0.1 Eleanor of Aquitaine Vase, Iran? sixthâseventh century, and France before 1147, rock crystal, silver-gilt, niello, precious stones, pearls, and enamels on silver. Paris, Musée du Louvre, MR 340. Photo: © RMNâGrand Palais/Art Resource, NY (Danel Arnaudet) 4
0.2 Theodora and Attendants, 548, mosaic. Ravenna, Basilica of San Vitale. Photo: Art Resource, NY (Alfredo Dagli Orti) 6
1.1 Bracteate from Fride (IK 57.1), Gotland, Sweden, gold. Statens Historiska Museer Sweden, inv. no. 1088, object no. 109334. Photo no. 13875 by Ulf Bruxe 1993-08-19, Creative Commons 14
1.2 Relief brooch from Häste, Jämtland, Sweden, gilt silver. Statens Historiska Museer Sweden, inv. no. 19572, object no. 111717. Photo no. 16459 by Sören Hallgren, 1995-03-08, Creative Commons 15
1.3 Map showing distribution of Migration Period gold bracteate find places, distinguishing those found in graves and in hoards 17
1.4 Map showing distribution of possible âcentral places,â locations of cultural and political importance where Scandinavian-type bracteates and relief brooches were made and where leaders reigned in Germanic halls 21
1.5 Plan of a long-house containing a Germanic hall at Gudme, Funen, Denmark. Adapted by the author from drawing by Jeff E. Frederiksen, in Karsten Kjer Michaelsen and Palle Ã. Sørensen, âEn kongsgÃ¥rd fra jernalderen,â à rbog for Svendborg og Omegns Museum (1993): 27 26
1.6 Location of bracteates on the skeleton: graves 150 (left) and 817 (right) at Straubing-BajuwarenstraÃe, Bavaria, Germany. Adapted by the author from Geisler, Das frühbairische Gräberfeld Straubing-BajuwarenstraÃe I, Tafel 37 and Tafel 308 (1998). Adapted by the author from Geisler, Das frühbairische Gräberfeld Straubing-BajuwarenstraÃe I, Tafel 37 and Tafel 308 (1998) 29
2.1 Sword once belonging to Princess Anastasia Iaroslavna, late ninth or tenth century. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Weltliche Shatzkammer, WS XIII 5. Photo: KHMâMuseumsvergand 37
2.2 Now-lost red gem belonging to Anna Iaroslavna. Depicted as incorporated in a thirteenth-century crown. Watercolor by Roger de Gaignières. Paris, Bibliothèque national de France, Estampes, fonds Gaignières 73, Réserve, Oa-9-Fol., fol. 54. Photo: Bibliothèque nationale de France 37
2.3 Genealogical Chart, Family of Iaroslav the Wise 39
2.4 Genealogical Chart, Family of Anastasia Iaroslavna 41
2.5 Genealogical Chart, Family of Anna Iaroslavna 48
2.6 Map tracing the path taken by the âSaber of Charlemagneâ according to the various stories about its provenance histories 57
2.7 Map tracing the path of the red gem of Saint-Denis 57
3.1a Genealogical Chart, Berengaria of Navarre 61
3.1b Genealogical Chart, Richard I of England 61
3.2 Map of Berengariaâs travels and territories 64
3.3 Tomb of Berengaria, LâÃpau, Le Mans, France. Photo: author 69
3.4 Tomb of Berengaria, LâÃpau, Le Mans. Book cover. Photo: author 70
3.5 Tomb of Berengaria. Tracing of Louis Boudanâs drawing made for Roger de Gaignières. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Estampes, fonds Gaignières, Réserve, Pe-1-G, fol. 177. Photo: Bibliothèque nationale de France 71
3.6 Tomb of Eleanor of Aquitaine, Fontevraud, France. Photo: author 74
3.7 Tomb of Berengaria, book cover, side view, LâÃpau, Le Mans. Photo: author 74
3.8 Seal of Eleanor of Aquitaine as queen of England. Louis Boudanâs drawing made for Roger de Gaignières. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, lat. 5480, fol. 265. Photo: Bibliothèque nationale de France 80
3.9 Seal of Isabelle of Angoulême as queen of England. Impression in Society of Antiquaries, London. Photo: Elizabeth Danbury, with permission of the Society of Antiquaries 82
3.10 Seal of Isabelle of Angoulême as queen of England, reverse. From a cast of impression in the Archives muncipales, Angoulême. Photo: author 83
4.1 Genealogical Chart, Matilda of Saxony 87
