsampling
248
Dressler, Wolfgang U.
168
drum
225–226, 229
du Plessis, Ménan
6, 38
Duffy, Joseph R.
358–361
duration
10, 13, 24, 26, 32, 44, 245, 249, 253, 263, 281, 340–341, 358–359, 363, 368–370, 374–380, 389–390, 410
dyad
243, 246, 270
Dye, R. H.
189
dynamic
7, 85n, 212–213, 230
dynamic range
248
dynamic microphone
271
Eaton, Helen
45
echolocation
48
Eckert, Penelope
242
Edgar, John T.
40
Edward, Mary
48
efflux
(
see click accompaniment
)
egressive
139, 156, 166–167, 174, 180, 264, 391, 406
Ehret, Christopher
41, 96n2, 324
Eiseb, Eliphas
35, 214, 244, 276, 293, 295, 328
ejective
ejectives
3, 25, 81, 83, 97, 99, 110–111, 191, 192n, 197–199, 201, 310, 391–393, 396, 401, 403, 406–407, 411, 419, 438–441
ejected (af)fricated clicks
32, 34, 104, 118, 132, 305–306, 309–310, 321–322, 345, 349–352
ejective clicks
24–26, 31, 34–35, 102–103, 132, 150, 257–258, 264–267, 316, 321
Elderkin, E. D.
2n2, 22, 24, 28, 38, 41, 52, 90n2, 93n, 277–279, 284, 289, 310n1, 324, 326
Elders, Stefan
429, 431
electropalatography (EPG)
22, 44, 46, 380
elicitation
242–247, 267–268, 390–391, 407
Elsner, Micha
9, 21, 44
emergent click
45–46, 100, 182n, 408
Engelbrecht, J.A.
49n2
Engstrand, Olle
182, 284, 408, 420
EPG
(
see electropalatography
)
epiglottalized
23, 34, 88, 110n
epiglottalized click
34
epiglottis
217, 219, 223
Erzurumlu, Reha S.
409
Essing, D.
20n
ethnonym
242
Everett, Caleb
386
Everett, Daniel
292
evolution, of language
42
Ewan, William G.
150
Ewen, Colin J.
98n
Exter, Mats
29, 32, 38, 45, 88n
F0
25, 129, 136–139, 141–142, 146, 148–152
F0 lowering
24, 129–132, 136–144, 146–150, 281–282, 284–285
F0 raising
136, 150
Fairbanks, Grant
150
Fallon, Paul D.
99
feature(s)
23, 29, 45, 74–76, 78, 80–83, 85, 87, 89, 91–92, 94, 97–100, 120, 148, 150–151, 162, 183, 220, 250, 297, 306, 310, 329, 340n1, 341, 349
Fehn, Anne-Maria
36, 38, 48–49, 52, 133, 182, 184, 292–296, 299–300, 301n, 304, 310n2, 314, 324, 326–327, 329, 336, 339–340, 346, 351–354
Finch, Kenneth B.
17
Finlayson, Rosalie
54, 211
Fisch, Maria
162, 170
Flege, James E.
185–186, 201
forensic phonetics
45
formal
78, 95, 98, 100, 120
formality
243–244
formant
30–34, 191, 248, 259
formation
187n, 134, 217, 219, 221, 226–227, 231, 400–401, 411
Forrest, Karen
359
forward-released lateral click
20–21
Fowler, Carol A.
193–194, 198
free variation
41, 95–96, 162, 173, 351–352
Freeman, Valerie
246
frequency
8, 10, 31n1, 90n1, 183, 200, 212, 243, 248, 257, 260, 269–272, 303, 312–313, 369, 392–394, 399, 407, 426, 430
(
fundamental frequency
)
frication
(
see fricated
)
fricated
fricated (anterior) click release
4, 6–7, 8–10, 15, 20, 92, 252, 298–299, 341, 357, 422, 424, 426, 430, 432–433
fricated dorsal click release
27–29, 32, 34–35, 75, 92, 101, 103–105, 107–109, 111–114, 117–118, 120, 132, 134–135, 141, 180, 183, 192, 296, 305, 310, 315, 321–323, 327, 349–352
fricated palatal click
7, 9–13, 50n, 95, 256, 296, 299, 301n, 337–338, 341–346, 350, 352–353
fricated retroflex / post-alveolar click
10, 15, 20
fricatives
8–9, 81, 88, 102, 108–109, 113–115, 180, 184n, 191–192, 195, 197, 296, 306, 316, 327, 392–393, 418
fronted, fronting
143, 145–146, 221, 282, 327, 329
Fuchs, Susanne
46, 100, 386, 438n
Fulop, Sean A.
4, 7, 10, 39, 43, 52, 89n3, 90n1, 210, 262, 264
functional load
41–42, 49, 158, 170, 179n, 181, 243, 420
fundamental frequency (F0)
25, 129, 136–139, 141–142, 146, 148–152
Gal, Susan
46
Gallagher, Gillian
99
Gandour, Jack
150, 196n1
gap in inventory
109, 131, 133–134, 136
Garellek, Marc
25
Gathercole, Tim
439
Gati, Joseph S.
185
Gerlach, Linda
24, 32, 38, 94, 293
gesture
2, 22, 48, 76, 85, 98n, 134, 150–151, 182, 198–199, 216–217, 219, 221–222, 227, 231, 268, 320–321, 359, 361, 364, 384, 400, 405–406, 411, 422, 423n1, 433–435
Ghosh, Satrajit S.
409
Gibbon, Fiona
48
Gibson, Gordon D.
295, 324, 326
Gick, Bryan
18, 130, 396, 405, 411
Gil, David
40, 45, 182, 408, 422, 431, 435
glossonym
242
glottal
glottalic (airstream)
3, 29, 34, 97, 99, 118, 201, 210n, 391
glottal constriction
24, 95, 150–151, 216, 262, 407
glottal stop
24, 77, 91, 102–103, 108, 112, 118, 119n, 150, 233, 249, 252, 254–255, 266, 306, 316, 321–322, 392–393, 406–407, 411, 418, 422, 438
glottal frication
25–26, 129–130, 147, 151–152, 327, 329
glottalization
24, 28, 93–95, 104–105, 108, 192n, 220, 296
glottalized click
2, 24–25, 27–28, 93–95, 103, 105, 108, 112, 118, 119n, 132, 216, 220, 250, 257, 264–267, 275, 305–306, 310, 315–317, 321–323, 325–328, 343, 345, 349, 391, 392, 394, 406–407, 418–420, 440
linguo-glottalic click
29, 32
preglottalized
31, 321, 326–328, 406
preglottalized voiced nasal click
24, 103, 105, 394
glottis
3, 74, 98–99, 114, 151, 220, 228–229, 281, 233
Goad, Heather
115
Gold, Erica
45
Goldstein, Louis
51, 189, 198
Golston, Chris
262, 264
Gowlett, Derek F.
