- 1.1The Apollonius Pictus manuscript, Hungary, National Széchényi Library, Budapest, COD. Lat. 4, f 3v Image courtesy of the National Library of Hungary and the Hungarian Digital Image Library. 5
- 1.2The Holy Monastery of St Catherine, Sinai, Arabic NF 8, f. 15r. Image courtesy of The Community of the Holy Monastery of St Catherine, Sinai, and of the Sinai Palimpsest Project. 7
- 1.3Drawing of Apollonius and his daughter, Tarsia, the Holy Monastery of St Catherine, Sinai, Arabic NF 8, f. 15v. Image courtesy of The Community of the Holy Monastery of St Catherine, Sinai, and of the Sinai Palimpsest Project. 8
- 1.4The Milan Annunciation ivory, Milan, Castle Sforzesco, Avori 14. Image courtesy of the Sforzesco Castle Museum, Milan. 9
- 1.5The Holy Monastery of St Catherine, Sinai, Arabic NF 8, f. 15v. Image courtesy of The Community of the Holy Monastery of St Catherine, Sinai, and of the Sinai Palimpsest Project. 11
- 2.1Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana MS Vat. Lat. 83, f. 76v. © Vatican Library. 21
- 2.2Munich, Bayeriche Staatsbibliothek Clm 343, f. 88v. © Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München. 24
- 2.3Munich, Bayeriche Staatsbibliothek Clm 343, f. 181v. © Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München. 29
- 2.4Munich, Bayeriche Staatsbibliothek Clm 343, f. 12v. © Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München. 30
- 2.5Berlin, Kunstgewerbemuseum, inv. 1927,21. © Foto: Kunstgewerbemuseum der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz. Fotograf/in: Arne Psille. 32
- 3.1Noli me tangere, Codex Egberti, Trier, Stadtbibliothek MS 24, f. 91r. © Trier, Stadtbibliothek. 40
- 3.2Chairete, detail from a now lost sarcophagus. Source: Antonio Bosio, Roma sotterranea novissima (Rome, 1651). 42
- 3.3Noli me tangere, miniature from the Gospel Book of Otto III, Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Clm 4453, f. 251r. © Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München. 45
- 3.4Noli me tangere, detail from the doors of Bernward of Hildesheim for the Church of St Michael in Hildesheim. © Bildarchiv Foto Marburg. 50
- 4.1The rich man and Lazarus, Codex Aureus of Echternach c. 1030–45. Nüremberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum Hs. 156 142/KG1138, f. 78r. © Germanisches Nationalmuseum, photo: Monika Runge. 53
- 4.2The rich man and Lazarus, Aachen Gospels of Otto III 990–1002, Aachen, Cathedral Treasury MS 1, f. 164v. © Domkapitel Aachen, photo: Ann Münchow. 56
- 4.3Transfiguration of Christ, Gospel Book of Otto IIIc. 1000., Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Clm 4453, f. 113r. © Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München. 61
- 4.4Aeneas and the Sibyl enter the underworld, Vatican Virgil, c. 400. Vatican City, BAV Cod. Vat. Lat. 3225, f. 47v © Vatican Library. 62
- 5.1Portrait of Terence, Vatican City, BAV Cod. Vat. Lat. 3868, f. 2r © Vatican Library. 71
- 5.2Portrait of Terence, Vatican City, BAV Cod. Vat. Lat. 6728, f. 8r © Vatican Library. 75
- 6.1Alpha with Christ/David, Diurnal, Santiago de Compostela, Biblioteca Xeral Universitaria 609, Reserv. 1, f. 1v. © Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. 80
- 6.2Presentation Scene, Diurnal, Santiago de Compostela, Biblioteca Xeral Universitaria 609, Reserv. 1, f. 3r (previously 6v). © Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. 84
- 6.3Incipit of Psalter, Diurnal, Santiago de Compostela, Biblioteca Xeral Universitaria 609, Reserv. 1, f. 7r. © Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. 85
- 6.4Echternach Pericopes Book, Bremen, Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek MS b.21), f. 3v. ©SuUB. 90
- 6.5Chronicle of Ekkehard von Aura, Berlin, Staatsbibliothek Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz Cod. Lat. 295, f. 81v. © bpk-bildagentur. 92
- 7.1Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Auct. D.2.6., f. 189v. © The Bodleian Libraries, The University of Oxford. 95
- 7.2Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Auct. D.2.6., f. 170v. © The Bodleian Libraries, The University of Oxford. 98
- 7.3Admont, Monastery Library MS 289, f. 56r. © Benediktinerstift Admont. 98