4.2 Map showing the possible routes Matilda and her entourage took from Wissant to Minden or Brunswick (1167â1168), accompanied by her many precious objects. It also reveals which locations in Saxony can be linked to Matilda and her donations of moveable goods 89
4.3 Coronation of Henry and Matilda, Gospel Book of Henry the Lion and Matilda, Helmarshausen, 1172â1175. Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek, Cod. Guelf. 105 Noviss. 2°, fol. 171v. Photo: Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel 90
4.4 Red dalmatic with lions, second half of the twelfth century, silk samite. Halberstad Domschatz, Inv.-Nr. 117. Photo: Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt, Juraj Lipták 97
4.5 Female owner, Psalter, Helmarshausen, second half of the twelfth century. Baltimore, Walters Art Museum, MS W.10, fol. 6v. Creative Commons License 98
4.6 and 4.7 Lions in medallions, Gospel Book from St. Aegidien, Brunswick. Braunschweig, Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum, Kunstmuseum des Landes Niedersachsen, MA 55, fol. 82r and 140r. Photo: Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum 100
4.8 Bracteate of Henry the Lion, 1142â1195. Braunschweig, 0.79 g. Photo: Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG and Lübke & Wiedemann, Stuttgart 100
4.9 Henry and Matilda at the foot of the Cross, Psalter of Henry and Matilda, Helmarshausen, 1170. London, British Library, Lansdowne MS 381, article 1, fol. 10v. Photo: © The British Library Board 105
5.1 Map of the general movement of each of Beatriceâs daughters over her lifespan 110
5.2 Genealogical Chart, the four daughters of Beatrice of Savoy and their husbands 113
5.3 Pregnancy, ReÌgime du corps. London, British Library, MS Sloane 2435, fol. 27v (detail). Photo: © The British Library Board 118
5.4 Pregnancy, ReÌgime du corps. London, British Library, MS Sloane 2401, fol. 36v (detail). Photo: © The British Library Board 118
5.5 Caring for newborn, ReÌgime du corps. London, British Library, MS Sloane 2435, fol. 28v (detail). Photo: © The British Library Board 119
5.6 Caring for newborn, ReÌgime du corps. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fr. 12323, fol. 97r (detail). Photo: Bibliothèque nationale de France 120
5.7 Caring for newborn, ReÌgime du corps. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arsenal MS 2510, fol. 25v (detail). Photo: Bibliothèque nationale de France 121
5.8 Caring for newborn, ReÌgime du corps. New York, Morgan Library & Museum, MS M.165, fol. 44r (detail). Photo: The Pierpont Morgan Library, New York 121
5.9 Caring for newborn, ReÌgime du corps. Cambridge, Cambridge University Library, MS Ii.V.11, fol. 34v (detail). Reproduced by kind permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library 123
5.10 Caring for newborn, ReÌgime du corps. London, British Library, MS Sloane 2401, fol. 37v (detail). Photo: © The British Library Board 123
5.11 Vomiting, ReÌgime du corps. New York, Morgan Library and Museum, MS M.165, fol. 33r. Photo: The Pierpont Morgan Library, New York (detail) 130
5.12 Map of the hypothetical trajectories of each of the six ReÌgime du corps manuscripts, based on where they were likely made and where they are located today 135
6.1 Birgitta receiving the Revelations, Devotional Miscellany, Naples, Italy, last quarter of the fourteenth century. New York, The Morgan Library and Museum, MS M.498, fol. 4v. Photo: The Morgan Library and Museum 138
6.2 Geographic distribution of primary sites associated with Birgittaâs travels and visions 139
6.3 Genealogical Chart, Birgitta of Sweden 141
6.4 Map of hypothetical pilgrimage route to and from Santiago de Compostela 144
6.5 Churches in Rome visited by Birgitta 150
6.6 Niccolò di Tommaso. Altarpiece with Birgittaâs Nativity vision in central panel. Naples, 1373â1376. Philadelphia Museum of Art, cat. 120. Photo: The Philadelphia Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY 158