220
Greenberg, Joseph H.
36n3, 89
Gregersen, Edgar
440
Grenoble, Lenore A.
422, 423n1, 429, 431, 433–434
Grimbeek, Jackie
356, 379
Gruber, Jeff.
38
Grundy, W.M.
46, 52
Guastavino, Catherine
189
Guion, Susan G.
185–186
Güldemann, Tom
29n, 35–36, 38, 42, 79, 89, 101, 104–114, 116–117, 129, 181–183, 214, 291n, 292, 294, 299–300, 322–324, 326–327, 336n1, 336n2, 337, 354
Gunnink, Hilde
5, 28, 37, 39–42, 48–49, 79–80, 95, 157, 162, 170–171, 173, 179n, 181–182, 183n, 184
Guthrie, Malcolm
157, 220
Guttural OCP
34
Gxilishe, Sandile
47
Gygi, Brian
189
Haacke, Wilfrid H. G.
4, 24–25, 35, 43, 52, 214, 244, 276, 293, 295, 327–329
Hafter, E. R.
192
Hagman, Roy S.
90
Hale, Kenneth
36, 93, 182, 410, 438n
Halle, Morris
92n, 97–99, 101, 150–152
Hallé, Pierre A.
189, 192n
Hallowes, D. P.
49, 101
Halpert, Claire
81
Hamann, Silke
16
Han, Mieko S.
150
Hansson, Gunnar Ó.
83n2, 89
hard palate
(
see palate
)
Harley, Matthew
6, 46
harmonic
262, 264
harmonicity
247, 262–264
harmonics-to-noise ratio
262
harmony, of consonants
83, 87–89
Hartmann, William Morris
189
Hay, Jennifer
243, 246
Hayes, Bruce
181
Heath, Jeffrey
244
Heikkinen, Terttu
21, 287, 349
Heine, Bernd
9, 38, 50, 95, 244, 287, 291, 293, 297, 306n, 308, 336–353
Herbert, Robert K.
47, 49, 211, 357, 361, 377, 418, 420
Herbert, Thomas
43
Heselwood, Barry
48, 89n1
Hewlett, Nigel
441
Hickok, Gregory
195
Hildebrandt, Kristine A.
130
Hinton, Leanne
40
hip-hop
225–230
historically nasal consonants
143–145, 305, 310, 320, 326, 349
hlonipha
49
Hobley, June
130
Holliday, Jeffrey J.
12, 38
Hombert, Jean-Marie
150
Honda, Masaaki
386
Honeybone, Patrick
298
Honken, Henry
50, 132–133, 278–279, 289, 297, 323, 336–338, 353
Hoole, Philip
151
House, Arthur S.
150
Howard, Mary F.
189
Howard, Sara J.
48, 91
Hoyne, Karen L.
200
Hudu, Fusheini
44
Hulst, Harry G. van der
119
Hume, Elizabeth
181
Hunziker, Daniel A.
24, 28
Hussain, Qandeel
16n3
Hyde, Charlene
94
Hyman, Larry M.
41, 137
hyperarticulate
246
Hertz / Hz
212, 248, 269, 270–272, 394, 423–424, 426, 430, 433
idiolect
(
see individual variation
)
Ilunga, Mpunga wa
41
implication
75, 86, 93–96, 303, 305, 110–113, 149, 180, 189, 211, 279, 293, 340, 409, 420
impulse
134, 254
inaudible dorsal burst
25, 29n, 107, 132, 260
individual variation
32, 38, 41, 48, 79–80, 162, 211, 303, 305, 310n, 313, 321, 329, 340, 359, 361, 386, 408–409
(
variation
)
influx
25, 48, 74, 99, 131n, 180, 227–228, 275, 283, 291, 297–303, 306, 311–313, 316n, 317–318, 320–324, 330, 336, 338, 340n1, 344, 349, 351–353
(
see click type, alveolar click, bilabial click, dental click, lateral click, palatal click, retroflex click
)
informant
213–215, 221, 225–226, 232, 234
(
see consultant, participant
)
ingressive
3, 166, 210–211, 214, 216, 220, 225, 228–230, 232, 357, 391, 427, 429, 432–433
Inskeep, Adi
329
instrumental phonetics
17, 22, 38–39, 42–46, 220, 260
(
see aerodynamic, electropalatography, MRI, ultrasound, X-ray
)
intensity
10, 21, 169, 180, 201, 213 (pixel intensity), 243, 247–249, 250n, 271, 298, 340, 353, 407, 430
interdental click
6
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
2n2, 4, 6–9, 21, 24, 174, 225, 229, 234–235, 296, 368, 403–404, 439n
intervocalic position
90, 387, 406, 410
(
medial position
)
intonation
243
inventory
(
see segment inventory
)
IPA
(
see International Phonetic Alphabet
)
Irvine, Judith T.
46
Iskarous, Khalil
7, 38, 44
Iverson, Paul
185–186
Jacobson, Monica C.
364
Jacottet, Édouard
39
Jakobson, Roman
45, 420
jaw
211–212, 216, 218, 221, 223, 227–229, 281
Jeel, V.
150
Jessen, Michael
23–24, 419n1
Joanisse, Marc F.
185
Job, Sylvanus
327–329
Johnson, Keith
39, 45, 181
Jones, Brian T. B.
