Agrarian Services (Amendment) Bill
171 –172 Sri Lanka
allocation constraints
119 –120 , 121 , 293 –294 , 305n49
allocation of powers
16 , 18 –22 , 26 , 29 , 31 , 44 , 51 allocation constraints
;
allocation of resources
allocation of resources
121 , 136 , 216 –217 , 306 , 308 allocation constraints
;
allocation of powers
Althammer v Austria
406 –407 , 406 –407n35 , 406 –407n38 United Nations Human Rights Committee
Argentina
201 , 224 , 425 Buenos Aires
asymmetrical devolution
49 , 187 –188 asymmetric federalism
;
asymmetric representation
;
asymmetry
asymmetric federalism
17 –18 , 22 –23 , 32 , 105 , 125 , 132 , 418 –419 asymmetric devolution
;
asymmetric representation
;
asymmetry
; constitutional
asymmetry
;
de facto asymmetries
;
de iure asymmetries
;
symmetric federalism
asymmetric representation
19 , 22 –23 , 24 –28 , 30 –31 asymmetric devolution
;
asymmetric federalism
;
asymmetry
asymmetry
19n35 , 24 –26 , 30 –31 , 32 , 36 , 105 , 132 , 225 –226 , 243 –244 , 418 –419 asymmetrical devolution
;
asymmetric federalism
;
asymmetric representation
;
constitutional asymmetry
;
de facto asymmetries
;
de iure asymmetries
Austria
19 –21 , 47 –48 , 88 , 102 –103 , 142 Althammer v Austria
;
Austrian Constitutional Court
;
Austrian Federal Constitution Act
;
Austrian Fiscal Constitution Act
;
double majority
;
Länder
Austrian Constitutional Court
16 Austria
;
Austrian Federal Constitution Act
Austrian Federal Constitution Act
26 Austria
;
Austrian Constitutional Court
Austrian Fiscal Constitutional Act
29 Austria
autonomy status
198 –199 , 206 , 213 , 214 financial autonomy
;
fiscal autonomy
;
regional autonomy
Ballanyne et al. v Canada
412 , 412n43 United Nations Human Rights Committee
B-C Pact
164 , 165 , 187 Sri Lanka
Belgium
18 –19n31 , 19 –21 , 50 –51 , 138 –140 , 346 –347 , 353 language
;
multinationalism
;
multinational federalism
Benshangul/Gumuz
394 , 396n5 , 399 –400 , 401 , 405 , 412 Ethiopia
;
high chamber
;
House of Federation
;
lower chamber
bicameralism
26 , 46 , 53 –54 , 317 , 319 , 320 , 321 , 322 , 375n43 Bosnia and Herzegovina
;
Brazil
;
Ethiopia
;
Italy
;
United States of America
bilateralism
318 , 321 –322 , 333 –334 Brazil
Bosnia and Herzegovina
19 –21 , 46 , 50 –51 , 140 , 338 , 361 , 422 –423 bicameralism
;
Brčko District
;
cantons
;
Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
;
Constituent Peoples Judgement
;
constituent unit
;
Council of National Minorities
;
Dayton Peace Agreement
;
Republika Srpska
;
rotation presidency
;
Sejdić-Finci Judgement
;
Washington Agreement
Brazil
88n91 , 201 , 202 , 245 , 317 , 423 –424 bicameralism
;
bilateralism
;
One Man, One Vote
Brčko District
340 –343 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Buenos Aires
224 Argentina
Bundestreue
110 , 123 , 125 –126 Germany
;
loyalty
burden sharing
274 , 275 –276 , 278 –279
canton
24 –28 , 50 –51 , 62 , 253 , 323 –324n17 , 332 , 339 –341 , 344 –345 , 352 , 374n40 , 374 –375 , 376 , 377 –378 , 377 –378n51 , 381 –382 , 424 –425 Bosnia and Herzegovina
;
subnational unit
;
Switzerland
centralisation
32 , 136 , 154 , 197 –198 , 199 , 290 –291 , 292 , 343 –344 , 343 –344n21 , 348 –350 , 351 –352 , 425 centralised state
centralised state
2 –3 , 5 , 19 –21 , 134 , 137 –138 , 197 –198 , 200 , 340 –341 , 427 centralisation
centralised system
See
centralised state
Chandrasoma v. Senathirajah
181 Sri Lanka
collective rights
9 , 63 , 421 –423 individual rights
competitiveness
24 , 106 –107 , 125 , 227 , 245 –246 , 248 , 249 , 257 , 272 , 281 , 298n32
constituent entity
See
constituent unit
Constituent Peoples Judgement
346 –347n30 , 353 Bosnia and Herzegovina
constituent unit
1 , 46 , 101 –102 , 320 , 322 –324 , 327 , 328 –331 , 332 , 333 –335 , 336 , 396 , 397 , 410 , 416 –417 , 421 –422 , 423 –424
(2000) Constitution Bill
158 , 173 , 181 Sri Lanka
constitutional asymmetry
