Index
Area [of the deep seabed]
30, 197–198, 210–211
International Seabed Authority (ISA)
area-based management tools (ABMTs)
53, 58–69, 105–106
areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ)
10, 30, 52, 57, 70, 85–86, 88, 225, 227
Area, high seas
aquaculture
22, 31, 55, 57
Basel Convention
34, 54, 87, 90–93
marine environment
BBNJ process
10, 52–53, 71–76, 86, 104–114, 222, 225
marine biological diversity, ecosystem approach, fragmentation
benefit-sharing
52, 70, 71, 105, 107–110
biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction see BBNJ process
capacity building
53, 74–76, 97, 105
climate change
4, 22, 56, 69–70, 87, 93–98
Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
coastal states
5, 14, 99, 112–114, 139, 142, 174, 195, 201, 206–207
continental shelf, exclusive economic zone (EEZ), sovereign rights, territorial sea
common but differentiated responsibilities
11, 85, 94
common concern of humankind
11, 71, 93, 106, 108, 114
Communities of Ocean Action
45
continental shelf
5, 14
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)
30, 91–97, 164, 174–177
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
13, 34, 62–64, 74, 124
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES)
27, 32, 34, 35, 54, 87–90, 98–103, 113–114, 172, 192n37, 193n39
cross-institutional strategizing forum-shopping
11, 124, 130
regime-shifting/contested multilateralism
11, 124, 130
counter-institutionalization
11, 124
decision-making
3–4, 6, 10, 33, 68, 72, 74, 76, 100, 103–105, 113, 135, 156, 159, 166, 178, 226, 231, 233
deep seabed mining
22, 107, 109
dispute settlement
40, 135, 232
distributive institutionalism
135
due diligence
5, 13–14, 196–198, 210, 231
due regard
5, 13–15, 185, 200–202, 206, 208, 212, 229, 231
duty to cooperate
200–201, 229, 231
environmental impact assessments (EIA)
25, 53, 105–106, 196
European Union (EU)
14, 24, 72, 126–127, 138–139
exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
5, 14, 112, 139, 201–209
fisheries
22, 40, 53, 54–58, 86–89, 138–148, 194
regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs), North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC), Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO)
flag state
40, 95, 113, 174, 194, 206
fragmentation
regime complexity, regime interaction
institutional
10, 53, 71–75, 124, 127–129, 232
normative
15, 16, 127–129, 184, 232
freedom of high seas
11, 85, 105–106, 108, 112, 113, 139
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs)
Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
8, 28n22, 29, 224
geographical scope (institutions)
bilateral
22, 32
global
22, 32–33, 35, 71–76
sub-regional
22., 32–33, 35
regional
22, 32–33, 35, 71–76
geographical scope (instruments)
global
26–27, 30–31
national
26
regional
26–27
sub-regional
27
high seas
30, 69–70, 138, 143–144, 146, 147
freedom of high seas
implementation
6, 8, 10, 13, 33, 36, 40, 57, 58, 66, 70, 72, 97, 100, 108, 110, 143n83, 145, 148, 159–160, 167–168, 170, 176, 202, 211, 224–226
institutional arrangements
2, 6, 9, 11, 40, 85, 99–104, 223–224
institutions
geographical scope (institutions), interaction (institutional), regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs), regional sea agreements
functions and mandate
27, 35, 105
hybrid
9, 27, 224
intergovernmental
9, 27–30, 223
non-governmental
9, 27
overlaps
6, 8, 10, 27, 125, 130
instruments
geographical scope (instruments), regime interaction (normative)
legally-binding
6–10, 26, 27–30, 43, 54, 96, 227
non-legally binding
6–8, 26, 27–30, 43, 54, 190, 227
interactive form
223, 227–229
interactive process
223, 224–227
interactive substance
223, 229–232
interests
common
4–5, 11, 62, 87, 200
competing
2, 11, 13, 17–18, 185, 201, 203, 229, 231
Intergovernmental Oceanic Commission of UNESCO (IOC)
74
international courts and tribunals
15, 184, 186, 229
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), methods of interaction (judicial interpretation), evolutionary interpretation
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
4, 35, 40, 54, 61–63, 87, 90–98, 113–114, 163, 174–176
particularly sensitive area (PSSA)
International Seabed Authority (ISA)
35, 71–74, 107, 197
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
