Index

Jump to Content

Index

于Mamluk Cairo, a Crossroads for Embassies

编者：

Frédéric Bauden

Frédéric Bauden
Search for other papers by Frédéric Bauden in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed

and

Malika Dekkiche

Malika Dekkiche
Search for other papers by Malika Dekkiche in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed

您获得访问的方式：

Dar Hadith al Hassania

Index

Abagha (Ilkhanids) 291, 327, 330, 331, 332, 333, 340, 344, 348n30, 385n33, 695n36

Abajī (Ilkhanid envoy) 295, 296

Abbasids (califat abbasside, Abbasid caliph of Baghdad, of Cairo, Banū l-ʿAbbās; see also al-Ḥākim I, Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad; Hārūn al-Rashīd; Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Shams al-Dīn, Sharaf al-Dīn; al-Manṣūr; al-Mustakfī; al-Mustanjid; al-Mustanṣir; al-Mustaʿṣim; al-Muʿtaṭid; al-Mutawakkil I; Yaʿqūb b. al-Mutawakkil I) 32, 35, 48n217, 71, 114, 119, 122, 187, 191, 204n135, 239n15, 252, 269, 308, 311n36, 312–3, 314n46, 340, 341, 343, 345, 346, 347, 350n38, 356, 357, 458, 497, 568, 574, 581, 582, 584n17, 604, 605, 610, 611, 613, 614, 617, 621–8, 630–5, 672, 678, 679, 696, 698, 793

al-ʿAbbāsī, al-Ḥasan b. ʿAbdallāh b. Muḥammad 111, 131, 226n40, 263, 264, 268, 272, 586

ʿAbdallāh b. Masʿūd 630

ʿAbdallāh b. ʿUmar Khaṭṭāb 630

ʿAbd al-Muʾmīn b. Ibrāhīm (Hafsids) 550, 551, 558, 560, 571, 572, 573, 574

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Kārimī (Abyssinian envoy) 650, 651, 653

Abdalwadids (Abdelwadides; see also Musā II, Abū Ḥammū) 534n31, 553

Abel, Armand 828, 829, 831

Abū ʿAlī Manṣūr (Emirate of Bādis) 763

Abū ʿAmr ʿUthmān b. Idrīs, see ʿUthmān b. Idrīs (Borno)

Abū ʿAmr ʿUthmān al-Manṣūr, see al-Manṣūr ʿUthmān (Hafsids)

Abū ʿAṣīda, see al-Mustanṣir (Hafsids)

Abū Bakr (Abā Bakr) b. Mīrānshāh (Timurids) 392, 393, 404, 444, 451n103, 454, 455, 456

Abū Bakr, Sayf al-Dīn (Golden Horde envoy) 283

Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq 630

Abū l-Faḍl (Nasrid envoy) 522

Abū Fāris ʿAzzūz, see al-Mutawakkil (Hafsids)

Abū l-Fidāʾ Ismāʿīl, see al-Ṣāliḥ (Ayyubids of Hama)

Abū Ghāda, Badr al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 288

Abū l-Ghayth b. Abī Numayy (Sharifs of Mecca) 532, 541, 542, 543, 545, 558

Abū Ḥanīfa 115

Abū l-Qāsim (Nasrid envoy) 522

Abū Saʿīd (Ilkhanids) 135, 267, 271, 272, 273, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 348, 350, 351, 353n61, 545

Abū Shāma 517

Abū Yūsuf 115

Abulafia, David 140

Abyssinia (see also Amḥara; Amda Mikā’ēl; Amda Ṣeyon; Dāwit I/Dāwūd; Dāwit II; Eskender; Sayfa Arʿad; Yagbe’a Ṣeyon; Yekuno Amlāk; Yesḥāq; Zagwe; Zar’a Yā’eqob) 147, 638–54

Acre 24, 136, 406n137, 593, 685

Adana 567

‘Addi Na’amen 650

Addressees 48n217, 49, 50, 51, 53, 185, 186, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 205, 206, 207, 211, 216, 217, 218, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227, 426, 427, 462, 493, 660, 670, 673, 688, 789