19 , 31 , 36 , 418 –419 asymmetric federalism
;
asymmetric representation
;
asymmetry
;
de facto asymmetries
;
de iure asymmetries
Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
341 –343 , 344 –345 , 346 –348 , 352 , 353 , 370 –371 , 376 , 380 –381n58 , 380 –381n59 , 382 , 382n 62 , 385 , 389 –391 Bosnia and Herzegovina
;
Constituent Peoples Judgement
;
Sejdić-Finci Judgement
constitutional equality
338 –339 , 361 , 367 –368 , 373 –374 , 380 –381 , 421 –422 dynamic equality
;
equalisation
;
equal participation
;
equal representation
;
equitable distribution
; financial
equalisation
;
formal equality
;
inequality
;
substantive equality
constitutional guarantee
22 , 94 , 253 minimum floor
;
Vital National Interest
constitutional reform
43 –44 , 101 –102 , 104 –106 , 107 , 116 , 118 , 119 –120 , 125 , 132 , 163 , 179 , 181 –182 , 192 , 206 , 207 , 212 , 224 –225 , 290 , 292 –293 , 294 , 295 , 297 , 306 , 379n57 Italy
;
Sri Lanka
constitutional value
36 –37 , 38 –39 , 56 –57 , 422 , 424
constrained power
See
division of powers
cooperation
16 , 77 , 117 , 119 , 123 –124 , 125 –126 , 272 , 279 –281 , 298 –299 , 304 , 305 –306 , 307 , 308 –309 , 338 –339 , 347 –348 , 354 –355 , 356 , 368 –369 , 422 –423 equal representation
coordination of state finance
119 –120
corruption
107 , 126 –127 , 247 –248n47 , 419 –420 , 425 –426 independent media
Council of Constitutional Inquiry
401 , 401n25 , 410 –411 Ethiopia
Council of Europe
63 –64 , 345 –346 , 348 –350 , 386 –387 , 388 –389n82 European Court of Human Rights
Council of National Minorities
378 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Dayton Peace Agreement
339 –340 , 345 –346 , 348 –350 , 354 –356 , 368 –371 , 368 –369n23 , 372 , 373 , 375 –376n47 , 380 –381 , 390 –391 , 422 –423 Bosnia and Herzegovina
D-C Pact
164 –165 , 187 Sri Lanka
de facto asymmetries
17 –18 , 19 , 29 –30n89 , 31 , 47n46 , 102 –103 asymmetric federalism
;
asymmetric representation
;
asymmetry
; constitutional
asymmetry
;
de iure asymmetries
de iure asymmetries
17 –18 , 19n35 , 29 –30n89 , 31 , 102 –104 , 105 asymmetric
;
asymmetric representation
;
asymmetry
; constitutional
asymmetry
;
de facto asymmetries
decentralisation
1 , 2 , 3 , 21 –22 , 32 , 62 , 103 –106 , 116 , 119 –120 , 132 –133 , 136 –137 , 139 –141 , 199 , 200 , 344 –345 , 425 –427 decentralised state
;
devolution
decentralised state
1 –2 , 3 –4 , 5 , 19 –21 , 119 –120 , 130 , 132 , 137 –139 , 154 , 203 , 308 , 309 , 343 –344 , 421 decentralisation
decentralised system
See
decentralised state
decolonisation
164 –165 , 213 , 415 ethno-political conflict
;
self-determination
;
Solomon Islands
;
Sri Lanka
;
Trinidad and Tobago
democracy
3 , 18 –19 , 26 –28 , 39 –40 , 53 –54 , 55 –56 , 62 , 81 –82 , 110 –111 , 113 –114n47 , 159 , 182 , 215 , 317 , 344 –345 , 346 , 351 , 355 –356 , 357 , 378 –379 , 390 –391 , 416 , 423 –424
development equivalence
224 , 325 –326
devolution
48 –49 , 132 , 158 –159 , 164 –165 , 167 , 418 –419 , 420 , 427 a symmetrical devolution
;
decentralisation
;
symmetrical devolution
direct discrimination
399 , 401 –402 , 403 –407 ethnic discrimination
;
indirect discrimination
;
non-discrimination
;
positive discrimination
discrimination
2 –3 , 18 , 24 –26 , 29 –30 , 53 –54 , 69 –70 , 200 , 203 , 262 –263 , 286 –288 , 346 , 347 –348 , 355 –356 , 357 , 361 –362 , 383 –384 , 385 , 388 –389 , 390 –391 , 394 , 416 , 419 –420 , 422 –423 direct discrimination
;
ethnic discrimination
; in
direct discrimination
;
non-discrimination
;
positive discrimination
distribution of competences
See
division of powers
divergence
225 –226 , 236 , 248 –249
division of chairs
317 , 320 , 328
division of powers
4 , 42 –43 , 44 , 45 –46 , 49 , 67 –68 , 77 , 117 , 118 , 173 –175 , 215 power-sharing
double majority
26 , 256 Austria
;
Switzerland
dynamic equality
55 –56 , 57 constitutional equality