7.1 Map showing selected movements of Queen Jeanne of Navarre, the Castilian manuscript of Kalila and Dimna, and Raymond de Béziers 161
7.2 The family of King Philip the Fair, translation of Kalila and Dimna, Liber regius, Raymond de Béziers, 1313. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS Latin 8504, fol. 1v. Photo: Bibliothèque nationale de France 163
7.3 Prefatory images showing the knighting of King Philip the Fairâs sons and a parade, translation of Kalila and Dimna, Liber regius, Raymond de Béziers, 1313. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS Latin 8504, fol. bv. Photo: Bibliothèque nationale de France 164
7.4 Prefatory images showing the presentation of the manuscript to Philip the Fair (central miniature; Raymond de Béziers kneels at right) and the handing out of crosses to royalty and commoners, translation of Kalila and Dimna, Liber regius, Raymond de Béziers, 1313. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS Latin 8504, fol. 1. Photo: Bibliothèque nationale de France 165
7.5 Map showing selected movements of the story of Kalila and Dimna leading to the production of the manuscript presented to Queen Jeanne before her death in 1305 170
7.6 Dimna expostulating at court. Rubric reads: âFigura dine judicis et leopardi notarii et exercitus curie,â translation of Kalila and Dimna, Liber regius, Raymond de Béziers, 1313. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France MS Latin 8504, fol. 52. Photo: Bibliothèque nationale de France 179
8.1 Jean le Noir and the Pucelle workshop, Adoration of the Magi and the queen at prayer, Hours of Jeanne II of Navarre, ca. 1336â1340. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS nouv. acq. lat. 3145, fol. 55v. Photo: Bibliothèque nationale de France 183
8.2 Scenes from the Book of Exodus, life of Moses, Bible (Spencer 22). New York, NYPL, Spencer Collection, Astor Lenox and Tilden Foundation, MS 22, fol. 39v. Photo: New York Public Library 184
8.3 Scenes from the Book of Exodus, life of Moses. Sanchoâs Bible. Amiens, Bibliothèque municipale, MS 108, fol. 39vâ40r. Photo: Bibliothèque dâAmiens Métropole/Bibliothèque Louis Aragon 185
8.4 âCultural mapâ of Spencer 22 186
8.5 Plague of hail, Sanchoâs Bible, fol. 44r (top) and Spencer 22, fol. 42r (bottom). Photos: Bibliothèque dâAmiens Métropole/Bibliothèque Louis Aragon and New York Public Library 194
8.6 David sees Bathsheba at her bath, Sanchoâs Bible, fol. 94r (top) and Spencer 22, fol. 71r (bottom). Photos: Bibliothèque dâAmiens Métropole/Bibliothèque Louis Aragon and New York Public Library 195
8.7 The Sacrifice of Isaac, Spencer 22. New York, NYPL, Spencer Coll. MS 22, fol. 19v (detail). Photo: New York Public Library 196
8.8 The Sacrifice of Isaac, Sanchoâs Bible. Amiens, Bibliothèque municipale, MS 108, fol. 11v (detail). Photo: Bibliothèque dâAmiens Métropole/Bibliothèque Louis Aragon 196
8.9 Genealogical Chart, Jeanne II of Navarre 198
9.1 Genealogical Chart, Isabella of France 208
9.2 Map showing Isabellaâs properties in 1358, including important sites visited in her last year 210
9.3 Castle Rising, aerial view. Photo: Licensed under Creative Commons 2.0, courtesy of John Fielding, photographer 212
9.4 Castle Rising, plan of new apartments ca. 1350. From Morley and Gurney, Castle Rising Castle, Norfolk, East Anglian Archaeology Report 81 (1997): fig. 53. Photo courtesy of David Gurney and the Norfolk County Council Historic Environment Service 212
9.5 Castle Rising, reconstruction of new apartments ca. 1350. From Morley and Gurney, Castle Rising Castle, Norfolk, East Anglian Archaeology Report 81 (1997): fig. 99. Photo courtesy of David Gurney and the Norfolk County Council Historic Environment Service 213