Aden 541, 542, 587, 589, 591, 593, 595, 599

al-ʿĀdil I Muḥammad (Ayyubids) 746

al-ʿĀdil II Abū Bakr (Ayyubids) 754

Adıyaman, see Ḥiṣn Manṣūr

Administration 20, 35, 36n169, 119, 214n3, 219, 220, 222, 223, 239, 277, 319, 342, 343, 346, 349, 350, 588, 589, 594, 690n19, 696, 801, 802

Administrative literature 108, 120–121, 133, 185, 186, 187, 188, 198, 500, 610

al-Afḍal al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAlī (Rasulids) 589, 595, 596

Afghan mountains 627

Afghāna 632

Afghanistan 446

al-Afram, Āqqūsh 350

Africa 240, 676, 722

East 582, 648

Horn of 641

North 239, 240, 255, 514, 516, 659, 662, 676, 696, 716, 823

Sub-Saharan 156, 241n34, 662, 678, 679

West 148, 157, 658, 660, 662, 671n63, 673, 677

Afonso IV (Portugal) 518, 714

Afonso V (Portugal) 711, 714, 715, 716, 717, 718, 723

Agents 105, 108, 121, 128, 130, 133, 135, 141, 144, 145, 146, 154, 159, 160, 274, 318, 322, 323, 378n24, 595, 627, 668, 690n19, 752

ʿAhd (covenant, contract) 116, 117, 446–447, 624, 635, 646

al-Aḥkām al-sulṭāniyya (al-Māwardī) 622

Ahl al-dhimma (Protected communities) 113, 117n60

Ahl al-kitāb (People of the Book) 114

Ahl al-riʾāsa (Men of power) 589

Ahl-i sunna va-jamāʿa 628

Aḥmad b. Ḥasan b. ʿAjlān (Sharifs of Mecca) 547

Aḥmad Ṣāmit, Shihāb al-Dīn (Abbasid envoy) 632

Aḥmad Tegüder, see Tegüder Aḥmad (Ilkhanids)

Aḥmadābād 155, 621

Ahrī 341

al-Ahwānī, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz 156, 521

Aigle, Denise 134, 329

Aix-les-Bains 731

Ajlāb (Newly bought mamluks) 540, 732

ʿAjlān b. Rumaytha (Sharifs of Mecca) 546

Akbar (Mughals) 604

Akhī Faraj b. Bisṭām 449

Akhlāṭ 278

Akopyan, A. 356

Aksum 641

Ala Dağ (Ala-tag) 306, 435, 441, 443, 459

ʿAlāma (Signature) 27, 31, 47, 51, 53, 60, 199, 201, 206–8, 216n7, 221n20, 223, 224, 225, 426n29, 512, 513, 514, 548, 549, 551, 554–557, 674, 675, 676, 690n20, 785, 786, 790, 791, 792, 793, 795, 801

akhūhu 201, 207, 208, 221, 675, 790

al-ʿalāmāt al-murtajaʿa 791

al-ʿalāmāt al-maqrūṭa 791

ism (sultan’s name) 53, 201, 207, 785, 790–791, 792

wāliduhu 201, 207, 208, 790

Alamut 328

Alan 280, 306, 322

Alarcón y Santón, Maximiliano Agustín 14

Alberic of Monte Cassino 185

Albistān, see Elbistan

Albuñol 521

Aldughdī, Badr al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 288

Aleppo 22, 36, 151, 253, 272n44, 347, 365, 369, 371, 373, 382, 386, 389–97, 406, 439, 456n130, 457, 597, 766

Alexandretta (gulf of) 765

Alexandria (Alexandrie) 16, 20, 21, 22, 30, 46n213, 56n265, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 142, 147, 227, 242, 270, 277, 319n74, 321, 519, 520, 521, 529, 536, 541, 594, 595, 596, 639, 642, 688, 696, 733, 742, 743, 744, 746, 747, 751, 766, 782, 784, 787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 794, 823n1, 827

Āl Faḍl 350, 365, 545

Algiers (Algérie) 40, 59, 535, 763

Alhambra 511, 512, 513, 518, 519, 520, 523

ʿAlī (Portuguese envoy) 714

ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib 604, 606, 630

ʿAlī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn (Golden Horde envoy) 285