;
equalisation
;
equal participation
;
equal representation
;
equitable distribution
;
equalisation
payments; financial
equalisation
;
formal equality
;
inequality
;
substantive equality
economic capacity
114 , 262 , 263 , 267 , 268
economic crisis
124 , 298 , 299 , 302
electoral district
26 –28 , 160 , 319 , 322 , 331 , 332 , 334 , 335 , 336 , 423 –424 electoral provisions
;
national deputy
;
voting
electoral provisions
334 , 347 –348 electoral district
;
right to stand
;
voting
equal participation
See
equal representation
equal representation
17 –18 , 22 –24 , 26 –28 , 31 , 53 –54 , 318 , 320 , 322 , 323 , 324 , 328 –330 , 331 , 335 , 373 –374 , 422 –423 constitutional equality
;
dynamic equality
;
equalisation
;
equal participation
;
equalisation
payments;
equitable distribution
; financial
equalisation
;
formal equality
;
inequality
;
substantive equality
equalisation
5 , 16 , 19 , 28 , 29 –31 , 55 –56 , 110 , 119 –121 , 122 –123 , 199 , 202 , 204 , 208 , 209 –210 , 214 –215 , 217 , 220 , 221 , 244 –245 , 247 –248 , 253 , 361 –362 , 366 –367 , 420 –421 , 424 –425 constitutional equality
;
dynamic equality
;
equal participation
;
equal representation
;
equalisation payments
;
equitable distribution
;
financial equalisation
;
formal equality
;
inequality
;
substantive equality
;
equalisation payments
;
redistribution
;
solidarity
;
taxes
equalisation payments
28 , 272 –274 , 281 –282 , 284 , 286 –288 , 424 –425 equalisation
;
revenue sharing
equality of representation
See
equal representation
equitable distribution
225 , 242 , 421 constitutional equality
;
dynamic equality
;
equalisation
;
equal participation
;
equal representation
;
equalisation
payments; financial
equalisation
;
formal equality
;
inequality
;
natural resources
;
revenue sharing
;
substantive equality
Ethiopia
340 –341 , 394 , 421 –422 Benshangul/Gumuz
;
bicameralism
;
Council of Constitutional Inquiry
;
Ethopian Constitution
;
House of Federation
Ethiopian Constitution
394 , 395 , 395n1 , 396n5 , 396n9 , 397 –398 , 397n12 , 400 , 401 –403 , 401n24 , 401n25 , 402n27 , 402 –403n28 , 405 –406 , 405n33 , 410 , 410n40 , 411 , 412 , 413 Ethiopia
Ethiopian federation
See
Ethiopia
Ethiopian state
See
Ethiopia
ethnic communities
See
ethnic minorities
ethnic discrimination
348 –351 ethnicity
ethnic diversity
131 , 132 –133 , 134 –136 , 151 –153 ethnicity
;
ethnic minorities
;
heterogeneity
;
multinational country
ethnic groups
See
ethnic minorities
ethnicity
153 , 197 , 200 , 204 , 326 , 347 –348 , 394 , 395 , 396 , 420 ethnic diversity
;
ethno-political conflict
;
rights of ethnic communities
ethnic minorities
2 –3 , 9 , 36n3 , 46n42 , 79 , 136 , 159 –160 , 197 , 318 , 326 , 332 , 335 , 338 –339 , 346 –347 , 348 –350 , 355 –356 , 357 , 394 , 420 , 421 –422 ethnicity
;
minorities
ethno-political conflict
159 , 179 , 192 ethnicity
;
decolonisation
;
post-war
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
90 –92 , 345 –346 , 347 –348 , 383 –384 , 390 –391 Council of Europe
;
European Court of Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights
90 –92 , 339 , 341 –343 , 344 –345 , 346 –347 , 351 –352 , 353 , 355 –356 , 357 , 362 , 362n2 , 383 –384 , 384n72 , 385 –388 , 388 –389n82 , 389 –391 , 404n 31 , 422 –423 Council of Europe
;
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
;
Sejdić-Finci Judgement
European regions
130 , 131 , 132 –133 , 151 –153 European Union
European Union
130 , 131 , 140 , 246 –247 , 291 , 348 –350 , 404n32 European regions
Exclusive Economic Zone
201 , 210 , 220 European Union
;
territorial waters
federal balance
221 , 237 –238 , 271 –272 , 320 , 322 , 364 –365 federal constitution
;
federal principles
;
fiscal federalism
;
multinational federalism
federal constitution
