0.1 Henri Meyer (French, 1844–1899), China Carved up by European Nations. Illustration in Le Petit Journal, January 16, 1898. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris. [photo: Wikimedia Commons] 3
0.2 Woodcut by A-lae in Peter Perring Thoms, A Dissertation on the Ancient Chinese Vases of the Shang Dynasty from 1743 to 1496, B.C. (London: printed by the author, 1851), plate 1. [photo: Wikimedia Commons] 5
0.3 The Pavillion. An Apartment in the Mansion of a Chinese Noblemen. Illustration of one of the exhibits in Dunn’s exhibition of “One Thousand Things” in London, from William B. Langdon, Ten thousand things relating to China and the Chinese: an epitome of the genius, government, history, literature, agriculture, arts, trade, manners, customs, and social life of the people of the celestial empire, together with a synopsis of the Chinese collection (London, 1843). [photo: Petra Chu] 7
0.4 George Chinnery, Riverscape, c. 1840? Bonham Sale, London, May 17, 2018. Current whereabouts unknown. [photo: Wikimedia] 8
1.1 Emanuel Bowen, A New and Accurate Map of China, in Complete System of Geography, vol. 2 (London, 1747), 41. Salem Athenaeum, Salem, MA 20
1.2 Detail of figure 1.1 21
1.3 Man’s waistcoat, French or Chinese, ca. 1790–95. Silk, linen, silver spangles. Salem Maritime National Historic Site, National Park Service (SAMA 938) 27
1.4 Detail of figure 1.3 29
1.5 “Spero” plate, made in China, ca. 1786, porcelain. Yale University Art Gallery, Mabel Brady Garvan Collection (1948.57d) 30
1.6 Soup plate (one of ten), made in China for American market, ca. 1750–99. Porcelain, 1 1/2 × 9 × 9 in (3.81 × 22.86 × 22.86 cm). Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Gift of Richard Edwards (1972.467). [photo © 2018 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston] 33
1.7 “Society of the Cincinnati” plate, made in China, ca. 1785. Hard-paste porcelain, Diam. 9 1/2 in. (24.1 cm). Diplomatic Reception Rooms, U.S. Department of State, Washington D.C. 34
1.8 Thomas Sheraton, “A View of the South End of The Prince of Wales’ Chinese Drawing Room,” in The Cabinet-maker’s and Upholsterer’s Drawing-Book (London: printed by Thomas Bensley, 1793), plate 31. [photo: Smithsonian Libraries] 36
1.9 Chaise longue, made in China, ca. 1805–15. Padouk and rattan, 70 × 25 in. (177.8 × 63.5 cm). Manchester Historical Museum, MA 37
1.10 Detail of figure 1.9 39
2.1 South Terrace, Monticello, Charlottesville, VA. [photo: Jennifer Milam] 46
2.2 Thomas Jefferson, “Notes for Railings on the Terraces,” 1824. Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston 47
2.3 Jane Braddick Peticolas (American, 1791–1852), View of the West Front of Monticello and Garden, 1825. Watercolor on paper, 13 5/8 × 18 1/8 in. (34.6 × 46 cm). Monticello, Charlottesville, VA (1986-13-30). [photo: Wikimedia Commons] 47
2.4 Detail of figure 2.3 48
2.5 Aaron Vail (American, dates unknown), View of the West Front of Monticello, ca. 1825. Watercolor and ink on paper, 8 7/8 × 10 7/8 in. (22.6 × 27.6 cm). Le musée franco-americain du château de Blérancourt, Gift of Miss Phoebe Vail (CFA c 342.8) 48
2.6 Thomas Jefferson, “Benches for Porticoes and Terraces,” 1801. The Coolidge Collection of Thomas Jefferson Manuscripts, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston 51
2.7 The Gong House on the roof of Monticello, Charlottesville, VA. [photo: Jennifer Milam] 52
2.8 The gong inside the Gong House on the roof of Monticello, Charlottesville, VA. [photo: Jennifer Milam] 52
2.9 James Madison’s Montpelier, Orange, VA. [photo: Jennifer Milam] 56
2.10 Thomas Jefferson’s Poplar Forest, Bedford, VA. [photo: Jennifer Milam] 58
2.11 Fan with foreign factories at Canton, made in China, 1790–1800. Bone, paper, and gouache, 10 6/16 × 17 1/8 in. (26.3 × 43.5 cm). Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. John E. Rogerson, 1977 (E80202) 62