9.6 Chrismatory with arms of Isabella of France and Margaret of France, ca. 1303â1308, silver-gilt. London, British Museum, 1872, 1216.1. Photo: licensed under Creative Commons 4.0, © Trustees of the British Museum 218
9.7 Samson and Delilah; Isabella in prayer, The Psalter of Isabella, ca. 1303â1308. Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, codex gallicanum 16, fols. 93vâ94r. Photo: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich 223
10.1 Genealogical Chart, Jeanne of Burgundy 229
10.2 Map of the movement of the possessions of Jeanne of Burgundy in the hands of her family members 233
10.3 Louis IX with Vincent of Beauvais and Jeanne of Burgundy with Jean de Vignay, frontispiece of a Miroir historial. Baltimore, Walters Art Museum, MS 140, fol. 1r (detail). Photo: The Walters Art Museum 235
11.1 Honoré Bovet giving his book to Valentina Visconti, Honoré Bovet, Apparicion de maistre Jehan de Meun, 1398â1408. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fr. 811, fol.1v. Photo: © Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France 249
11.2 Map of the movement of Valentina Visconti and her trousseau 250
11.3 Genealogical chart showing the alliances and relationship between France and Milan in the fourteenth century 253
11.4 Crown of an English queen (the âBohemianâ or âPalatineâ crown), Western Europe, ca. 1370â1380, gold, enamel, sapphires, rubies, emeralds, diamonds, pearls. Residenz München, Schatzkammer, Inv. ResMüSch.16. Photo: © Bayerische Schlösserverwaltung Ulrich Pfeuffer/Maria Scherf, München 257
11.5 Twelve Medallions Mounted as a Necklace, Paris, ca. 1400, enameled gold, precious stones, and pearls; some later additions with modern chain. The Cleveland Museum of Art. Purchased from the J.H. Wade Fund, 1947.507. Photo: © The Cleveland Museum of Art 262
11.6 Broom-cod jewel, ca. 1389, gold (?), pearls. Barcelona, Treasury of the Cathedral. Photo: © Catedral de Barcelona (photographer: Guillem F-H) 269
12.1 Map showing the travels of Anna Palaiologina Notaras and Sophia Palaiologina 275
12.2 Genealogical Charts, Zoe (Sophia) Palaiologina and Anna Palaiologina Notaras 278
12.3 Theotokos and Child icon, Constantinople(?), fourteenth century. Venice, Hellenic Institute. Photo: Hellenic Institute, Venice 282
12.4 Hodegetria Theotokos icon, Constantinople, fourteenth century (?). Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery. Photo: Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow 289
13.1 Chopines, Italy, ca. 1550â1650, silk and metal. New York, Brooklyn Museum Costume Collection at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of the Brooklyn Museum, 2009; Gift of Herman Delman, 1955; 2009.300.1494a, b. Photo: Metropolitan Museum of Art, www.metmuseum.org 294
13.2 Chopines, Spain, ca. 1580â1620, cork and silk damask, with stamped decoration on the insole. London, Victoria and Albert Museum, Gift of Messrs Harrods Ltd., T.419 & A-1913. Photo: Victoria and Albert Museum, London 294
13.3 Michel Sittow, Portrait of a Princess (Catherine of Aragon [1485â1536], Queen of England or Mary Rose Tudor [1496â1533], sister of Henry VIII of England), ca. 1514, oil on oak. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum, 26-01-03/11. Photo: Kunst Historisches Museum Wien 298
13.4 Anonymous (German), Thus go the ladies in Spain upon their pattens, ca. 1540, watercolor. Florence, Stibbert Museum. Photo: Stibbert Museum, Florence 299
13.5 Map of the movement of Catherine of Aragon and her shoes 301
13.6 Chopines, Spain, before 1540, Vienna, Kunshistorisches Museum, Schloss Ambras Innsbruck, PA 496. Photo: Kunst Historisches Museum Wien 304
13.7 Oriental Aphrodite, seated and naked (Seated Eastern Aphrodite), terracotta, first century BCEâfirst century CE. Paris, Musée du Louvre, Myr1. Paris, Musée du Louvre. Photo: Art Resource, NY 306
13.8 Genealogical Chart, Catherine of Aragon 316