16 –17 , 18 –21 , 24 –28 , 30 –31 , 161 , 162 –163 , 207 , 224 –225 , 227 , 248 –249n51 , 253 , 255 –256 , 258 –259 , 261 , 262 , 268 , 273 –274 , 275 –276 , 280 –281 , 282 –283 , 286 –288 , 364n10 , 373 , 402 , 424 –425
Federalism-adverse Recommendations
67 , 70 –71 , 76 , 78 , 80 –81 , 88 Federalism-blind Recommendations
;
Federalism-hostile Recommendations
Federalism-blind Recommendations
65 Federalism-adverse Recommendations
;
Federalism-hostile Recommendations
Federalism-hostile Recommendations
69 , 70 –71 Federalism-adverse Recommendations
;
Federalism-blind Recommendations
federal fiscal scheme
See
fiscal federalism
federal principles
165 –166 , 209 , 361 , 366 –367 , 370 , 390 –391 federal balance
;
federal constitution
Federalist Papers
15 , 22 –23 , 26 –28 , 31 , 320 United States of America
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
See
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
49 –50
federative balance
See
federal balance
financial autonomy
119 –120 , 253 , 256 –257 , 270 –271 , 302 , 309 fiscal federalism
financial measures
245 financial equalisation
;
fiscal autonomy
;
fiscal federalism
;
taxes
fiscal autonomy
42 –43 , 44 –46 , 51 , 104 –105 , 116 , 121 , 424 –425 financial equalisation
;
financial measures
;
fiscal federalism
;
taxes
fiscal equalisation
See
financial equalisation
fiscal federalism
4 –5 , 111 , 113 –114 , 117 , 119 –120 , 130 , 134 , 137 , 154 , 224 –226 , 232 , 237 –238 , 249 , 253 , 299 , 415 fiscal autonomy
;
financial equalisation
;
taxes
fiscal measures
206 , 244 –245 , 246 financial measures
formal equality
3 –4 , 15 , 29 , 31 , 331 , 417 –419 constitutional equality
;
dynamic equality
;
equalisation
;
equal participation
;
equal representation
;
substantive equality
Framework Act no. 328 of 2000
294 , 299 –300 Italy
gap of development
237 development equivalence
Germany
29 –30 , 47 –48 , 87 , 88 , 88n91 , 123 , 130 , 138 –139 Bundestreue
;
Länder
Government of Wales Act 2006
19 –21 United Kingdom
harmonisation
67 –69 , 256 –257 , 264 –265 , 268 , 281 , 286 –288 , 424 –425 tax harmonisation
heterogeneity
130 , 132 , 136 , 138 –139 , 153 ethnic diversity
;
minorities
;
multinational country
high chamber
320n10 bicameralism
;
lower chamber
Holding-together Federalism
21 –22 , 26 –28
House of Federation
394 , 401n25 , 401 –402 , 405 , 406 , 408 , 413 Ethiopia
imbalance
52 , 110 , 116 , 119 –121 , 126 , 232 , 237 –238 , 239 –242 , 246 , 249 , 317 , 322 –323
impartiality
139 –140 , 147 , 149 , 150 , 152
implementation deficit
63 –64 harmonisation
independent media
147 , 148 , 149 –150 , 151 , 425 –426 corruption
India
19 –21 , 21n48 , 47 –48 , 132 , 201 , 213
indirect discrimination
406 –407 , 406 –407n36 discrimination
; direct
discrimination
; ethnic
discrimination
; non-
discrimination
; positive
discrimination
individual rights
62 , 90 , 119 –120 , 122 , 126 , 262 , 265 , 378 –379 , 387 –388n59 , 394 –395 , 397 –399 , 411 , 412 , 412n44 , 421 –422 , 424 –425 collective rights
indivisible nation
181 –182 , 184 , 191 –192 identity
inequality
18 , 53 –54 , 62 –63 , 82 , 83 –84 , 85 –89 , 107 , 137 , 197 –198 , 199 –200 , 202 , 203 , 204 , 206 , 208 , 211 , 212 –213 , 217 , 218 –219 , 220 –221 , 224 , 246 –247 , 249 , 320 , 324 , 331 , 335 , 338 , 361 , 378 , 379 –380 , 382 , 384 , 390 –391 , 416 , 417 –421 , 422 –423 , 424 , 427 –428 constitutional equality
;
dynamic equality
;
equalisation
;
equal participation
;
equal representation
;
equalisation
payments;
equitable distribution
; financial
equalisation
;
formal equality
;
substantive equality
intergenerational solidarity
112 , 114 , 115 , 124 , 126 solidarity
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
79 , 402 –403 , 402n26 , 402 –403nn28 Althammer v Austria
;
Ballanyne et al. v Canada
;
United Nations Human Rights Committee
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural rights
69 –70 , 92 –93 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