ʿAlī b. Amīrān, Sharaf al-Dīn 344

ʿAlī Bahādur 342n8

ʿAlī Bey b. Shāh Suwār (Dhulqadirids) 254

ʿAlī Efendī, Muṣṭafā 383

ʿAlī b. Ḥātim, Shams al-Dīn (Rasulid envoy) 588

ʿAlī b. ʿInān b. Mughāmis b. Rumaytha (Sharifs of Mecca) 546

ʿAlī Khwāja, Nāṣir al-Dīn (Ilkhanid envoy) 292

ʿAlī Pādshāh 352–3

Ali Pacha Ibrahim 812

ʿAlī b. Ramaḍān 612

ʿAlī Shāh 273

ʿAlī Sulṭān 403

ʿAlī b. ʿUthmān II, Abū l-Ḥasan (Merinids) 537

Alicún 523

Aljamiado 716

Allāhdād b. Nukūz 401, 402n115

ʿAllān, see Alan

Alliances 122, 127, 136, 153, 154, 287, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 309n24, 312, 313, 318, 320, 322, 323, 346, 371, 373, 375, 445, 463, 568, 574, 583, 714, 722, 741, 755, 758, 762, 765, 766, 835, 837

Allouche, Adel 333, 334, 490

Almería 516

Almohads (Almohades; see also al-Manṣūr, Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb) 57n271, 512, 514, 529, 530, 531, 535, 548, 661

Almoravides (see also Yūsuf b. Tāshufīn) 530, 534, 553

Aloe 692

Alphonso III (Aragon) 11

Alphonso IV (Aragon) 12, 67, 68, 69, 692n27, 700

Alphonso V (Aragon) 14, 67, 758

Alphonso X (Castile) 517

Alphonso XI (Castile) 518

Alqāb (Titles) 51, 126, 127, 149, 199, 202 203–5, 206, 207, 222, 223, 269n30, 388, 426, 428, 436, 486, 489n14, 493, 497, 552, 587, 598, 605, 625, 626, 660n14, 665, 669, 670, 674, 676, 678, 695, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 702, 704, 705, 706, 789, 790

Alqāb makāniyya 204, 790

al-ḥaḍra 204, 208, 210, 211, 426, 440, 458n139, 459n142, 701n55

al-janāb 204, 205, 208, 494, 496, 497, 675, 677, 790, 813

al-jānib 204, 675

al-majlis 204, 205, 208, 494, 496, 497, 505, 606

al-maqām 203, 204, 205, 208, 211n150, 458n141, 493, 494, 496, 497, 502, 505, 616, 805, 806

al-maqarr 8n35, 204, 205, 208, 211n150, 247, 486, 489, 490, 491, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 502, 675, 676, 789

Alqāb mufarraʿa 204

al-ashraf 8, 205, 208, 494, 497

al-sharīf 205, 206, 208, 426, 458n139, 459n142, 494, 497, 505, 805

al-karīm 205, 206, 208, 223n27, 458n139, 486, 489, 490, 491, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 502, 675, 789, 813

al-ʿālī 205, 208, 223n27, 395, 397n89, 405, 458n141, 493, 494, 496, 497, 502, 616, 675, 677, 790

al-sāmī 205, 206, 494, 497, 606

Alqāb mufrada 428, 552

Alqāb murakkaba 428, 552

Āl Ṭayyiʾ 350n38, 353

Altūn Bakhshī 404

Alvares, Francesco 648–50

Amari, Michele 2, 16, 17, 18, 25, 43n199, 58, 142, 750, 760, 783, 784, 785, 788, 791

Ambassadors (ambassadeurs; īlchī, qāṣid, safīr; see also Couriers, Emissaries, Envoys, Messengers) 13, 44, 54, 56n265, 108, 110, 127, 128, 130, 135, 156, 240, 242, 243, 244n63, 245, 247, 252, 255, 256, 263, 268, 303, 320, 330, 397, 540, 566, 583, 590, 591, 659, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, 694, 823, 831, 833, 835n55, 836

Aq Qoyunlu 246, 247, 253

Armenian 728

Bornoan 663, 665, 666, 667, 668, 674, 678

Cypriot 24, 729, 730, 737

Dhulqadirid 254

Florentine 688, 691, 693, 694, 787, 792

Golden Horde 285, 289, 290, 305, 319, 320

Hafsid 156, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 573, 575

Ilkhanid 271, 272, 279, 292, 294

Indian 239n15, 246n78

Malian 660n14

Mamluk 141, 264, 265, 266, 267, 269, 270, 274, 280, 285, 286, 288n132, 289, 290, 291, 294, 295, 318, 321, 399, 401, 588, 596, 732, 736, 763