170
Jones, Daniel
43, 74n1, 438n2
Jones, Kerry
36n1, 52
Jun, Jongho
100
Kagaya, Ryohei
38, 210, 400
Kalahari Basin
36–37, 41–42, 49, 292, 294, 330, 354
Katsamanis, Athanasios
232
Kenya
36–37, 40, 93, 182
Kertesz, Andrew
365
Khaila, Harveen
48
Khin Khin, Aye
182
Khumalo, James Steven Mzilikazi
83, 89
kHz
212, 248, 269, 270–272, 394, 423–424, 426, 430, 433
Kilian-Hatz, Christa
28, 38, 170, 244, 276, 279–280, 283–285, 293, 295, 307–309
Killian, Donald
38
Kim, Bo Yeon
439
Kim, Karl H. S.
364
Kim, Yoon-Chul
233
Kingston, John
150, 181
Kirchengast, Sylvia
384
Kistler, Doris J.
189
Klaproth, Jule
440
Klingenheben, August von
43
Kluender, Keith R.
185
Knight, Alec
292, 385
Kochetov, Alexei
17
Kockaert, Hendrik J.
220
Köhler, Oswin
4, 211, 285, 291n
König, Christa
9, 38, 95, 244, 287, 293, 337–352
Koreman, Jacques
46, 100
Kreitman, Rina
115
Kuhl, Patricia K.
185–186, 187n, 201
Kutsch Lojenga, Constance
130, 137
kymograph
43
L1 acquisition
42, 47–48, 197–198, 361–362, 418–420
L2 acquisition
42, 47–48, 184–186, 201, 410
L2 phonetics
47–48, 184–186, 201, 384–412
labial
(
see bilabial, lips
)
labial aperture
223
labial posture
223
labial-dental, labiodental, labialized click
1, 6, 100, 229–230, 423, 432
labialization
85, 98, 100, 229
labialized voiceless nasalized dental click
229
labiovelarized click
23, 50
labialvelar, labio-velar stop
6, 45–46, 98, 100, 181n2, 408
laboratory phonetics
17, 22, 38–39, 42–46, 220
(
see aerodynamic, electropalatography, MRI, ultrasound, X-ray
)
Labov, William
242–243
Ladefoged, Peter
1, 6–7, 10, 16, 22–26, 28–29, 31–32, 35, 38, 43–44, 46, 51, 74, 82, 93n, 94, 98, 102, 104–105, 108, 116, 131, 180–181, 183, 210–211, 214, 216, 230, 242, 245, 260, 292, 297, 357–358, 362, 366, 385, 387–388, 395, 397, 402, 406–407, 438n2
Ladusaw, William A.
429, 430n
laminal
3–4, 6, 8–9, 16, 18, 217, 219, 221, 227, 230, 232, 256, 357–358, 366, 395–396
(
see sublaminal
)
Lammert, Adam
232, 386, 408n
landmarks
137, 214, 221, 226
language evolution
42
Lanham, Leonard W.
41, 49, 101, 139, 211, 361–362
laryngeal
1, 22, 74, 80–83, 91, 97, 99, 104, 120, 151, 213, 220, 233–234, 264, 356–357, 396–397, 400, 406
laryngeal accompaniments
23–28, 214
(
see accompaniments
)
larynx
3, 24, 34, 211–213, 232, 396–397, 401, 403, 406
epilarynx
397
lateral
lateral click
1–13, 20–22, 25, 40–41, 46–52, 79–80, 84, 82n2, 86–88, 91–92, 94–96, 96n2, 103–104, 108, 111, 131–135, 141, 144, 158–159, 162–163, 180–182, 191, 192n, 195, 197–198, 211, 214–220, 227–228, 231–232, 234, 249, 253–254, 276, 283, 293, 297–299, 301, 321–322, 324–329, 337–340, 341n, 344, 344n2, 345, 345n, 350–353, 357–358, 362, 366, 369, 377, 379, 392, 408, 418–419, 420n, 422–423, 425–428, 430, 432, 434–435, 440
forward-released lateral click
20–21
lateral fricatives, affricates
9, 48, 96n1, 191–192, 195, 197, 327, 345, 345n, 351–352, 418, 439–440
Le Roux, Mia
356, 380
learning
44, 185–186, 190, 197–199, 201, 364, 384, 386–387, 391, 401, 405, 410–411, 420
(
acquisition
)
Lebzelter, Viktor
47n
Lederer, Karen
225
Lehiste, Ilse
150
Lemaitre, Guillaume
189
lenition
298–299, 301n, 321, 324, 331, 336, 340–341, 353
(
weak>click weakening
)
Lepsius, Karl R.
4
Lesotho
36
Lewis, Philip W.
43, 47, 362, 419
lexical elicitation
234–235, 241–247, 267–268, 344
lexicon
87, 89n3, 135–136, 183, 220, 301, 310–311, 318, 330
Liberman, Alvin M.
185, 409
Lingala, Sajan G.
233–234
lingual
lingual consonants (lingual airstream)
3, 97–100, 210–211, 214, 357, 366, 391, 427
lingual kinematics (motion)
134, 218–220, 228, 232, 397–398, 406
lingual posture (articulation)
210, 216–218, 223–229, 232, 400
lingual(-palatal) seal
227–230, 384, 396–399, 401–402
lingual cavity
219, 232
linguistic area
36, 41, 49, 90n3, 120, 292, 294, 327, 330–331, 354, 422, 430, 435
linguo-glottalic click
29, 32
linguo-pulmonic click
29–30, 32
linguo-velaric
210
linguography
(
see palatography
)
Lionnet, Florian
2–3, 45, 52, 86n1, 121
lips
4, 6, 22, 76, 198, 199n, 212–213, 223, 228–231, 404, 429, 432–433
(
labial, bilabial
)
loan words
20, 41, 49, 86–88, 116–117, 147, 220, 277, 279–280, 282, 285, 287
Löfqvist, Anders
150
Lombardi, Linda
110
Loughnane, Robyn
293
Louw, Jacobus Abraham
48, 49n2, 50, 79, 81
lowering
3, 6, 18–19, 26, 85, 218–223, 227–229, 232, 357, 391, 396–397, 405–406, 427 (for F0 lowering,
see tonal depression
)
Lowit, Anja
356
Luffin, Xavier
182
Lukas, Johannes
429, 431
Lukusa, Stephen T.M.
40, 89n3
MacDonald, John
193
MacMahon, Michael K. C.