- 7.4Admont, Monastery Library MS 289, f. 80v. © Benediktinerstift Admont. 101
- 7.5Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Auct. D.2.6., f. 169r. © The Bodleian Libraries, The University of Oxford. 102
- 8.1Troyes, Médiatheque de Troyes Champagne Métropole MS 40–1, ff. 1v-2r. © Photo Médiathèque Jacques Chirac, Troyes Champagne Métropole. 112
- 8.2Troyes, Médiatheque de Troyes Champagne Métropole MS 115, ff. 1v-2r. © Photo Médiathèque Jacques Chirac, Troyes Champagne Métropole. 115
- 8.3Troyes, Médiatheque de Troyes Champagne Métropole MS 40–4, f. 1r. © Photo Médiathèque Jacques Chirac, Troyes Champagne Métropole. 116
- 8.4Troyes, Médiatheque de Troyes Champagne Métropole MS 27–1, f. iv –1r. © Photo Médiathèque Jacques Chirac, Troyes Champagne Métropole. 119
9.1Noah’s Ark, The Palatine Chapel, Palermo. Photo: Jean-Pierre Dalbéra. 129 - 9.2Noah’s Ark, Monreale Cathedral. Photo: Rabe! 130
- 9.3Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Bodley 270b, f. 9v. © The Bodleian Libraries, The University of Oxford. 132
- 9.4Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Bodley 270b, f. 10r. © The Bodleian Libraries, The University of Oxford. 133
- 9.5Paris, Bibliothèque de la Arsenal MS 1186, f. 13v. © Bibliothèque nationale de France. 136
- 9.6Marble inlaid tombstone, Soprintendenza di Palermo. Photo: G. Dallorto. 137
- 10.1Quire diagram of the prefatory cycle of the Leiden Psalter. 141
- 10.2The Leiden Psalter, Leiden University Library MS B.P.L. 76a, f. 8v (artist A). By permission of Leiden University Libraries. 142
- 10.3The Leiden Psalter, Leiden University Library MS B.P.L. 76a, f. 13r (artist B). By permission of Leiden University Libraries. 143
- 10.4The Leiden Psalter, Leiden University Library MS B.P.L. 76a, details of heads by artist A (left, ff. 27r, 8v, 26v, 16v) and artist B (right, ff. 9r, 17r, 20v, 10v). By permission of Leiden University Libraries. 144
- 10.5Details of the Leiden Psalter, Leiden University Library, MS B. P. L. 76a, by permission of Leiden University Libraries; St John’s College Psalter, Cambridge, St John's College MS K.30 by permission of the Master and Fellows of St John’s. 151
- 10.6Animals from the Leiden Psalter. Leiden University Library, MS B. P. L. 76a, by permission of Leiden University Libraries; St John’s College Psalter, Cambridge, St John's College MS K.30, by permission of the Master and Fellows of St John’s; Gough Psalter, Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Gough liturg. 2 © The Bodleian Libraries, The University of Oxford; the Aberdeen Bestiary, Aberdeen University Library MS 24 © University of Aberdeen. 154
- 10.7Details from the Gough Psalter, Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Gough liturg. 2 © The Bodleian Libraries, The University of Oxford; and the Aberdeen Bestiary, Aberdeen University Library MS 24 © University of Aberdeen. 155
- 11.1Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenale MS 1186, f. 1v. © Bibliothèque nationale de France. 158
- 12.1Virgin and Child, The Map Psalter, London, British Library Add. MS 28681, f. 190v © The British Library Board. 165
- 12.2Icon of the Virgin and Child with Old and New Testament figures. By permission of Saint Catherine’s Monastery, Sinai, Egypt. Photograph courtesy of Michigan-Princeton-Alexandria Expeditions to Mount Sinai. 172
- 12.3Icon of the Virgin and Child. By permission of Saint Catherine’s Monastery, Sinai, Egypt. Photograph courtesy of Michigan-Princeton-Alexandria Expeditions to Mount Sinai. 173
12.4Virgin and Child, attributed to Meliore Toscano. Formerly in the Spiridon Collection, Rome. Current whereabouts unknown. This photographic reproduction was provided by the Photo Library of the Federico Zeri Foundation, Bologna. The property rights of the author have been met. 175 - 12.5Shield of Simon de Montfort, sixth earl of Leicester, c. 1260, north choir aisle, Westminster Abbey. © Dean and Chapter of Westminster. 176
- 13.1Trinity College Dublin MS 177, f. 31r. Reproduced by kind permission of The Board of Trinity College Dublin. 189
- 13.2Trinity College Dublin MS 177, f. 55r. Reproduced by kind permission of The Board of Trinity College Dublin. 191