Mongol 385, 386

Nasrid 521, 523

North African 255

Ottoman 246, 247, 248, 249, 252, 253, 387n39

Pisan 25

Rasulid 587, 591, 592, 593, 595, 597, 598

Safavid 248

Timurid 250, 251, 385, 386, 398, 728

Venetian 19, 245, 689, 691, 693, 694, 701n58, 707, 788, 789, 834

Amber 599

‘Amda Mikā’ēl (Abyssinia) 650

‘Amda Ṣeyon (Abyssinia) 644, 645

Amḥara (see also Abyssinia) 639, 648

Amid 393

Amīr akhūr 274, 285, 372, 394, 539n60, 559

Amīr al-rakb 530, 542, 668

Amīr majlis 274

Amīr ulus 209, 210, 353

Amitai, Reuven 134, 142, 313n42, 345

Anān (?) (Mamluk envoy) 289

Anas Mursī, Ashraf Muḥammad 33

Anastasius I (Byzantium) 698

Anatolia (see also Rūm) 146, 151, 153, 190, 194, 195, 196, 197, 209, 210, 240, 243, 267, 278, 290, 291, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 321n83, 322, 334, 336, 363, 370, 371, 384n24, 396, 444, 448, 450, 497n34, 538, 676, 765

eastern 194n78, 197, 210, 375, 383

southeastern 253

southern 254, 457

Andakān 392

Andalus 190, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 209, 210, 215, 512, 515, 516, 517, 520, 522, 523, 524, 525, 531, 570, 571

Animals (see also Birds, Camels, Chickens, Cows, Donkeys, Elephants, Falcons, Geese, Giraffes, Gyrfalcons, Hawks, Horses, Lions, Mules, Pigeons, Rams) 242, 246, 251n102, 254, 399, 401, 590, 694, 705, 729, 832

Ankara 371, 393

al-ʿAnsī, Muḥammad b. Abī l-Ḥusayn al-Tūnisī (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 554

Answers (Jawāb) 9, 52, 225, 303, 316, 331, 376, 422n20, 423, 426, 428n36, 436, 439, 440, 442, 448, 456, 457, 458, 585, 663, 667, 674, 678

ʿAntāb (see also ʿAyntāb) 388, 389, 406

Ān Tākshīr 632

Antakya 390n50, 406n136

Apellaniz, Francisco Javier 142

Apostates 117, 249

Apprecatio 199, 493

Āqā Bīgī bt. Tīmūr 391, 393

Aq Qoyunlu (see also Ḥamza b. Qarā Yülük; Ibrāhīm b. Qarā ʿUthmān; Qarā ʿUthmān; Uzun Ḥasan; Yaʿqūb b. Uzun Ḥasan) 2, 38, 39, 152, 153, 210, 211, 240, 248n90, 249, 253, 254, 255n134, 352, 393n66, 420, 438, 489n14

Aqsaray 370

Arab Iraq (ʿIrāq-i ʿArab) 441

Arabia (see also Jazīrat al-ʿArab) 251, 272, 581, 671

southern 582, 696

western 582

Arabian tribes 111

Arafat 543

Aragon (see also Alphonso III; Alphonso IV; Alphonso V; Ferdinand II; Isabella; James I; James II; John I; Maria; Martin I; Peter IV) 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 46n213, 66–73, 143, 144, 194, 197, 513, 514, 516, 524, 686, 699, 701, 711, 719n36, 758, 759

Aragonese (Aragonais) 516, 535, 536

Arbel, Benjamin 19, 743, 744n12

Arbūghā (Golden Horde envoy) 281

Archbishop of Nicosia 730, 735

Archbishop of Toledo 721

Archidona 523

Archives 4–10, 41, 42, 45, 48, 55, 57, 58, 59, 107, 124, 132, 143, 218, 221, 316, 513, 549, 590, 652, 654, 687, 835n59

Arié, Rachel 512

Arigh Böke (Mongols) 310

Arishbughā (Ilkhanid envoy) 295

Armenia (see also Lesser Armenia, Cilician Armenia) 137, 138, 192n52, 194, 196, 197, 384, 585