126, 194, 206
Kyoto Protocol
94–96
law making
3–4, 6–7, 156–163, 165–167, 171–173, 177–179, 186, 222–223, 227, 229
law of the sea
2, 7, 14
lex specialis
5, 17, 132, 140, 145, 171
lex posterior
5, 132, 171
marine biological diversity (biodiversity)
9, 10, 52, 63, 72, 104–105, 225
BBNJ process, fisheries, marine environment, marine genetic resources, marine protected areas
marine environment
UNCLOS (Part XII)
protection of
4, 5, 9, 25, 87, 90, 189
pollution
22, 86, 173
marine genetic resources
52, 70–71, 105, 106, 109–110
benefit-sharing, BBNJ Process
marine protected areas
25, 62–63, 67–69, 75–76, 105, 109, 110, 112
marine renewable energies
22
marine scientific research
74, 110
UNCLOS (Part XIII)
Marine Spatial Planning
5, 14, 25
maritime activities
9, 22
aquaculture, deep seabed mining, fisheries, marine renewable energies, offshore activities, shipping
memorandum of understanding (MoU)
9, 28n21, 110, 134, 225
methods of interaction
formal/treaty-based
6, 12
judicial interpretation
6, 15, 169, 198, 202–213, 222
multi-stakeholder participation
7, 25
necessity, principle of
185, 205, 231
norm collisions
124, 126, 132–135
regime interaction (normative)
North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
33, 35, 36n50, 39n60, 56, 87, 110–114
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO)
39n60, 144
ocean governance
fragmentation, regime complexity, regime interaction, sustainable development, institutions, instruments
definition
1–18, 25–26, 171
effectiveness
39–45
ecosystem approach
7, 25
sectoral approach
6, 17, 31
integrated approach
25
offshore activities
2, 4
maritime activities
oil and gas development
22
OSPAR Commission
35, 87, 104, 110–114
Paris Agreement
32n36, 44, 95, 100, 115, 226
particularly sensitive area (PSSA)
59, 61–62
precautionary approach
7, 25, 197–199, 230
proportionality, principle of
5, 185, 202, 212, 230, 231
port state
shipping
control
41–42
Port State Measures Agreement
138, 143, 148
sovereignty
146
reasonableness, principle of
5, 185, 202, 204, 212, 230–232
regime complexity
10, 124, 130, 223
cross-industrial strategizing, fragmentation, regime interaction
regime interaction
interactive form, interactive process, interactive substance, methods of interaction, regime complexity
in areas beyond national jurisdiction
85
institutional
2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 124, 214, 224
normative
2, 3, 6, 7, 12, 13, 132–133, 171, 212
regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOS)
10, 32, 35, 38, 55, 87–90
North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission
regional sea agreements
10
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
rules of reference
5, 8, 13, 173–178, 189, 194–195, 202, 213, 228
shipping
35–36, 40–42, 53, 61–62
sovereign duty
5
sovereign rights
5, 14, 206
state consent
156–157, 164, 178–179, 200
sustainable development
7, 25, 156
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
8, 26
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Target 14
26, 37–38, 42–45
territorial sea
30, 207n112
theory of implied powers
168
methods of interaction (judicial interpretation)
third states
sovereign rights
rights and interests of
5
rights and duties of
14
transboundary harm
196, 230
transfer of marine technology
53, 106, 108
UNCLOS Part XIV
UN-Oceans
10, 37–38, 224
United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
general framework
25, 26, 53, 98, 125, 158, 201, 228
object and purpose of
15, 16, 190–191
Part XII
12, 13, 172, 173, 189, 191, 194
Part XIII
74
Part XIV
74
Part XV
187
The 1994 Implementing Agreement
160
The 1995 Agreement on Straddling Fish Stocks
159
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
Regional Seas Programme
10, 35, 38, 65–69, 224
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
37, 44n82, 54, 69–70, 74, 93, 94n52, 95n61, 100, 226
Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties (VCLT)
5, 157, 165, 184–195, 201, 213
methods of interaction (judicial interpretation)
evolutionary interpretation
15–16, 157, 229
systemic integration
15, 17
World Heritage Convention
64–65
World Trade Organization (WTO)
32, 40, 126, 187–188
WTO Dispute Settlement Body
135, 140
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATTT)
140, 144