- 13.3Life of St Thomas Becket, Wormsley Library, f. 1r. Reproduced by kind permission of The Wormsley Library. 194
- 13.4Life of St Thomas Becket, Wormsley Library, f. 2r. Reproduced by kind permission of The Wormsley Library. 196
- 13.5Cambridge, University Library MS Ee. 3. 59, f. 4r. Reproduced by kind permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library. 199
- 13.6Cambridge, University Library MS Ee. 3. 59, f. 4v. Reproduced by kind permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library. 201
- 13.7Cambridge, University Library MS Ee. 3. 59, f. 32v. Reproduced by kind permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library. 203
- 15.1Kew, The National Archives E 36/284, f. 1v. The National Archives, reproduced with permission. 232
- 15.2Kew, The National Archives E 36/284, f. 2r. The National Archives, reproduced with permission. 233
- 15.3Kew, The National Archives E 36/284, f. 2v. The National Archives, reproduced with permission. 235
- 15.4Kew, The National Archives E 36/284, f. 3r. The National Archives, reproduced with permission. 238
- 15.5Kew, The National Archives E/31/2/1, f. 1r. Photo: J.J.N. Palmer and George Slater. 239
- 16.1New York, The Morgan Library & Museum MS G.18, f. 75v. Morgan Library & Museum, gift of the Trustees of the William S. Glazier Collection, 1984. 244
- 16.2New York, The Morgan Library & Museum MS G.18, f. 84v. Morgan Library & Museum, gift of the Trustees of the William S. Glazier Collection, 1984. 245
- 16.3New York, The Morgan Library & Museum MS G.18, f. 276r. Morgan Library & Museum, gift of the Trustees of the William S. Glazier Collection, 1984. 246
- 16.4New York, The Morgan Library & Museum MS G.18, f. 279v. Morgan Library & Museum, gift of the Trustees of the William S. Glazier Collection, 1984. 247
- 17.1Alfonso X as the Virgin Mary’s Troubadour, El Escorial, Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo MS T.I.1, f. 5r. © PATRIMONIO NACIONAL. 261
17.2Pulpit by Nicola Pisano, Duomo, Siena, marble, 1265–8. The Warburg Institute, Photographic Collection. 264 - 17.3The Devil thrusts a sinner into the Mouth of Hell, detail of Last Judgement, Nicola Pisano’s pulpit, Duomo, Siena. The Warburg Institute, Photographic Collection. 265
- 17.4Miracle of the Pulpit in Siena, Cantiga 219, Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Banco Rari 20, ff. 92v-93r. Su concessione del Ministero per i beni e le attività culturali/Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze. 266
- 17.5Miracle of the Pulpit in Siena, Cantiga 219, Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Banco Rari 20, f. 93r (detail). Su concessione del Ministero per i beni e le attività culturali/Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze. 267
- 17.6Unfinished miniature of pulpit, Cantiga 219, Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Banco Rari 20, f. 93r (detail). Su concessione del Ministero per i beni e le attività culturali/Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze. 268
- 17.7Painter applying colours to a damaged statue, Cantiga 136, El Escorial, Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo MS T.I.1, f. 192r (detail). © PATRIMONIO NACIONAL. 269
- 18.1Aristotle as an Arabic scholar at the beginning of the second book of Brunetto Latini’s Li livres dou trésor. London, British Library Add. MS 30025, f. 73v. © British Library Board. 279
- 18.2Aristotle and Phyllis at the beginning of the second book of Brunetto Latini’s Li livres dou trésor. Carpentras, bibliothèque-musée Inguimbertine MS 269, folio 108r. © IRHT. 281
- 18.3Mamluk brass bowl with gold and silver inlays depicting personifications of the planets and of the signs of the Zodiac. Florence, Museo Nazionale del Bargello, inv. no. 364 c. © Gabinetto Fotografico delle Gallerie degli Uffizi. 283
- 18.4Aristotle as a master teaching students at the beginning of Aristotle’s Metaphysics. Paris, Bibliothèque Mazarine MS 3458, f. 243r. © Bibliothèque Mazarine, Paris. 285
- 18.5Brunetto Latini at the beginning of the first book of his Li livres dou trésor. London, British Library Add. MS 30025, f. 6r. © British Library Board. 287
- 19.1Mary and Joseph searching for the Lost Child. Oxford, Corpus Christi College MS 410, f. 30r. By permission of The President and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. 292