2.12 William Russell Birch (American, born England, 1755–1834), China Retreat, in Country Seats of the United States (printed by the author, 1808). [photo: The Library Company of Philadelphia] 64
2.13 Garden pavilion, Monticello, Charlottesville, VA. [photo: Jennifer Milam] 68
3.1 Gilbert Stuart (American, 1755–1828), George Washington, ca. 1803. Oil on canvas, 29 1/8 × 24 1/8 in. (74 × 61.3 cm). Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Gift of H. O. Havemeyer, 1888 (88.18) 73
3.2 Chinese artist, after Gilbert Stuart (American, 1755–1828), Portrait of George Washington, 1800–05. Reverse painting on glass, 32 1/2 × 25 1/2 in. (82.5 × 64.8 cm). Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA, Gift of Mr. Howell N. White, 1970 (E78992) 74
3.3 Fatqua, Madonna and Child with Joseph, ca. 1820. Reverse painting on glass 79
3.4 Chinese artist, Jupiter and Calisto, ca. 1770. Reverse painting on glass. Collection W. and G. Steiner 80
3.5 René Gaillard (French, ca. 1719–1790), after François Boucher (French, 1703–1770), Jupiter et Calisto, 1760. Engraving. Collection W. and G. Steiner 80
3.6 Chinese artist, A Glass Painter, ca. 1790. Watercolor and ink on paper, 16 1/2 × 13 3/4 in. (42 × 35 cm). Victoria and Albert Museum, London (D.107–1898). [photo © Victoria and Albert Museum, London] 81
3.7 Chinese export rosewood cabinet with reverse glass paintings, ca. 1800 84
3.8 Chinese artist, Portrait of Mrs. and Miss Revell in a Chinese Interior, ca. 1780. Reverse painting on glass, 18 3/8 × 16 1/8 in. (46.67 × 40.91 cm). Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA, Museum Purchase (AE85763) 85
3.9 Chinese artist, Chinese Scholar and Student in an Interior, ca. 1790. Reverse painting on glass, 44 3/4 × 25 1/4 in. (113.7 × 64.1 cm). Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA, Museum purchase with funds donated in part by the Asian Export Art Visiting Committee, 2006 (AE86517) 86
3.10 Chinese artist, Portrait of Catharina van Braam Houckgeest, ca. 1790. Reverse painting on glass, 19 11/16 × 15 ½ × 1 3/4 in. (50 × 39.5 × 4.5 cm). Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Purchased with the support of the Van Braam Houckgeest Family, the M.A.O.C. Gravin van Bylandt Stichting, the K.F. Hein Fonds, the Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds, the Mondriaan Stichting and the Rijksmuseum Fonds (AK-RAK-2003–7) 89
4.1 Étienne-Jean Delécluze (French, 1781–1863), The Emperor Augustus Rebuking Cornelius Cinna for His Treachery, 1814. Oil on canvas, 84 5/16 × 103 7/8 in. (214.1 × 263.9 cm). The Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle, England (B.M. 367) 97
4.2 “Sketches Taken from an Old Chinese Treatise on Painting.” Illustration in “On Painting in China. Studio of a Contemporary Chinese Painter. Treatise on Painting Composed by a Chinese in 1681,” Magasin pittoresque 16 (March 1848): 116. [photo: Harvard University Libraries] 100
4.3 “Book of Trees,” from Mustard Seed Garden: a Chinese Painter’s Manual, part 1, juan 2. Woodblock printed book, ink and color on paper, each 11 3/4 × 6 13/16 × 3/16 in. (29.8 × 17.3 × 0.5 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Reverend J. J. Banbury (05.583). [photo: Brooklyn Museum] 102
4.4 “Book of Rocks,” from Mustard Seed Garden: a Chinese Painter’s Manual, part 1, juan 3. Woodblock printed book, ink and color on paper, each 11 3/4 × 6 13/16 × 3/16 in. (29.8 × 17.3 × 0.5 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Reverend J. J. Banbury (05.583). [photo: Brooklyn Museum] 103
4.5 Model landscape composition from the Mustard Seed Garden: a Chinese Painter’s Manual, part 1, juan 5. Woodblock printed book, ink and color on paper, each 11 3/4 × 6 13/16 × 3/16 in. (29.8 × 17.3 × 0.5 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Reverend J. J. Banbury (05.583). [photo: Brooklyn Museum] 104
4.6 “A Theatrical Performance in the Great Street of Peking,” from Étienne-Jean Delécluze, “Celebrations in Peking,” Gazette des beaux-arts 12 (May 1862): 441. [photo: MIT Libraries] 110