international human rights conventions
See
international human rights obligations
international human rights obligations
62 –63 , 70 –71 , 72 –74 , 75 –76 , 77 –78 , 82 –84 , 93 , 398 –399 , 404 , 426 –427 United Nations Human Rights Treaty
Ireland
19 –21 , 51 , 183
Italian Constitutional Court
102 , 111 , 112 –113 , 115 , 118 , 119 –120 , 121 , 122 , 123 –125 , 294 –295 , 298 –299 , 303 Italy
Italy
19 –21 , 22 , 37 –38n8 , 51 , 101 –104 , 105 –107 , 108 , 110 –111 , 115 , 116 –117 , 121 , 124 , 125 , 126 –127 , 132 , 140 , 290 , 424 , 425 bicameralism
;
constitutional reform
;
Essential Levels of Care
;
Framework Act no. 328 of 2000
;
Italian Constitutional Court
;
Joint Conference
;
regional system
Joint Conference
295 –296 , 305 –306 , 308 Italy
Kamalawathie v Provincial Public Service Commission of the North-Western Province
168 –169 Sri Lanka
Länder
16 , 19 –21 , 21n48 , 26 , 29 –30 , 47 –48 , 87 , 138 –139 Austria
;
Germany
;
subnational unit
language
5 , 44 , 46n42 , 50 –51 , 54n89 , 74 –75 , 79 –80 , 102 –103n4 , 111n37 , 158 –160 , 164 , 165 –166 , 167 , 181 , 182 , 187 , 197 , 200 , 203 , 206 , 290 –291 , 326 , 332 , 346 –347 , 352 , 380 –381n58 , 394 , 417 , 420 , 426 –427 Belgium
;
Ethiopia
;
language requirement
;
local language
;
Quebec
;
working language
language requirement
394 , 400 , 403 –404 , 404nn31 –32 , 405 –406 , 407 –409 , 410 , 411 , 412 , 413 , 421 –422 Ethiopia
legal vacuum
295
legality
261 , 262 , 307 legitimacy
legitimacy
36 –37 , 38 –39 , 55 –57 , 62 , 115 , 347 –348 , 371 , 371n33 , 373 –374 , 380 –381 , 380 –381n 59 , 382 , 383 , 383n65 , 415 , 418 –419 , 421 –422 legality
Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission
178 ethno-political conflict
;
Sri Lanka
load balancing
273 burden sharing
local innovations
70
local language
405 Ethiopia
;
language
;
language
requirement; working
language
local public services
130 , 425 –426 decentralisation
;
regional autonomy
;
regional policies
;
regional state
;
regional units
;
Interregional Nomenclature of services and social measures
;
welfare state
local self-government
103 –104 , 119 –120 , 170 –171 , 182 –183 , 188 , 189 , 278 –279 , 321 –322 , 420 decentralisation
;
self-government
lower chamber
317 , 321 , 322 , 323 , 327 , 328 –330 , 331 , 333 , 335 , 336 bicameralism
;
higher chamber
loyalty
110 , 123 Bundestreue
Madduma Banda v. Assistant Commissioner of Agrarian Services
172 Sri Lanka
marginalisation
72 , 197 –198 , 200 , 203 , 204 , 208 , 209 –210 , 213 –214 , 215 , 218 –219 , 220 , 221 , 416 , 419 –420 minorities
migration
115 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 134 –135 –153 , 154 , 215 , 229 , 303 , 307 , 324 , 331
minimum floor
82 , 88 , 272 , 275 constitutional guarantees
minimum standards
5 –6 , 70 , 82 –83 , 89 , 93 , 94 , 189 , 204 –205 , 217 –218
minorities
1 –3 , 5 –6 , 62 , 72 , 74 –75 , 79 , 80 , 81 –82 , 93 , 104 , 132 –178 , 185 –186 , 188 , 197 –198 , 321 , 326 , 332 , 334 –335 , 346 , 354 –356 , 362 , 366 –367 , 370 –371 , 380 –381 , 383 –384 , 390 –391 , 397 , 397n12 , 411 , 412 , 416 , 417 –419 , 420 , 421 –422 , 426 –427 asymmetric representation
;
ethnic minorities
;
marginalisation
;
religion
;
rights of minorities
multinational country
6 –7 , 36 , 78 , 338 , 353 , 355 –356 , 357 , 361 , 397 –398n13 , 416 –417 , 418 –419 , 422 Belgium
;
ethnic diversity
;
minorities
;
multinationalism
multinational federalism
361 Belgium
;
multinationalism
;
multinational country
multinational federation
See
multinational country
multinational state
See
multinational country
multinational system
See
multinational country
national deputy
319 , 334 –335 , 336 electoral district
;
political representation
National Electoral Board of Ethiopia
401 , 405 Ethiopia
natural resources
4 –5 , 173 –174 , 197 , 247 –248 , 417 –421 equitable distribution