4n, 430n
Maddieson, Ian
1, 6–7, 10, 16, 22–23, 29, 31n1, 36–39, 41, 43–44, 51, 82, 95, 100, 116, 181, 211, 230, 297, 357–358, 362, 366, 385, 395, 406
Magill, Richard A.
361
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(
see MRI
)
Maho, Jouni F.
157
Maingard, L. F.
293, 329
Malambe, Gloria B.
220
Malloy, Michael
439
Manuel, Isata
38
map task
244, 246–247
Maphalala, Zinhle
23, 47
Maran, La Raw
130
Marchal, Alain
46, 182
markedness
97, 117, 377, 418, 420
Marlett, S. A.
115
Marquard, Carina
21, 44, 180
Mathangwane, Joyce T.
152
Mathes, Timothy K.
49n1, 129–131, 135, 144, 148, 150n, 156n, 171n, 276, 279–280, 282, 291n
Matisoff, James A.
405
Mattingly, Ignatius G.
185, 409
Mauszycki, C. Shannon
361
maximum constriction
213, 225, 227
May, Lillian
199
Mayer, Jörg
91n, 362
McFarland, David H.
386
McGettigan, Carolyn
195
McGurk, Harry
193–194
McLaren, J.
81–82
McNeil, Malcolm R.
356, 358–361, 363–364, 378–379
McPherson, Laura
244
McRoberts, Gerald W.
184, 191, 197–198, 409
mechanisms of sound production
2–4, 29, 97–99, 134, 166–167, 185–187, 201, 210–211, 216, 225–226, 228–229, 232–233, 357–358, 366, 378
medial position
28, 88, 90–91, 93–94, 350, 418, 439
Memmott, Paul
36
microphone
248–249, 268–272, 387, 391, 423
midsagittal
13, 17, 212–213, 215–220, 222–224, 227, 231, 233, 385, 390, 397, 404
Midtlyng, Patrick J.
44
Miller, Amanda [= Miller-Ockhuizen, Amanda]
2–3, 6–10, 17–22, 26, 27n, 28–29, 32, 34–35, 38, 43–45, 52, 74, 76–77, 82, 85n, 86–88, 92, 95, 99, 104, 106–107, 110, 113, 116, 120–121, 180, 210–211, 214, 217, 219–220, 229, 297, 338, 340–341, 400, 406, 427
Miller, Kirk
47, 52, 436
Miller, Nick
356
mispronounce
48, 79n2, 91, 94, 245
Mkanganwi, K.G.
40
modality
211
Möhlig, W. J. G.
96, 162
Moisik, Scott R.
7, 44–45, 48, 52, 384–385, 397, 408
Monaka, Kemmonye C.
40, 52
Morelli, Frida
115
Morland, Aleksander
46, 100
morphology (linguistic)
78, 81, 83, 90n2, 92, 246, 277, 288, 360
(
vocal tract morphology
)
motor complexity and apraxia
361–362, 378, 380
Mowrer, Donald E.
47, 361–362, 418–420
Moyo, Themba
41
Mozambique
36
MRI
1, 3, 6, 22, 44, 195–197, 211–234, 384, 388–390, 395–406, 412
Müller, Nicole
48, 91
multilingualism
220
Muntzel, Martha C.
168
Muysken, Pieter
182
Naidoo, Yugeshiree
47, 361–362
Nakagawa, Hirosi
24–28, 29n, 32n, 35, 38, 43, 52, 86–88, 90n4, 99, 101, 104–117, 121, 139, 144, 148, 210–211, 276, 293, 296, 306, 311, 327, 420
Namaseb, Levi
7, 18, 38, 44, 49n2, 52, 76–77, 79
Namibia
9, 18, 20, 26, 36, 39, 43, 156–157, 164, 168, 173, 214, 292, 294, 324, 327, 336, 340
Napoli, Donna Jo
386
Narayanan, Shrikanth
212, 214, 386
nasal
(
prenasalized
)
nasal accompaniment
(
see accompaniments
)
nasal cavity
132, 213, 428, 430
(
velopharyngeal port
)
nasal venting
26, 94, 106, 132–133
nasalization
25–26, 28, 36, 47, 106, 116, 150, 161, 180, 192, 214, 229, 275–289, 345, 357, 391–392, 394, 405–406, 411
(
prenasalization
)
nasalization loss
143–145, 305, 310, 320, 326, 349
nasalization (unexpected)
284–285, 288
nasal clicks
(
see accompaniments
)
nasalized clicks
(
see accompaniments
)
Nash, David
36, 93, 182, 410
nasopharynx
25, 214
Nathan, Geoffrey S.
40, 89n1, 93, 408
naturalness
243
Naumann, Christfried
38, 84n1, 101, 105, 118, 120, 317
Ndala, António
35
Ndana, Ndana
39
Nedvěd, Radek
18, 20
Nelson, David P.
225
neutralization
77, 81, 83, 91, 246, 310, 321, 340, 350
Ngubane, Sihawukele Emmanuel
40
Niebergall, Aaron
234
Niesler, Thomas
356–357
Nihalani, Paroo
16
noisy release
6, 31, 92n, 134, 144, 250n, 250–253, 270, 297–299, 301n, 329, 336, 340n1, 341, 357, 432
(
fricated release
)
non-click languages
94, 170, 174, 179, 181–183, 185–186, 188–190, 192, 194–195, 200–201, 411
non-native click perception
180, 192–193
non-phonemic click
422
non-pulmonic
220, 230
non-rounded vowels
223
normalization
137–138, 142, 248–249
Nussbaum, Loren V.
220
Nyamende, Abner
40
Obst, Erich
439
obstruent
29, 45, 83n1, 88–91, 95, 109–111, 114–117, 129–130, 143–144, 146–149, 227, 241, 248, 265, 267, 418
Ogden, Richard
45, 182, 408
Ohala, John J.
46, 52, 100, 182, 408
omnidirectional
271–272
onset
29, 32, 34, 40, 90, 115, 117, 138–139, 141–142, 150–151, 217, 223–224, 226, 245, 266, 292–293, 305, 312–313, 320–321, 323, 327, 345, 368 (for onset of voicing,
see VOT
)
oropharynx
213, 396, 399–401, 430
orthography
4–5, 10, 24, 28n, 29, 31, 35–36, 46, 115, 116n, 216, 234–235, 245–246, 323, 328, 339–340, 343, 349, 351–352, 367, 387, 390, 441n
(
transcription
)
Osu, Sylvester
99
Otto, [Brother]
43
Padgett, J.