- 19.2Nativity. Oxford, Corpus Christi College MS 410, f. 15v. By permission of The President and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. 298
- 19.3Christ before his Parents. Oxford, Corpus Christi College MS 410, f. 31v. By permission of The President and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. 302
- 19.4Christ before his Parents. Oxford, Corpus Christi College MS 410, f. 45r. By permission of The President and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. 303
19.5The Virgin in Prayer. Oxford, Corpus Christi College MS 410, f. 128v. By permission of The President and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. 306 - 19.6Christ appears first to his Mother. Oxford, Corpus Christi College MS 410, f.154v. By permission of The President and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. 307
- 19.7Ascension. Oxford, Corpus Christi College MS 410, f. 169v. By permission of The President and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. 308
- 20.1Triptych with Scenes from the Life and Death of the Virgin. Lisbon, Gulbenkian Museum, Inv. 422. Image courtesy of the Gulbenkian Museum. 310
- 20.2Devotional picture booklet (front cover), London, V&A 11–1872. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 315
- 20.3Wing of an altarpiece from Toresund (Strängnäs). Stockholm, Historisches Museum. Image courtesy of the Historisches Museum. 316
- 20.4Devotional picture booklet (3v-4r). London, V&A 11–1872. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 317
- 20.5Tabernacle with ivory appliqué plaques. Halberstadt, Cathedral Domschatz, inv. 15. © Photograph Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt, Juraj Lipták. 318
- 20.6Three pieces of a devotional booklet. Ravenna, Museo Nazionale (Inv. 1038). Image courtesy of the Sopraintendenza Beni Culturali, Ravenna. 320
- 20.7Devotional wax tablet booklet. Linsky collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (1982.60.399). Image courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. 321
- 20.8Passion diptych. Brussels, Museum of Art and History, Inv. 854. Image courtesy of the Art & History Museum. 325
- 21.1Reverse of the left and right wings of a diptych. London, V&A, Inv. A.2–1937 © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 329
- 21.2Writing tablets reused as book covers. Gotha, Stiftung Schloss Friedenstein, Elfenbein Nr. 6. © Stiftung Schloss Friedenstein, Gotha. 330
- 21.3Cross-section of a set of ivory writing tablets at hinges height. Illustration © Matilde Grimaldi 2018. 332
- 21.4Reverse view of ivory writing tablet London, V&A, Inv. Circ.495–1923. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 334
- 21.5View of the inner edge of Fig. 21.4 © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 334
- 21.6Devotional booklet. Munich, Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Inv. MA2033. © Bayerisches Nationalmuseum München. 337
- 22.1Girolamo da Cremona, The Death of St Martin c. 1460–2. Chantilly, Library of the Musée Condé, inv. DE-343 (Divers IV-343). © RMN — Domaine de Chantilly. 343
22.2Girolamo da Cremona, The Death of St Martin c. 1460–2, detail, the ants. Chantilly, Library of the Musée Condé, inv. DE-343 (Divers IV-343), detail. © RMN — Domaine de Chantilly. 344 - 23.1London, British Library Egerton MS 3041, f. 8v. © British Library Board. 353
- 23.2London, British Library Egerton MS 3041, f. 8v (detail). © British Library Board. 354
- 23.3Front of the Great Seal of England as modified and used by Edward II. After Alfred and Alan Wyon, The Great Seals of England (London, 1887). 355
- 23.4London, British Library Egerton MS 3041, f. 5r. © British Library Board. 361
- 23.5Cambridge, Corpus Christi College MS 96, f. 164r. Reproduced by permission of the Master and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. 365
- 23.6Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum MS 329, f. 43r. Reproduced by permission of the Syndics of the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. 366
- 24.1Calendar, January, British Library Yates Thompson MS 3 (Dunois Hours), f. 1r. © British Library Board. 375