;
revenue sharing
;
South Sudan
non-discrimination
5 –6 , 89 , 90 –92 , 93 , 338 –339 , 345 –346 , 404n31 discrimination
; direct
discrimination
; ethnic
discrimination
; indirect
discrimination
; positive
discrimination
Northern Ireland Act 1998
19 –21 United Kingdom
One Man, One Vote
318 Brazil
;
voting
Opting-in
51 opting-out
Opting-out
51 opting-in
overrepresentation
320n11 , 321 , 322 –323 , 328 –330 , 331 , 332 , 335 , 382 , 412 , 424 asymmetric representation
;
underrepresentation
pacta sunt servanda
66 international human rights obligations
peace-building
173 –174 , 201 , 207 , 347 –348 , 350 , 355 –356 , 357 , 422 –423 ethno-political conflict
;
post-war
peace-making
See
peace-building
Philadelphia Convention
320 United States of America
political representation
162 , 163 , 181 –182 , 317 , 423 –424 national deputy
positive discrimination
18 , 24 –26 , 29 –30 , 346 –347 discrimination
; direct
discrimination
; ethnic
discrimination
; indirect
discrimination
; non-
discrimination
post-conflict
347 –348 , 351 –352 , 354 –355 , 356 , 357 , 368 –369 , 373 , 379 , 385 –388 ethno-political conflict
post-war
159 , 175 , 339 , 350 –351 , 354 –356 , 357 , 422 –423 ethno-political conflict
;
peace-building
;
stability
power-sharing
49 , 62 –63 , 64 –66 , 68 –69 , 70 –72 , 74 –76 , 77 –78 , 79 , 80 –81 , 94 , 338 –339 , 344 –350 , 354 –356 , 368 , 372 , 375 –376 , 377 –378 , 385 –391 , 416 –417 , 418 –419 , 420 , 422 –423 , 425 division of powers
primacy of federal law
268
proportionality
13 –14 , 15 , 18 –19 , 31 , 118 , 275 , 319 , 323 , 331 , 335 , 402 –403
Provincial Councils
164 , 167 –172 , 188 , 189 , 190 , 191 –192 Provincial Councils (Amendment) Act No. 27 of 1990
;
Provincial Councils (Consequential Provisions) Act No. 12 of 1989
;
Sri Lanka
Provincial Councils (Amendment) Act No. 27 of 1990
186 –187 Provincial Councils
;
Provincial Councils
(Consequential Provisions) Act No. 12 of 1989;
Sri Lanka
Provincial Councils (Consequential Provisions) Act No. 12 of 1989
170 –171 Sri Lanka
Quebec
19 –21 , 47 –48 , 50 –51 , 224n1 , 346 –347 Canada
;
language
redistribution
131 , 135 –136 –153 , 238 , 240 , 241 , 243 , 249 , 273 equalisation
;
revenue sharing
regional autonomy
51 , 107 , 130 , 163 –164 , 292 –293 , 308 –309 , 424 autonomy status
;
financial autonomy
;
fiscal autonomy
;
local public services
;
regional governments
;
regional policies
;
regional state
;
regional units
regional governments
6 , 49 –50 , 88 , 101 , 106 , 117 –118 , 121 , 125 , 131 , 132 , 138 –139 , 140 , 154 , 253 , 294 , 295 –296 , 296 –297n24 , 425 –426 regional autonomy
;
regional policies
;
regional units
regional policies
243 , 301 –302 , 309 local public services
;
regional autonomy
;
regional governments
regional state
101 –102 , 106 , 309 local public services
;
regional autonomy
;
regional governments
regional system
290 , 425 Italy
regional units
1 –2 , 4 –6 , 7 , 224 , 418 –419 local public services
;
regional autonomy
;
regional governments
;
regional state
;
regional system
regressive tax rates
See
Swiss case law
regulation
51 , 117 –118 , 168 , 186 –187 , 189 , 201 , 245 –246 , 256 –257 , 265 , 272 , 273 , 274 –275 , 276 –277 , 294 –295 , 301 –302 , 328 –330 , 343 –345 , 370 –371 , 380 –381 , 383 , 403 –404
religion
65 –66 , 79 –80 , 90 –92 , 112n36 , 114 , 158 –159 , 160 –161 , 199 –200 , 203 , 204 , 290 –291 , 326 , 346 , 380 –381n58 , 398 –399 , 402 , 406 –407 , 417 , 420 , 426 –427 minorities
;
Sri Lanka
reporting (systems)
71 –72 , 76 , 77 , 86 –87
representation
16 , 17 –18 , 19 , 22 –28 , 30 –31 , 65 , 162 , 163 , 181 –182 , 230 , 261n30 , 317 , 339 , 341 –343 , 344 –345 , 361 –362 , 373 , 375 , 376 , 377 –378 , 380 –381 , 380 –381n59 , 382 , 383 , 383n65 , 384n72 , 388 –391 , 388 –389n82 , 422 –424 asymmetric representation
;
equal representation
;