Armenians 122, 331n15, 332, 384

Armors 253, 692

Arpa (Ilkhanids) 352n51

ʿArrāda 402

Arran 192n52, 196

Arrows 247, 248, 394, 402, 403, 653n59

ʿArṣa 706

Artīmū (Golden Horde envoy) 281

Artisans 405, 592

Artuqids (see also al-Ṣāliḥ Maḥmūd) 150

of Mardin 209, 276

ʿAṣabiyya 317

Asanbughā l-Dawādār 395

Asandamur, Sayf al-Dīn (Ilkhanid envoy) 295

Ascensus Barcoch (Beltramo Mignanelli) 381

al-Ashqar, Shaykh Ibrāhīm b. Khiḍr b. Sunqur (Ilkhanid envoy) 297

al-Ashraf Barsbāy (Mamluks) 14, 39n178, 67, 73, 74, 75, 78, 151, 152, 211n148, 241n35, 249, 376, 422n20, 539, 547, 558, 559, 585, 600, 618, 644, 646, 647, 654, 691, 702n61, 725–9, 731, 758, 759, 760, 794

al-Ashraf Īnāl (Mamluks) 73, 84, 240n32, 241n35, 245, 246, 256, 376, 422n20, 493n26, 496n33, 538, 539n52, 540, 559n127, 711, 712, 715, 729, 730, 735, 794

al-Ashraf Ismāʿīl I (Rasulids) 586, 591, 594, 595, 596, 598

al-Ashraf Khalīl b. Qalāwūn (Mamluks) 11, 66, 67, 68, 269, 284, 543, 585, 699, 728

al-Ashraf b. al-Muẓaffar Shihāb al-Dīn Ghāzī (Ayyubids of Diyarbakr) 275

al-Ashraf Qānṣawh al-Ghawrī (Mamluks) 21, 22, 23, 52, 74, 75, 76, 81, 82, 83, 84, 240, 241n35, 244, 247, 248, 254, 256, 428, 550, 575, 653, 691, 695, 698, 720, 723, 763, 766, 795, 834

al-Ashraf Qāytbāy (Mamluks) 22, 25, 39, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80, 83, 84, 85, 153, 239n15, 240nn22 and 31, 241, 243, 246, 247, 249, 251n101, 252n105, 253, 254, 389, 428n38, 490, 502, 524, 550nn108–9, 558, 560, 568, 570, 572, 573, 604, 612, 613, 614, 615, 616, 617, 618, 638, 642, 645, 650, 654, 691, 692nn28–9, 712, 719, 737, 760, 784, 785, 787, 790, 792, 793, 794, 835

al-Ashraf Shaʿbān II (Mamluks) 25, 68, 70, 71, 78, 85, 355, 519, 692n27, 695, 704, 706

al-Ashraf Ṭūmān Bāy (Mamluks) 76, 742, 743, 744, 747, 766

Ashtor, Eliyahu 140

ʿĀshūr, Saʿīd 147

Asia 240, 722

Central 61n276, 239, 240, 250, 308, 373n68, 443n65, 823, 830n34

Minor 239, 252, 758

South 610

Southeast 824

Western 240, 256, 312

ʿĀşıḳ Pāşā-Zāde 384n24, 484, 485, 487, 490, 496n33, 499, 501, 550

Āsiya Bīgī, see Īsiya Bīgī

Assassins 273

Astarabad 355

Astarābādī, ʿAzīz 383

Astrakhan, see Ḥājjī Tarkhān

Aswan (Assouan) 49n224, 541, 823n1, 827

Asylum 149, 295, 353 61, 354, 355

ʿAṭāʾ, Majd al-Dīn 270n36, 283

Atābak 225, 271n38, 274, 291, 794, 795

Aṭāris (?), Sayf al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 289

Āthār al-uwal fī tartīb al-duwal (al-ʿAbbāsī) 111, 131, 263

Atiya, Aziz Suryal 13–4, 136, 144

Aṭlāmish 385, 386, 395, 398–9, 444

Ato Anbasā (Abyssinian envoy?) 650

Aturjī, Sayf al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) (see also Turjī) 274, 286, 287, 289