4.7 Plate from Grand Ceremony Celebrating the Emperor’s Birthday, Premier Compilation (Beijing, 1716). Library of Congress, Washington, DC. [photo: World Digital Library] 111
4.8 Illustrations from Étienne-Jean Delécluze, “Vases antiques chinois,” Gazette des beaux-arts 13 (November 1862): 418–49. [photo: MIT Libraries] 113
4.9 Illustrations from Étienne-Jean Delécluze, “Vases antiques chinois,” Gazette des beaux-arts 13 (November 1862): 420–21. [photo: MIT Libraries] 114
4.10 Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse (French, 1784–1844) and Honoré Gabriel Camoin (French, 1791/92–1856), after René Théodore Berthon (French, 1776–1859), Baron Vivant-Denon in his Cabinet Surrounded by his Collection, before 1825. Lithograph, 18 5/8 × 12 3/8 in. (47.3 × 31.4 cm). Musée du Louvre, Paris. [photo © RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre) / Daniel Arnaudet] 117
5.1 Édouard Riou (French, 1833–1900), Salon Royal, from Amédée Gréhan, Le Royaume de Siam, 3rd ed. (Paris: Challamel aîné, 1869). Widener Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Ind 9348.68.3 F 123
5.2 General view of the Exposition Universelle in 1867, taken from the Trocadero Hill, Paris: Ledot aîné, 1867. Musée Carnavalet, Paris. [photo: Archives Charmet / Bridgeman Images] 127
5.3 The Chinese Pavilion, published in Le Monde Illustré, 1867. [photo: Wikimedia Commons] 128
5.4 Alfred Chapon (French, 1834–1893), wall elevation design for the Chinese, Japanese, and Siamese exhibits at the 1867 exhibition. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, Cabinet des estampes, HA-127 (A)-FOL 130
5.5 Universal Exhibition—Products from Japan and Siam, in the Gallery of Machines, from Grand Album de l’Exposition Universelle (Paris, 1867). Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University, New York 130
5.6 Chinese screen, 1825–65. Lacquered wood with embroidered silk and feather, 66 1/2 × 19 in. (169 × 48.3 cm) per leaf. Victoria and Albert Museum, London (648–1869). [photo © Victoria and Albert Museum, London] 132
5.7 Gensaiken (decorator), Satsuma bowl, 1860–65. Earthenware with a crackled cream glaze and decoration in overglaze enamels and gilt, H. 1 7/8 in. (4.9 cm); Diam. 3 3/4 in. (9.5 cm). Victoria and Albert Museum, London (866–1869). [photo © Victoria and Albert Museum, London] 136
5.8 Japanese kimono fabric, 1860–67. Silk crepe with resist-dyed decoration, 709 × 18 1/2 in. (1800 × 47 cm). Victoria and Albert Museum, London (842–1869). [photo © Victoria and Albert Museum, London] 138
5.9 Édouard Riou (French, 1833–1900), Somdetch Phra Paramendr Maha Mongkut, Suprème Roi de Siam, from Amédée Gréhan, Le Royaume de Siam, 3rd ed. (Paris: Challamel aîné, 1869). Widener Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Ind 9348.68.3 F 140
5.10 Le Roi et la Reine de Siam, from Le Nouvel Illustré (December 20, 1866). Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, FOL-LC2-3072 143
6.1 Victor Hugo (French, 1802–1885), Chinese room designed for Juliette Drouet at Hauteville Fairy, 1863. Maison de Victor Hugo, Paris. [photo: Wikimedia Commons] 150
6.2 Victor Hugo (French, 1802–1885), Nightmarish Head (Tête de cauchemar) or Chinese Mask (Masque Chinois), 1830s. Pen and wash drawing. Maison de Victor Hugo, Paris. [photo: Roger-Viollet] 159
6.3 Tibetan mask for ritual dance, 17th century. Papier-mâché, H. 14 1/2 in. (36.83 cm). Rubin Museum of Art, New York, C2002.35.1 (HAR 65163) 159
6.4 Chinese Idol before a temple with Bulbous Pavilions (Idole chinoise devant un temple à pavillons bulbeux), 1830s. Pen and wash drawing. Maison de Victor Hugo, Paris. [photo: Roger-Viollet] 161
6.5 Victor Hugo (French, 1802–1885), Chinese room designed for Juliette Drouet, 1863. Wall with ceramic and porcelain collection. Maison de Victor Hugo, Paris. [photo: Wikimedia Commons] 167