political representation
Republika Srpska
50 –51 , 339 –343 , 344 –345 , 346 –347 , 348 –350 , 368 –369 , 385n73 , 385n74 Bosnia and Herzegovina
residual legislative powers
292 centralisation
residuary sovereignty
22 –24 , 26 –28
revenue sharing
201 , 209 , 216 –217 , 224 –226 , 229 –230 , 238 , 240 –243 , 244 –245 , 247 –249 equitable distribution
;
natural resources
;
redistribution
right to equality
89 , 398 –399 , 415 constitutional equality
;
dynamic equality
;
equalisation
;
equal participation
;
equal representation
;
equalisation
payments;
equitable distribution
; financial
equalisation
;
formal equality
;
inequality
;
substantive equality
right to stand
399 –400 , 401 , 402 –403 electoral provisions
rights of ethnic communities
188 , 339 , 348 –350 , 412 ethnicity
rights of ethnic groups
See
rights of ethnic communities
rights of indigenous peoples
80 , 81 rights of ethnic communities
;
minorities
rotating presidency
344 –345 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Russia
19 –21 , 24 –26n62 , 140
Scotland
21 –22 , 50 –51n59 , 51 , 132 , 146 , 180 , 182 , 183 Scotland Act 1998
;
United Kingdom
Scotland Act 1998
19 –22 Scotland
;
United Kingdom
secession
29 –30 , 78 , 165 –178 , 180 , 183 , 184 , 185 –186 , 187 , 203 –204 , 339 –340 , 353 , 354 –355 , 420 –421 , 427 separatism
Sejdić-Finci Judgement
339 , 346 –347 , 350 , 357 , 361n82 , 385 –386 , 422 –423 Bosnia and Herzegovina
;
European Court of Human Rights
self-determination
39 –40 , 81 –82 , 93 , 162 –163 , 215 , 399 , 411 , 416 –417 , 418 –419 , 420 –422 , 426 –427 decolonisation
;
self-government
;
self-rule
self-government
72 , 78 , 103 –104 , 119 –120 , 198 , 199 , 200 , 214 –215 , 218 –219 , 220 –221 , 363 –364n7 , 364 –365 , 374 –375 , 379 –380 , 390 –391 , 398 , 412 , 418 –419 , 420 , 421 –422 , 425 self-rule
;
self-determination
;
self-rule
;
self-governance
self-organisation
See
self-rule
self-rule
5 , 32 , 54 , 72 , 73 –74 , 79 –81 , 140 –141 , 163 , 204 –205 , 361 –362 , 363 , 373 –374 , 394 –395 , 399 , 410 , 411 , 412n45 , 417 –418 , 419 , 424 shared-rule
;
self-determination
;
self-government
shared-rule
32 , 140 –141 , 361 –362 , 363 , 373 –374 , 390 –391 self-rule
resource sharing
See
burden sharing
Sinhalese
159 –162 , 163 –164 , 166 –167 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 182 , 185 –186 Sri Lanka
;
Tamils
social care policies
290 –291 , 299 , 425 socio-economic rights
social cohesion
119 –120 , 126 –127 , 135 –136 , 153
socio-economic rights
82 , 84 –85 , 87 , 109 –110 , 113 –115 , 116 , 125 –126 Interregional Nomenclature of services and social measures
;
welfare state
solidarity
1 , 29 –30 , 101 , 198 , 199 , 220 , 221 , 275 , 298 –299 , 305 , 415 , 418 –421 , 424 –425 , 427 –428 equalisation
;
intergenerational solidarity
Solomon Islands
197 , 420 decolonisation
South Sudan
197 natural resources
Spain
19 –21 , 51 –52 , 132 , 180 , 224 –225 , 226 –227 regional autonomy
spillover
278 –280 burden sharing
Sri Lanka
158 , 420 Agrarian Services (Amendment) Bill of 1991
;
B-C Pact
;
Chandrasoma v. Senathirajah
;
(2000) Constitution Bill
;
constitutional reform
;
D-C Pact
;
decolonisation
;
Kamalawathie v Provincial Public Service Commission of the North-Western Province
;
Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission (llrc)
;
Madduma Banda v. Assistant Commissioner of Agrarian Services
;
Provincial Councils
;
Provincial Councils
(Amendment) Act No. 27 of 1990;
Provincial Councils
(Consequential Provisions) Act No. 12 of 1989;
religion
;
Sinhalese
;
Steering Committee Sri Lanka
;
Tamils
;
United National Party
stability
4 –5 , 6 , 36 –37 , 38 –39 , 55 –57 , 335 , 364 –365 , 366 –367 , 380 –381 , 387 –388 , 390 –391 , 421 –422 post-war
state actor
63 , 66 –67 , 70 , 72 –73 , 92
state-building
376n50 peace-building
;
post-war
state funding
300 –301