- 24.2Obsecro te, British Library Yates Thompson MS 3 (Dunois Hours), f. 22v. © British Library Board. 376
- 24.3Psalm 6 (first Penitential Psalm), British Library Yates Thompson MS 3 (Dunois Hours), f. 157r. © British Library Board. 378
- 24.4Psalm 129 (sixth Penitential Psalm), British Library Yates Thompson MS 3 (Dunois Hours), f. 172v. © British Library Board. 383
- 24.5Office of the Dead, British Library Yates Thompson MS 3 (Dunois Hours), f. 201v. © British Library Board. 384
- 24.6Deus propitius esto michi peccatori, British Library Yates Thompson MS 3 (Dunois Hours), f. 32v. © British Library Board. 386
- 25.1Folio with completed border and completed integrated miniature of St Mark. London, V&A MSL/1993/2, f. 16v. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 401
- 25.2Suffrage for St Barbara. London, V&A MSL/1993/2, f. 41v. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 406
- 25.3Adoration of the Magi. London, V&A MSL/1993/2, f. 53v. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 407
- 25.4The Annunciation. London, V&A MSL/1993/2, f. 18v. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 408
- 25.5Death figure greeting three horsemen. London, V&A MSL/1993/2, f. 80v. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 409
- 26.1Mining, processing and sale of ore, Kutná Hora Cantional, Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Mus. Hs. 15501, f. 1v. © Önb, Vienna. 415
- 26.2Miners at work, Sebastian Münster, Cosmographia (1552), p. 431. Reproduced by kind permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library (L*.9.8(B)). 419
26.3St Helena and the Invention of the True Cross, Kutná Hora Cantional, Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Mus. Hs. 15501, f. 165v. © Önb, Vienna. 429 - 26.4Resurrection of the Dead, Smíškovský Gradual, Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Mus. Hs. 15492, f. 335v. © Önb, Vienna. 431
- 26.5Martyrdom of Hussite laypeople and clergy at Kutná Hora, Smíškovský Gradual, Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Mus. Hs. 15492, f. 285r. © Önb, Vienna. 432
- 27.1A teacher listening to her pupil read (Minerva). MS Richardson 41, f. 2r (detail). Houghton Library, Harvard University. 438
- 27.2The penitent Mary Magdalene (Europa). MS Richardson 41, f. 3v (detail). Houghton Library, Harvard University. 439
- 27.3A nun praying (Iole). MS Richardson 41, f. 6r (detail). Houghton Library, Harvard University. 440
- 27.4A nun reading (Marpesia and Lampedo). MS Richardson 41, f. 4r (detail). Houghton Library, Harvard University. 441
- 27.5Marginalia: description of Sempronia excerpted from Sallust’s The War with Catiline. MS Richardson 41, f. 3v (detail). Houghton Library, Harvard University. 442
- 28.1‘Panel B’ of Aby Warburg’s Bilderatlas Mnemosyne, 1928–9. Photograph © The Warburg Institute. 447
- 28.2Zodiac Man from a Hebrew medical miscellany, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France MS Hébreu 1181, f. 266r. © Bibliothèque nationale de France, 2018. 450
- 28.3Zodiac Man from John de Foxton’s Liber cosmographiae, 1408, Cambridge, Trinity College Library MS R.15.21, f. 28v. Reproduction permission kindly granted by the Master and Fellows of Trinity College Cambridge. 453
- 28.4Three figures outlining moxibustion points, early Tang Dynasty (c. 618), discovered in Cave 16 of the Dunhuang complex, China. London, British Library Or.8210/S.6168. © British Library Board. 457
- 28.5Bloodletting figure from the Fasciculus medicinae (Venice: Johannes and Gregorius de Gregoriis, 1491). Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Rar. 749. © Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München, urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00052856-8. 460
- 28.6Figure displaying the days of the week, from the so-called Codex Ríos (also known as Codex Vaticanus A), mid-sixteenth century, Mexico or Italy. Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana MS Vat. Lat. 3738, f. 54r. © Vatican Library. 463
- 28.7European-style Zodiac Man, from the so-called Codex Mexicanus, c. 1590, Mexico. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France MS Mexicain 23–24, page 12 © Bibliothèque nationale de France, 2018. 466