6.6 Daniel Marot (French, 1661–1752), etched folio from Nouvelles Cheminée [sic] faittes en plusieurs endroits de la Hollande et autres Provinces (The Hague, 1705–13). Victoria and Albert Museum, London. [photo © Victoria and Albert Museum, London] 167
6.7 Detail of Victor Hugo’s Chinese Room: wall shelf supporting two Guanyin figures. Maison Victor Hugo, Paris. [photo: Wei Chu] 169
6.8 Detail of Victor Hugo’s Chinese Room: entrance wall. Maison de Victor Hugo, Paris. [photo: Wei Chu] 169
6.9 Detail of Figure 6.8. [photo: Wei Chu] 170
6.10 Detail of Figure 6.8. [photo: Wei Chu] 170
6.11 Detail of Victor Hugo’s Chinese Room: red panel with incised and gold-painted decoration and insert of a Chinese shawl box lid. Maison de Victor Hugo, Paris. [photo: Wei Chu] 171
6.12 Detail of Victor Hugo’s Chinese Room: panel with mandarin eating fish, inscribed “SHU-ZAN.” Maison de Victor Hugo, Paris. [photo: Wei Chu] 172
6.13 Canton School, Scholar at his desk, 18th–19th century. Watercolor on pith paper. Bowers Museum, Santa Ana, CA 173
7.1 Illustration in Wells’ Book on the Culture of the Chrysanthemum for Exhibition, Decoration, Cut Flower, and Market, 4th ed. (Merstham: W. Wells Chrysanthemum Market, 1910), 38. [photo: Biodiversity Heritage Library, digitized by University of California Libraries] 181
7.2 J. Andrews, “Pompon Chrysanthemums,” in The Floral Magazine: Comprising Figures and Descriptions of Popular Garden Flowers 6 (1867): 331. [photo: Biodiversity Heritage Library, digitized by The LuEsther T. Mertz Library, New York Botanical Garden] 182
7.3 “W. Luxford,” in Percy S. Follwell, The Book of Chrysanthemum (London: J. Lane, 1907), facing p. 30. [photo: Biodiversity Heritage Library, digitized by University of California Libraries] 183
7.4 “Chrysanthemum Indicum. Indian Chrysanthemum,” in The Botanical Magazine; or Flower-Garden Displayed 9 (1795): 327. [photo courtesy of Special Collections and Rare Books, University of Missouri Libraries] 188
7.5 “Chrysanthemum Indicum,” in The Botanical Register 1 (1815), plate 4. [photo: Biodiversity Heritage Library, digitized by Missouri Botanical Garden, Peter H. Raven Library] 191
7.6 Spode Ceramic Works, watering pot and cover, early 19th century. Porcelain with ornament in low relief and gilded, 2 5/8 × 3 7/8 in. (6.7 × 9.8 cm). Victoria and Albert Museum, London, Given by Miss H. M. Gulson in memory of Mr. J. Spode (392: 1, 2–1899). [photo © Victoria and Albert Museum, London] 192
7.7 William Morris, “Chrysanthemum” wallpaper, 1877. Color print from woodblocks, 27 × 21 in. (68.5 × 53.3. cm). Victoria and Albert Museum, London, Given by Morris & Co. (E.504–1919). [photo © Victoria and Albert Museum, London] 195
7.8 Brown-Westhead, Moore & Co., plate, ca. 1875–85. Transfer-printed earthenware, Diam. 9 in. (23 cm). Victoria and Albert Museum, London (C.216–1984). [photo © Victoria and Albert Museum, London] 196
8.1 Musée d’Ennery, view of gallery 4 before the 1996–2012 renovation. Musée Guimet, Paris. [photo: Raphaël Chipault and Benjamin Soligny, Musée Guimet] 208
8.2 Musée d’Ennery, room 5. Musée Guimet, Paris. [photo: Raphaël Chipault and Benjamin Soligny, Musée Guimet] 209
8.3 Blue-and-white vase, Ming dynasty, first half of the 17th century. Musée Guimet, Paris. [photo: Raphaël Chipault and Benjamin Soligny, Musée Guimet] 211
8.4 Sculpted jade finger citron (or hand of Buddha). China, Qing dynasty, 18th century. Musée Guimet, Paris. [photo: Raphaël Chipault and Benjamin Soligny, Musée Guimet] 211
8.5 Musée d’Ennery from the exterior. [photo: Elizabeth Emery] 212
8.6 Floorplan of the Musée d’Ennery from the first museum catalog, Petit guide illustré au Musée d’Ennery (Paris, 1908). [photo: Elizabeth Emery] 212
8.7 Pierre Larousse, excerpt from definition of “Chinoiserie,” Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle (Paris, 1869), 4:132. [photo: Elizabeth Emery] 215
8.8 The “Colossal” Megoura Buddha of the Musée Cernuschi. Postcard, ca. 1880. Private collection. [photo: Elizabeth Emery] 224