82
Pahl, H. W.
79n1
Pakendorf, Brigitte
36–37, 39, 48, 157, 183
palate
3, 7, 10, 17–19, 48, 91, 210, 212, 214, 216, 217n, 219, 221, 226–231, 234, 384–386, 389, 396, 399–400, 404–405, 408–409, 411, 429, 440–441
(
velum
)
palatal
8–9, 47, 50, 102, 111, 134–135, 296, 311–312, 317–318, 320–321, 326–327, 418, 439
(
lingual(-palatal) seal
)
palatal click
1–10, 20–21, 26–27, 41, 45–46, 48–50, 84–87, 92, 95–96, 103–104, 108, 111, 131–135, 140, 144, 158–159, 162, 170–171, 211, 214, 216–220, 231–232, 249, 250n, 255–256, 261–262, 276–277, 283, 285, 291, 293, 297–303, 401, 310n2, 311–321, 323–330, 336–338, 341–345, 352–353, 357, 392–393, 396, 399–402, 411, 420n, 441
fricated palatal click
7, 9–13, 50n, 95, 256, 296, 299, 301, 337–338, 341–346, 350, 352–353
palatalization
296, 305, 307–309, 311, 317
palatoalveolar click
5–8, 180–181, 192–193, 211
palatovelar click
232, 399
palatography
16–17, 43–44, 134, 210, 230–231, 298, 311, 399, 404
(
electropalatography
)
Panamanian
226
Panconcelli-Calzia, G.
38, 42, 74n
paralinguistic
42, 45–46, 48, 93, 179n, 182, 184, 190, 196n2, 197, 212, 225, 229–231, 408, 410, 422–435
participant
118, 191, 193–195, 201, 212, 214, 221, 226, 232–233, 246, 268–269, 359, 362–367, 369–380, 388, 384, 386–393, 395–403, 405–408, 410–412
Pascoe, Michelle
48
passive articulators
6, 22, 214, 217n, 219, 396, 399–400
passive structures
(
see passive articulators
)
perception
41, 179–202, 408–410
perceptual assimilation
179, 184–185, 190, 200
percussion
191, 225
(
vocal percussion
)
periodicity
263
Perkell, Joseph S.
409
Persson, J. A.
40
Peterson, Gordon E.
150
pharyngeal aperture
(
see pharynx
)
pharyngeal, pharyngealized
87–88, 92, 107, 219, 225, 277, 282, 284, 287–288, 296, 399–401, 406
pharynx
6, 95, 132, 210, 213, 217n, 219, 222, 223, 231–232, 390, 397–398
(
oropharynx, nasopharynx, velopharyngeal port
)
Phillips, Howard
43n1
phonation
22, 255, 275, 277, 392, 407
(
breathy, glottalized, pharyngealized, whispery
)
phonetic learning
384, 386
phonological representation
74, 88, 91–92, 120, 184, 211
phonological unit
101, 104, 136, 211
phonotactics
42, 86–93, 114–118, 156, 164, 296
Pickett, Velma B.
115
Pickrell, Joseph K.
330, 385
Pienaar, Pierre de Villiers
43
Pillion, Betsy
435
Pinto, Derrin
45
place of articulation
2, 4–8, 22, 89, 104, 108, 150, 162, 165, 167, 193–194, 198, 210, 217, 222, 225–226, 228, 230–231, 241, 248, 250, 258–259, 275, 297, 357–358, 366, 392–393, 395, 397, 399, 404, 411, 419, 433
(
click type
)
plain click
(
see accompaniment, plain
)
Planert, Wilhelm
43
plopped click
10, 16n1
Plumbley, Mark D.
225
Poeppel, David
189, 195
Ponelis, Fritz A.
38
Pongweni, Alec J.C.
40
Pons, Ferran
199n
postalveolar click [= (post)alveolar, post-alveolar]
1–10, 14–16, 18, 20–21, 23, 31n1, 33–34, 46, 49n2, 50–51, 79–80, 95–96, 211, 216–218, 227, 231–232, 249, 250n, 254–256, 266–267, 283, 293, 341, 387–388, 392–395, 397–404, 407–411
(
alveolar click
)
fricated (post)alveolar click
10, 15, 79n
posterior constriction location/seal
82, 94, 97, 106–107, 109, 210, 217–220, 226–229, 231–232
power spectrum
(
see spectrum
)
Praat
247–250, 262–263, 266–267, 423
pragmatics
2, 243, 247, 423, 427, 434
preemphasis
248, 369
preglottalization
24, 103, 321, 326–327, 394
prenasalized
28, 47, 83n1
prenasalization, loss of
(
denasalization (of vowels)
)
143–146, 282
prenasalized clicks
26n, 28–29, 31n2, 32, 82n2, 102–103, 165, 192, 260–262, 275, 277–278, 280–285, 289, 305, 310, 315, 320
prevoicing
23–24, 26n, 28, 35n, 94, 102, 104, 110, 191, 281, 350n
Proctor, Michael
2–3, 7–8, 38, 44, 52, 214–215, 217–218, 225–226, 233, 241, 386, 390, 397, 404, 406, 436
production
1, 7–8, 13, 15–18, 22, 29, 44–45, 47, 51, 79n2, 98, 179, 192, 196, 201, 210–212, 215, 219–226, 228, 230–233, 356–364, 367–375, 377–380, 384–412, 423, 428–430, 439
productive
75, 120, 147, 149, 245, 286
prosodic
(
see prosody
)
prosody
16n3, 21–22, 44, 51, 77, 232, 243, 245, 275, 361
Pullum, Geoffrey K.
