2.1 Palmyrene inscription, reproduced in a manuscript copy of the travel report written by the English discoverers of the ruins of Palmyra. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, MS 72 C 3 71
2.2 Palmyrene inscription, published in the Philosophical Transactions. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, call nr. KW 368 B 72
2.3 Ancient Chinese inscription, inscribed on a metal disc, reproduced in an engraving sent by Gijsbert Cuper to a correspondent in Rome. Rome, Biblioteca Angelica, MS 359 73
2.4 Sample of cuneiform, reproduced in print in Pietro della Valle, Viaggi, 3 vols. (Rome, 1650–1658), 3. Google Books 76
2.5 Cuneiform inscriptions in Persepolis, reproduced by Cornelis de Bruyn in his Reizen (Delft, 1698). Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, call nr KOG OG 1 77
2.6 Sample of cuneiform, copied in ink by Cornelis de Bruijn for Gijsbert Cuper. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, MS 72 G 19 78
2.7 A statue of the reclining Buddha, in the cave complex in Mulgirigala, Sri Lanka, drawn in ink on paper. Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, MS Bf 71a 79
2.8 Various statues of the Buddha, in the cave complex in Mulgirigala, Sri Lanka, drawn in ink on paper. Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, MS Bf 71c 80
2.9 Various statues of the Buddha, including a Buddha sitting on the naga-throne, in the cave complex in Mulgirigala, Sri Lanka, drawn in ink on paper. Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, MS Bf 71d 81
2.10 Part of the cave complex in Mulgirigala, Sri Lanka, drawn in ink on paper. Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, MS Bf 71g 81
2.11 Sinhalese inscription, reproduced in manuscript by Willem Konijn, 1713. Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, MS Bf 90c 82
2.12 Palmyrene inscription, reproduced in ink by Jacobus Rhenferd, with corresponding characters in the Syrian Estrangulum-script and the common Hebrew Quadrata, and a Latin word-by-word translation. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, MS 72 G 25 84
2.13 Draft of a letter of Gijsbert Cuper to Mathurin Veyssière de La Croze, reporting Rhenferd’s word-by-word translation of the Palmyrene inscription. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, MS 72 H 18 85
2.14 Semitic alphabets, tabulated by Jacobus Rhenferd. The second column has the Palmyrene alphabet. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, MS 72 G 25 90
2.15 Sephardic and Ashkenazi variants of the Hebrew Quadrata, in a manuscript note of Jacobus Rhenferd. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, MS 72 G 25 95
2.16 Syrian stele, found in Rome, with an inscription at the bottom in both the Greek and Palmyrene scripts. Rome, Capitoline Museum, NCE2406 97
2.17 Syrian stele, reproduced in Jacob Spon, Miscellanea eruditae antiquitatis (Lyon, 1685), based on Janus Gruterus, Inscriptiones antiquae totius orbis Romani, 2 vols. (Heidelberg, 1602–3). The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, call nr. KW 392 C13 98
2.18 Palmyrene inscription on the Syrian stele, reproduced in engraving by the Utrecht printer Frans Halma, copy of Gijsbert Cuper. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, MS 72 G 25 99
6.1 The power of the State defending both Lady Liberty and True Religion, detail from the frontispiece for vol. 2, chapter 1, in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Spiegel van Staat des Vereenigde Nederlands 2 vols. (Amsterdam, 1706–1707). Leiden University Library, call nr. 1153 C 48 186
6.2 The States of Holland defending the Reformed Church by endorsing the Synod of Dordrecht, detail from plate 59, in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 197
6.3 ‘De kerckelijcke lijck-statie van den seer devoten domine Johannes van de Velde [The Ecclesiastical Funeral Cortege of the very pious minister Johannes van de Velde].’ Satirical print on the political and ecclesiastical pretensions of the Voetian faction in the Reformed Church. Designer, engraver and publisher not indicated, probably by De Hooghe. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, cat. nr. RP-P-1944–3050 199
8.1 Rakende de Naam en Eerste Gang van de Hieroglyphica of Beeldspraak-Konst in het algemeen [On the Meaning of the term Hieroglyphics and the emergence of the Art in general], plate 2, in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 243
8.2 Van de Voorbeschikking en het Noodlot [On Predestination and Fate], plate 5, in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 247
8.3 Eeuwige Voorzienigheid [Eternal Providence], detail B from plate 5, in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 248
8.4 Van de Vrede van Gods Kerk [On the Peace of God’s Church], plate 35, in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 251
8.5 De Vreede van Gods Kerk [The Peace of God’s Church] and Haar vlugge en werkelijke Zuster, de Vryheyd, om de H. Verborgenheden te doorzoeken [Her quick and active sister Freedom to inquire into the Holy Mysteries], details A and B of plate 35. Private collection 252
8.6 Van de Gereformeerde Godsdienst [On the Reformed Religion], plate 61, in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 254
8.7 The National Synod of Dordrecht, detail F from plate 61 255
8.8 Van de Goede en Kwaade Goden [Of good and evil gods], plate 28, in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 257
8.9 Van de Kwade Goden [Of evil gods], plate 29, in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 258
8.10 Devil with a woman’s head, detail of plate 28, in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 259
8.11 Van den Indrang tot Oppermacht der Roomsche Stoel [On the Ambition of the Roman Pontiff for World Supremacy], plate 43, in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 262
8.12 Van de Mohammedaansche Beginsselen [On the Mahometan principles], plate 46, in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 263
8.13 Wysmaking [Fooling] and Aanrading [Recommendation], detail D from Van de Hervorming [On the Reformation], plate 59 in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 265
8.14 The lawgiver Moses, detail C from Van Gods Volk [Of God’s People], plate 14: in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 265
11.1 A minister publicly catechizing his parishioners: men, women and children. Title print in Petrus de Witte, Catechizatie (Amsterdam, 1657). Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, cat. nr. RP-P-1878-A-2283 320
11.2 Private catechism teacher for the well-to do. Illustration from Hieronymus van Alphen, Kleine gedigten voor kinderen (1787). Rotterdam, Atlas van Stolk, cat. nr. 25025 324
11.3 Two sisters. De Hooghe represented Voetian and Cocceian piety as two calm ladies, encouraging each other in a sisterly way. Detail H-I from Van de Gereformeerde Godsdienst [On Reformed Religion], plate 61, in: in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 334
11.4 The title print for Joannes Duikerius, Voorbeeldzels der oude Wyzen (Amsterdam, 1693) promises animal fables and wisdom from the ancient Orient. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, call nr 25 C 13 336
11.5 The educated believer. Detail D from Van het Verval tot Ketterij [On Decline into Heresy], plate 39 in: Romeyn de Hooghe, Hieroglyphica (Amsterdam, 1735). Private collection 342