8.9 Musée d’Ennery, room 3 and view into gallery 4 (before the renovation). Musée Guimet, Paris. [photo: Raphaël Chipault and Benjamin Soligny, Musée Guimet] 229
9.1 Chinese robe (front), ca. 1880. Brocaded satin and cotton-wool blend. Victoria and Albert Museum, London (12–1881). [photo © Victoria and Albert Museum] 236
9.2 Chinese robe (back), ca. 1880. Brocaded satin, cotton-wool blend. Victoria and Albert Museum, London (12–1881). [photo © Victoria and Albert Museum] 237
9.3 Chinese robe (side view showing inserted gore), ca. 1880. Brocaded satin and cotton-wool blend. Victoria and Albert Museum, London (12–1881). [photo © Victoria and Albert Museum] 238
9.4 Chinese imperial dragon robe, 1780–1850. Silk tapestry, 60 5/8 × 76 3/8 in. (154 × 194 cm). Victoria and Albert Museum, London, Purchased with Art Fund support (T.199–1948). [photo © Victoria and Albert Museum] 244
9.5 Detail of figure 9.1, showing bottom edge of garment. [photo © Victoria and Albert Museum] 244
9.6 Italian banyan and waistcoat tailored from a Chinese dragon robe, 1800–10. Brocaded silk, satin. Victoria and Albert Museum, London, Purchased with support from a generous individual (T77.1, 2–2009). [photo © Victoria and Albert Museum] 247
9.7 Liberty evening cape made from a Chinese skirt, from Liberty & Co., “Liberty” Yule-Tide Gifts (London: Liberty, 1898), 56 248
9.8 Japanese-made silk dressing gowns, ca. 1880. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Gift of Katherine Babcock Cavalli (1970.83a, b) 253
9.9 American tea gown made from a woolen paisley shawl, ca. 1891. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Purchase, Irene Lewisohn and Alice L. Crowley Bequests, 1985 (1985.39.3) 255
9.10 Japanese-made silk tea gown (rear view), ca. 1890. Gallery of Costume, Platt Hall (Manchester Art Gallery), 2013.36 256
9.11 Japanese-made silk tea gown (front view), ca. 1890. Gallery of Costume, Platt Hall (Manchester Art Gallery), 2013.36 256
9.12 “Chinese dressing jacket,” Ladies’ Field (November 14, 1903): 390. [photo: Sarah Cheang] 258
9.13 “Chinese” evening wrap, Ladies’ Field (April 18, 1903): 243. [photo: Sarah Cheang] 259
9.14 Japanese-made “Chinese” evening coat (back), 1900–10. Royal Albert Memorial Museum and Art Gallery, Exeter City Council (132/1969) 261
9.15 Japanese-made “Chinese” evening coat (detail), 1900–10. Royal Albert Memorial Museum and Art Gallery, Exeter City Council (132/1969) 262
10.1 Postcard (with a stamp dated to 1911) showing the Chinese Pavilion and the octagonal kiosk. Author’s collection 269
10.2 A Tushanwan art worker carving a statue of a dog. Still from the documentary film Ageless China (1947). [photo courtesy of the Fr. Francis A. Rouleau, S. J., Archives, Ricci Institute for Chinese-Western Cultural History, University of San Francisco] 274
10.3 Brother Aloysius Beck and Chinese orphaned art workers posing with a finished chest, ca. 1929. [photo: California Jesuit Archives at Santa Clara University] 275
10.4 A horizontal beam from Shuyinlou, Shanghai, 18th century. [photo: William Ma] 278
10.5 “The Battle between the Three Heroes and Lü Bu.” Lintel above the front entrance to Chinese Pavilion, Brussels. Museums of the Far East, Brussels. [photo © Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels] 278
10.6 Undated postcard of Shanghai Public Tea Gardens, 1890–1900. Tinted photograph. Author’s collection 285
10.7 A page from Beck’s album to King Leopold II, ca. 1910. Chromolithographic print. The Bibliotheca Zi-ka-wei (The Xujiahui Library). [photo: William Ma] 288
10.8 Undated postcard showing interior of the Chinese Pavilion, Brussels. Author’s collection 290
10.9 Section of lower facade, Chinese Pavilion, Brussels. Museums of the Far East, Brussels. [photo © Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels] 291
10.10 Detail of Chinese Pavilion, Brussels. Museums of the Far East, Brussels. [photo © Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels] 292