429, 430n
pulmonic
3, 9, 16, 21, 29–30, 32, 48, 94–95, 99, 109, 210n, 228, 275, 357–358, 366, 391, 406, 420
pulmonic activity
228, 357
pulse sequence
226
radical
(
see tongue root
)
Rakerd, Brad
189
random
246, 278, 369
rarefaction
2, 134, 216, 218–219, 221–222, 227–229, 297–298, 357, 384–385, 397, 406, 427
real-time Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(
see MRI
)
reconstruction
10, 20, 49–51, 145, 171–173, 276–285, 289, 297, 299–300, 304–305, 307–309, 310n2, 313, 318–320, 322–327, 330, 338
recording
43–44, 191, 212–213, 221, 232, 241–243, 245–246, 248, 266, 268–272, 295, 323, 367, 387, 391, 406–407
release
(
burst characteristics
)
2–10, 16–29, 34, 74–75, 85n, 87, 92n, 93–94, 96n1, 101, 107–109, 112–114, 116, 118, 132, 134, 139, 151, 159, 162, 180, 194, 198, 201, 215–224, 226–232, 243, 248–249, 250n, 256–257, 259, 261–262, 264–267, 275, 279, 297–298, 340, 344n2, 245, 357–358, 363, 366, 368, 370, 374–377, 380, 385, 387, 391–392, 395, 397–401, 406–407, 422–432, 434
release kinematics
216
(
tongue body movement
)
repetition
137, 162, 227, 245–246, 362, 435
retraction
(
see tongue retraction
)
retroflex
8–9, 16–17, 21, 392, 402, 404, 407–408
retroflex click
5–6, 9–21, 50–51, 95–96, 211, 232, 296–297, 336, 338–343, 345n, 351–353, 291, 393, 399–400
retroflexed
216–217
Rickford, Angela E.
434
Rickford, John R.
434
rimshot
225–228
Rivera-Gaxiola
185–186
Rivierre, Jean-Claude
150
Roberts, James
244, 386
Rodgers, Blake
46, 438n
Rose, Sharon
89
Rosenblum, Lawrence D.
194
Rossouw, Kate
48
Roux, Justus
23, 28, 39, 43–44, 47, 92n, 211, 356–357, 362, 419
rt-MRI
(
see MRI
)
Rycroft, David K.
220
Sagey, Elizabeth C.
82, 92n, 97–101, 104
Sakuhuka, Clifford
156
Saldaña, Helena M.
194
sample
40, 231, 243, 245, 267, 362, 364, 368–370
sampling rate
212–213, 247–248, 270, 272, 387, 423
Sands, Bonny
9–10, 20, 31, 36–43, 45, 48–51, 74, 79, 81, 88n, 95, 96n, 113, 121, 156n, 162, 173, 179n, 181–184, 190n, 192n, 210–211, 241–244, 247, 291n, 297–298, 326, 329, 336n, 338, 340, 350n, 354, 385, 392, 399–400, 405, 407, 411–412, 436
Scharf, G.
39, 44
Schilling-Estes, Natalie [=Schilling, Natalie]
243
Schwartz, Joyce
194
Scobbie, James M.
45
Scott, Abigail
16–17, 19
Scott, Sophie K.
195
secondary articulation
95, 183, 230, 250, 257–259, 327
segment
28–29, 31, 75–76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 91, 93–94, 97–102, 107, 111, 117–119, 131, 181, 186, 189, 200, 211, 214, 220, 233
segment inventory
1, 23, 28n, 36, 38, 41, 45, 51, 92–93, 95–96, 100–110, 112–114, 117–118, 119n, 120, 131–132, 158–162, 173, 181–183, 187, 189, 195n, 200, 211, 220, 230, 292, 297, 301, 310, 321, 324, 346, 350, 352–353, 362, 422
segmental
100, 114, 117, 188, 243, 245, 267, 277, 281–282, 298, 357–359, 361, 363–364, 374, 378–380, 407–408
Seidel, Frank
164
Selmer, Ernst W.
39, 43
semantic
40, 245–246, 281–282, 365, 427, 434
Senegal
435
Shankweiler, Donald
194–195
Shen, Zhongwei
130
Shinya, Takahito
181
Shuster, Linda I.
359
Sibanda, Galen
83n2, 89
Sibanda, Magredi
35
sibilant
47n, 48, 115, 418
Sign languages
48
signal
35, 46, 193, 197, 199, 214, 232–233, 248, 255, 260, 270–272, 368, 389, 399, 409
Silverman, Daniel
100
Simpson, Adrian P.
46, 408
Skhosana, Philemon Buti
96
Skipper, J. I.
193
[+slack] feature
148, 150, 152
slack voicing
23, 148, 150–152, 262–264, 419
snare drums
225–226, 228–229
Snider, Keith
244
Snyman, Jan W.
21, 23, 25, 34, 38, 43–44, 74, 101, 110, 210n, 211, 276, 336–339, 353, 400
sociolinguistic interview
243–244, 247
sociophonetics
1–2, 22, 183, 330, 354
soft palate
(
see velum
)
South Africa
36, 43, 46, 79, 157, 162, 192–193, 220–221, 294, 364, 438, 440
Spajić, Siniša
385
spatial
211–212, 216, 233–234, 357–361, 363, 368, 377–378, 380, 390
spectra
(
see spectrum
)
spectral
(
see spectrum
)
spectrogram
25–27, 31, 33, 38, 44, 159–163, 166, 215, 247–250, 257, 259–267, 368–370, 377, 388, 394, 423–426, 430
spectrum
4, 10, 13, 134, 194, 214–215, 247–248, 250–261, 264, 272, 298, 306, 366, 424
speech motor planning
356, 358–360, 363, 377–378
spontaneous speech
212, 221, 243, 247, 269, 362, 409, 423
Staiger, Anja
356, 361, 379
Starostin, George S.
9–10, 20
statistical power
243
Stavness, Ian
386
Stemberger, Joseph P.
357
Steriade, Donca
181
Stevens, Kenneth N.