Audience 396, 397, 536, 549, 597, 691, 692, 726, 727, 731, 733

Auxerre, Departmental Archives of the Yonne 23

Avnīq 385

ʿAwān 648, 649, 652

Aʿyān 364, 368, 385n34, 459n146, 598, 649

Ayas 573, 758, 765

Aydamur 806

ʿAydhāb 541, 582, 590, 591, 599, 643, 649, 652, 823n1, 827

Aydughdī l-Khwārizmī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 265, 274, 286

al-ʿAynī 27n128, 131, 252, 305, 315n54

ʿAyn Jālūt 307, 308, 329n10, 330, 340, 345, 350n38, 532, 585

ʿAyntāb (see also ʿAntāb) 388, 389

Aytamish (Mamluk envoy) 265, 267, 270, 294, 295, 296

Aytamish (senior amir) 368, 369

Ayyāz al-Shamsī, Fakhr al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 268, 284, 285

Ayyubids (Ayyoubides; see also al-ʿĀdil I Muḥammad; al-ʿĀdil II Abū Bakr; al-Kāmil I; al-Nāṣir I Yūsuf, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn; al-Ṣāliḥ II Ayyūb; Shajar al-Durr) 25, 122, 136, 275, 276, 281, 308, 581, 582, 685, 707, 755

of Damascus, see al-Nāṣir II Yūsuf;

of Diyarbakr, see al-Ashraf b. al-Muẓaffar Shihāb al-Dīn Ghāzī;

of Hama (see also al-Manṣūr II Muḥammad; al-Ṣāliḥ, Abū l-Fidāʾ Ismāʿīl) 209

of Ḥisn Kayfā 38, 39, 209, 459n143

of Yemen, see al-Masʿūd; al-Muʿaẓẓam Tūrānshāh I

Āzād, Muḥammad 400n103

Azāq, see Tana

Azemmour 715

Azerbaijan 192, 196, 253, 306n10, 311, 352, 353, 363, 364, 372, 422n20, 443n65, 444, 449n96, 450, 458, 463, 464

Azov, see Tana

al-Azraq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī (Nasrid envoy) 523, 524, 570

Baalbek 390, 396

Bāb al-Abwāb, see Derbent

Bābur (Moghals) 634

Bactria 192n52, 196

Badakhshan 392

Badghis 446

Bādis (see also Abū ʿAlī Manṣūr) 756, 763

Badlāy b. Saʿd al-Dīn (Eastern Ethiopia) 651

Badr-i Chāch 626

Bagharṭāy (Golden Horde envoy) 286

Baghdad (Bagdad) 187, 189, 243n54, 311, 340–57, 363, 364, 365, 367, 368, 371–5, 383, 447, 533n23, 545, 816, 624, 626, 696, 816

al-Madrasa al-ʿIṣmatiyya 345

al-Madrasa al-Marjāniyya 354

al-Madrasa al-Mustanṣiriyya 347

al-Madrasa al-Niẓāmiyya 354

Musée National 816

al-Baghdādī (Mamluk envoy) 282

Baghrās (Golden Horde envoy) 287

Bahāʾ al-Dīn (Abbasid envoy) 632

Bahāʾ al-Dīn (Ilkhanid envoy) 291

Bahādur al-Ṣaqrī 591

Bahasnā (Besni) 370, 388, 389

Baḥr al-Rūm 192

Bahrain 192, 193, 194, 196, 197

Baidu (Ilkhanids) 279n78, 335, 349, 352

Baiju 310, 312

Baklamish b. Qanjūbughā (Golden Horde envoy) 286

Bāknūr 627, 632

Baktamur Jullaq 373

Baktimur (Golden Horde envoy) 287

Balbān (Delhi sultans) 623

Bālbān al-Ḥakīmī (Mamluk envoy) 284

Balbān al-Ḥalabī, Sayf al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 283, 284

Balbān al-Khāṣṣturkī, Sayf al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 283