Steering Committee Sri Lanka
158 –159 , 182 , 184 , 185 , 187 , 188 , 191 –192 Sri Lanka
subnational constitutions
84 , 87 , 258 –259
subnational entity
See
subnational unit
subnational unit
1 , 4 , 5 –6 , 8 , 30 –31 , 53 –54n84 , 65 –66 , 68 –69 , 70 , 82 , 83 , 88n91 , 89 , 90 , 138 –139 , 180 , 198 , 200 , 201 , 208 –209 , 220 , 221 , 253 , 351 –352 , 394 , 418 –419 , 423 –424 cantons
;
Länder
subsidiarity
113 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 123n68 , 125 , 331n38
substantive equality
3 –4 , 18 –19 constitutional equality
;
dynamic equality
;
equalisation
;
equal participation
;
equal representation
;
formal equality
;
inequality
Swiss case law
253 Switzerland
Switzerland
62 , 253 , 320n11 , 332 , 346 –347 , 424 –425 cantons
;
double majority
;
Swiss case law
;
taxes
symmetrical devolution
415 asymmetry
symmetric federalism
15 , 17 –18 , 32 , 419 asymmetric federalism
;
asymmetry
Tamils
159 –167 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 179 , 185 –186 , 187 , 188 secession
;
separatism
;
Sinhalese
;
Sri Lanka
tax burden
256 –258 , 259 , 260 , 264 , 265 –266 , 270 , 271 –272 , 276 , 286 –288 , 424 –425 burden sharing
taxes
44 –45 , 51 –52 , 119 –120 , 122 , 173 –174 , 209 , 211 , 217 –218 , 238 , 253 , 298n32 , 343 –344 , 424 –425 equalisation
;
fiscal autonomy
; financial
equalisation
;
financial measures
;
fiscal federalism
;
tax harmonisation
;
tax system
tax harmonisation
256 –257 , 264 , 268 , 281 , 283 , 286 –288 , 424 –425 harmonisation
;
tax burden
;
taxpayers
;
tax system
;
taxes
taxpayers
8 , 116 –117 , 253 , 257 –258 , 259 , 261 , 262 –263 , 265 , 270 , 271 , 283 –284 , 285 , 286 –288 , 424 –425 tax harmonisation
;
tax burden
;
tax system
;
taxes
territorial waters
201 , 210 , 211 , 212 –213 , 216 , 218 –219 , 220 Exclusive Economic Zone
Trinidad and Tobago
197 , 420 decolonisation
underrepresentation
188 , 331 , 334 , 382 asymmetric representation
;
overrepresentation
unequal representation
1 –2 , 4 , 22 –23
uneven development
225 –226 , 237 –238 , 244 , 244 –245n36 , 425 development equivalence
uniformity
54 –55 , 262 , 263 , 268 , 270 , 297 , 326
union of regions
175 –176 , 181
unitary state
1 –3 , 5 , 19 –22 , 37 –38 , 72 –73 , 82 , 83 , 138 –139 , 158 , 165 –166 , 167 –168 , 176 , 180 , 181 –183 , 331n38 , 419 , 427
United Kingdom
24 –26n72 , 37 –38n8 , 48 –49 , 50 –51n59 , 51 , 130 , 132 , 183 Government of Wales Act 2006
;
Northern Ireland Act 1998
;
Scotland
;
Scotland Act 1998
United National Party
163 , 164 –165 , 166 –167 , 172 –173 –179 , 191 –192 Sri Lanka
United Nations Human Rights Committee
403 –404 , 404n32 , 406 –407 , 412 Althammer v Austria
;
Ballanyne et al. v Canada
;
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
United Nations Human Rights Treaty
63 international human rights obligations
;
United Nations Human Rights Committee
United States of America
51 –52 , 84 –86 , 88 , 88n91 , 131 , 132 , 201 , 204 , 234 –235 , 318 , 319 –320 , 332 , 408 –409 bicameralism
;
Federalist Papers
;
Philadelphia Convention
;
U.S. Constitution
universality
262 –263 , 268
universal suffrage
110 –111 , 318 , 319n5 voting
U.S. Constitution
318 United States of America
;
Philadelphia Convention
Vital National Interest
375 –376 , 375n43 , 380 –381 , 380 –381n58 constitutional guarantees
voting
3 , 22 –23 , 24 –26 , 47 , 48 –49 , 53 –54 , 72 , 85 –86 , 109 –110 , 111 , 162 , 256 , 262 , 268 , 319n3 , 321 , 326 , 334 , 375n43 , 380 –381n58 , 418 –419 electoral district
;
electoral provisions
;
national deputy
;
One Man, One Vote
;
universal suffrage
Washington Agreement
339 –340 , 368 –369 , 375 , 380 –381 Bosnia and Herzegovina
;
Dayton Peace Agreement
welfare state
130 , 131 , 134 –135 –153 , 291 , 424 socio-economic rights
working language
401 –402 , 404n 31 , 405 –406 , 407 –411 , 413 language
;
language
requirements;
Ethiopia