8, 45, 99, 150–152
Steyn, Mollie
47–48
stigmatized
243
Stone, Maureen
386
Stoneking, Mark
292
stop
2, 6, 17, 21, 23–24, 28–29, 32, 35, 45, 47–48, 77, 79, 81, 83, 87, 88, 95, 100, 102–109, 111, 113–115, 133–135, 143, 145, 150–151, 168, 180, 181n2, 183, 191–195, 197–199, 201, 213–214, 223–225, 250n, 261, 264, 266, 297, 306, 310–311, 316–318, 322, 327, 341, 344–346, 350, 386, 392–393, 396, 399, 401–404, 407–408, 411, 430n, 438–439
Stowell, Dan
225
Strange, Winifred
189
Studdert-Kennedy, Michael
194–195, 198
subapical
6, 9–10, 16
sublaminal
6, 9, 16
substitution
47–48, 79, 89n1, 91, 131, 358–359, 363, 368–370, 377, 379, 391, 397, 401–404, 406–408, 411, 418
suck-teeth
434
suction
2, 8, 22, 79n2, 98–99, 180, 257, 400, 432
supraglottal
151
Swadesh
245, 293
Swaziland
36, 220–221
syllable
1, 23, 40, 45, 88–90, 136, 138–139, 161, 191–195, 198–200, 245, 266, 358, 360, 364, 368, 419
Tabain, Marija
16n3
Taljaard, Petrus C.
210n, 220
Tallal, Paula
194
Tanaka, Jiro
144
Tang, Katrina Elizabeth
129–130
Tanzania
36–37
target
47n, 48, 85–86, 91, 146, 149, 179, 185–189, 192, 195, 200, 212, 218, 221–224, 226, 297, 323, 357, 363, 367–368, 370, 378, 387–388, 391–397, 400–402, 404–407, 410–411
teeth
4, 6, 16, 22, 92n, 166, 213, 221, 228–230, 242, 340, 358, 426, 432, 434, 440–441
(
dental
)
temporal
152, 211, 216, 230, 233–234, 357–361, 363, 368, 407
Ten Raa, Eric
385
Thaler, Lore
48
thematic
245–246
Thibeault, Mélanie
386
Thomas-Vilakati, Kimberly [= Thomas, Kimberly]
39, 43–45, 52, 357, 397
Thomas, Jacqueline M. C.
244
Tiede, Mark K.
386
time scale
248, 258
timing of dorsal release
28–32, 107, 219, 227
Tlale, One
40
tone language
129, 139, 150
tonal depression
24, 129–132, 136–144, 146–150, 281–282, 284–285
tonal melodies
136–143, 146–147, 149, 277, 280
tonal space
137–138, 142
tongue
(
lingual
)
tongue blade
4, 6–9, 16–20, 22, 216, 218–219, 221, 226, 255, 391, 396, 399
(
laminal
)
tongue, center
6–9, 18, 22, 357
tongue root (dorso-radical)
1, 3, 6–7, 18–19, 22, 28, 34–35, 85, 92, 210–211, 213, 219, 223, 225, 231–232, 401
tongue tip
4, 6–10, 16–20, 22, 198, 213, 218–219, 221, 223, 391, 395–396, 399, 402, 441
(
apical
)
tongue body
tongue body movement
2–3, 6, 17–19, 22, 35, 85, 217–219, 221, 232, 397
tongue lowering
3, 6, 18–19, 85, 218–219, 222–223, 227–229, 232, 357, 397, 427
tongue retraction
3, 6, 18, 85n, 217–219, 221–224, 231–232, 397, 399, 401, 403
tongue trajectories
6, 217–219, 232, 359
tongue body shape / position
3, 5–8, 10, 18–19, 22, 85, 92, 198, 216–219, 221
Tosco, Mauro
37
Toutios, Asterios
6, 44
trachea
212–213
Traill, Anthony
1, 3n, 6, 21–22, 24–26, 28–29, 31–33, 35, 38, 43–44, 48–50, 74, 78–79, 82n2, 84–86, 88–89; 93n, 94, 96n1, 98–99, 101–102, 104–105, 108, 116, 118, 119n, 131–136, 144, 149–150, 162, 170, 179n, 180–184, 192, 210–211, 214, 216, 231, 244, 276, 286, 291, 293–298, 300–301, 306, 310–314, 317–323, 329, 336, 338, 340–345, 350, 353, 357, 364, 384–385, 387–388, 397, 406–407
transcription
2–10, 21–29, 31–32, 34–36, 43, 50n, 84n2, 102, 107, 131–132, 135n, 140, 145n, 151, 174, 220, 232, 234–235, 257–258, 264, 266, 272, 277, 296, 326, 338, 340, 343, 359, 363, 405–406, 429, 430n, 440, 441n
Traunmüller, Hartmut
384–385, 209
Trouvain, Jürgen
45
Trubetskoy, Nikolai
43n, 97, 101
Tsua Depression Exceptions Hypothesis
147
Tsua tonal depression rule
148–149
Tuhuse, Bolo ǁXao
3n
Tuomi, S.K.
47
Turk, Alice
243
Tutschek, Karl
440
Tyler, Michael D.
184–185, 189, 200
typology
2, 23, 89–97, 114–120, 292, 294
UCLA phonetic archive
44, 249, 263, 266
ultrasound
1, 3, 17–19, 22, 44, 106, 120, 210, 219, 230–231, 241, 404
unaspirated
(
see accompaniments
)
underlying segments
77–79, 80, 92, 110n, 211, 345n
Unicode
46
unit
75, 98, 100–120, 136, 185, 211, 275, 278, 282–283
unitary segments
23, 100–120, 211, 214, 275
universal
1, 75, 90, 93–97, 99, 113, 181, 197
uvula
217–219, 225–231
uvular
3, 18, 86–87, 100, 102, 107–109, 197, 221, 224, 232, 257–260, 287, 392–393, 401, 405, 411
uvular (constriction in click)
3, 28–35, 87, 94, 100, 102–104, 107, 192, 210, 219–222, 224–232, 257–261, 265–266, 287, 306, 316–317, 395, 400, 429
uvular frication
35, 102–104, 109, 180, 183, 296, 327
Valiente-Noailles, Carlos
300
Van der Merwe, Anita
47–48, 356, 360–361, 363–364, 378–380
van Reenen, J. F.
384
variant pronunciations
3n, 6–10, 20–24, 41, 45, 51, 79–80, 92, 94–96, 167–168, 171, 220, 243, 283, 297, 202–305, 314, 322, 329, 351–352, 408, 429
variation
1–2, 18, 22–23, 25, 75–80, 85, 90n, 92, 95–96, 115, 162, 167–168, 173, 181–182, 184, 187, 211, 227, 229, 242, 244–245, 247, 304, 310n2, 312–318, 329, 340–341, 345, 384–386, 409, 429, 433
Vaz, Colin
232
Vedder, Heinrich
20–21, 329, 338
velar
velar click (back-released)
3, 422–423, 425, 427–432, 434–435
velar (constriction in clicks)
3, 23, 26n, 28–29, 31–35, 78, 82, 97–98, 102, 106–107, 139, 162, 166, 180, 210, 217–219, 222, 226–227, 231–232, 257–258, 260–261, 266, 400, 429
velar consonants (non-click)
3, 46–47, 86–87, 92–93, 97–98, 109–110, 133–135, 145, 165, 167–168, 172–174, 191–192, 194, 197, 223–227, 259, 297, 306, 310–311, 322, 327, 341, 344, 392–393, 396, 400–401, 403, 406, 411, 419, 440
velar frication
32, 34, 110n, 113, 183, 296
velaric consonants
3, 179, 201, 210n, 357–358, 366, 427
(
lingual
)
velopharyngeal port
25, 227, 229, 396–400, 405–406, 428, 430
(
nasal cavity
)
velum
3, 18, 26, 166, 210–214, 217n, 219–221, 226–232, 391, 396–400, 402, 405–407, 411, 426, 429
verbal gesture
422, 433–435
(
paralexical, paralinguistic
)
video
193–194, 198, 212–215, 268
Vigil, Donny
45
Visser, Hessel
40, 88, 244, 276, 285–286, 293
vocabulary
41–42, 135, 200, 246–247
vocal fold slackness
(
see slack voicing
)
vocal folds
150–151, 213, 358, 397–398, 401–403
vocal organs
225, 409
vocal percussion
212, 225–230
vocal performance
225–226
vocal tract
166, 182, 194, 196, 211–213, 216, 219–220, 230–231, 233–234, 384, 388–390, 404, 430
vocal tract morphology, variation in
232, 384–386, 408n, 409–411
voicing
9, 23, 29, 32, 74, 80, 91, 94–95, 102, 104, 106–110, 116, 130–131, 151, 159–162, 165, 167, 172, 174, 191–192, 195, 198, 261–264, 275, 281, 357
(
: breathy, devoicing, prevoicing, slack voicing, voiced, whispery voicing
)
voiced
2, 4, 9, 14–15, 17, 23–24, 28, 31–32, 34, 40, 47, 80–83, 95, 102–106, 108–111, 129–132, 139, 141, 143–152, 159–162, 165–166, 168, 172, 191, 197, 216, 233, 260–263, 266, 275, 277–282, 284, 296, 304–306, 310, 314–316, 327, 340–341, 346, 349, 350–352, 357–358, 366, 391–392, 394, 405, 418–420, 439n
voiceless
1–2, 4, 9, 17, 23–26, 28, 31, 33–34, 35, 40, 45, 47, 80, 82, 91, 95, 102–103, 105, 108–110, 114, 118, 132, 137, 150, 151–152, 159–162, 165, 172, 184n, 191, 192n, 194, 197–198, 216, 220, 223, 224, 227, 229, 250, 260, 266, 281–282, 284, 306, 327, 340, 341, 350, 357–358, 366, 377, 391–392, 402–406, 411, 419, 420n, 430n
Vossen, Rainer [= Voßen, Rainer]
36, 38, 46, 48–49, 78–79, 129, 131, 134–135, 144–146, 150, 162, 170, 182–184, 211, 214, 260, 276–278, 280–282, 284, 286–287, 289, 291, 293–295, 297–300, 302–314, 316, 318–323, 326, 329–330, 336, 338, 340–345, 350, 353
VOT (Voice Onset Time); onset of voicing
25–26, 99, 150–151, 358, 370, 374–377, 379–380, 392, 394, 407
vowel
1–2, 4, 22–23, 26, 45, 76, 87, 91, 113, 115–117, 136–137, 164, 180, 194, 221–225, 248–249, 259, 261–263, 266, 277, 279, 286–288, 296, 298, 358, 407, 422
(
coarticulation
)
vowel formants
30–34, 191, 248, 259
vowel onset
29, 32, 34, 150–151, 363, 368, 370, 374–377, 380, 392, 407
Vroomen, Jean
194
Wakumelo-Nkolola, Mildred
35
Walker, Rachel
89
Walsh, Martin
40, 93
Wambaugh, Julie L.
359, 361, 379
Ward, Ida C.
44
Warner, Natasha
243
Warren, Paul
243, 246
waveform
26–27, 44, 159–161, 163, 166, 215, 222, 247–248, 250–258, 263, 265, 267, 368, 370, 388, 394, 423–425, 427–428, 431–433
weak
click weakening
134, 298–299, 320, 329, 331, 340, 341n, 353
weak click
6, 16n1, 21, 45–46, 181, 438n2
Weenink, David
247, 423
Weirich, Melanie
386
Weitzman, R.S.
150
Werker, Janet F.
197, 199, 409
Werner, Alice
43
West Africa
422, 429–434
Westermann, D.
44
Westphal, Ernst O.J.
43, 49, 151–152, 214, 293, 295, 312–319, 323–326
whispery voicing
262–263
Wightman, Frederic L.
189
Wilkes, A.
96
Wilmsen, Edwin N.
46, 131, 183, 293, 330
Windhoek
214
window
sliding window
213
window length
248, 250n
window shape
250
window weighting
369
Winkler, Eike-M.
384
Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena
35
wood block
254, 225
Woodward, Amanda L.
200
wordlist
145, 243–246, 268, 293–294, 303, 312, 351
Wright, Melissa
45, 182
Wright, P. G.
44
Wright, Richard
4, 7, 10, 25, 28, 38, 43, 52, 93, 181
Wertz, Robert T.
361
X-ray
43–44, 82n3, 210–211, 231, 380, 384
Xu, Ching X.
150
Xu, Yi
137, 150
Yaeger-Dror, Malcah
243
Yanagihara, N.
94
Yeoman, John
430n
Yost, William A.
48, 189
z-score
248–249
Zambia
36, 156–157, 168, 173
Zee, Eric
150
Zeitvogel, Karin
438
Zelditch, Miriam Leah
412
Zhu, Yinghua
233
Ziegler, Wolfram
356, 361
Ziervogel, Dirk
79, 96, 211, 220
Zimbabwe
36, 292, 294, 310n2
Zipf, George Kingsley
386