Bālbān al-Ṣarkhadī (Mamluk envoy) 284

al-Balkhī 186

Balls 247, 253

Balsam 692

Bangāla, see Bengal

Banners (étendards, bannières, sanājiq) 252, 312, 355, 535, 593, 626, 627

Banquets 247, 366, 597, 823, 833, 834, 837

Banū Dabbāb (Tripoli) 535

Banū Faḍl Allāh 220n17

Banū Ḥasan (Sharifs of Mecca) 604

Banū Hawwāra 538

Banū Hilāl 537

Banū Judhām 659

Banū l-Kuwayk 594

Banū Qatāda b. Idrīs (Sharifs of Mecca) 541

Banū Saʿīd (rulers of al-Qalʿa, near Granada) 554

Banū Sayf b. Dhī Yazan (Borno) 671

Banū Sulaym 535, 537

Bar Hebraeus 344

Barakāt b. Ḥasan b. ʿAjlān (Sharifs of Mecca) 547

Bārānī 621, 626

Barbarigo, Agostino (Venice) 80, 836

Barcelona 7, 11, 26, 43nn197 and 199, 46n213, 50n230, 59, 68, 144, 687, 701, 702, 759

Archives of the Crown of Aragon 11, 513

al-Barīdī, ʿAlam al-Dīn Sulaymān (Mamluk envoy) 290

Barkindo, B. 157

Barr al-ʿUdwa, see Morocco

Basins 592

Basmala 201, 222n25, 224, 548, 665, 712, 791

Basra 345, 347n29, 350n38

Batu (Golden Horde) 307, 309, 311, 312

Bauden, Frédéric 124, 152, 153, 158, 538, 667

Bāvūrjī, Tavakkul 400n103

Bayās 723

Bāyazīd I (Ottomans) 246, 252, 370, 371, 375, 384n24, 387n39, 494n28, 496n33, 497, 498, 500

Bāyazīd II (Ottomans) 83, 247, 428, 549, 550, 551, 558, 560, 570, 571, 572, 573, 762

Baybars al-Manṣūrī 27, 305, 311n35, 531, 534n32, 591, 806

Baydarā b. Qutlūjār, Abū Bakr (Golden Horde envoy) 290

Bāyinjā (?) (Golden Horde envoy) 287

Bāynār (Golden Horde envoy) 287

Bayram, Khawand 372

Bayram Khūjā/Khwāja (Mamluk envoy) 287

Baza 719

Beads 653

Bedouins (see also Āl Faḍl, Banū) 191, 195, 248, 254, 344, 350n38, 365, 536, 538, 544, 545, 551, 552, 648, 689n10, 755

Begŕā, see Maḥmūd Shāh

Behrens-Abouseif, Doris xiii, 158, 608, 833n45

Beihammer, Alexander 58

Beirut 72, 79, 725, 752, 766

Belts 653

Bengal (Bangāla) 608, 610, 617, 627, 632, 634

Ben Miled, Lotfi 156

Berke Khān (Golden Horde) 267, 268, 269, 270, 275, 276, 280, 281, 304, 305, 306, 307, 309–20, 322, 323, 343, 434, 451, 835n55

Berke Khān b. Baybars (Mamluks) 282

Bernardini, Michele xiii, 151

Besni, see Bahasnā

Bianquis, Thierry 529

Bidʿa 628, 629

Bijankār, see Vijayanagara

Bijāya (Bougie; see also al-Mustanṣir Muḥammad b. Yaḥyā Abī Yaḥyā al-Muwaḥḥad; al-Muʿtaḍid ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Ibrāhīm b. Yahyā) 535, 556, 575, 758

Bīk Bāzārī 452n105

Bilād Amḥara 639

Bilād al-Burtughāl 712

Bilād al-Firanj 240n32

Bilād al-Gharb 552

Bilād al-Jibāl 192n52

Bilād Lishbūna 712

Bilād al-Rūm 192, 194, 486, 569, 572

Bilād al-Sūdān 677

Bilāl-i Ḥabashī 401

Bilik (Bilīk) al-Sayfī, Badr al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 289

al-Biqāʿī 241n34, 538, 559n127

al-Bīra (Birecik) 406

Birds 244

Bisṭām-i Chākir 444–9, 454

Bitikchī, Sayf al-Dīn 342n8

Bivar, A.D.H. 663, 664

Black Sea (see also Dasht-i Qipchaq) 142, 239, 244, 303, 308, 313, 321, 495

B-l-r-gh-s (?) (Golden Horde envoy) 287

Bloom, Jonathan 661

Boats (see also Ships) 321, 356, 521, 591, 706, 728

Bologne, Museo Civico d’Arte Medioevale 815, 817

Bofarull i Mascaré, Pròsper de 13

Boloix Gallardo, Bárbara 156, 215n4

Booty 115, 116, 252, 405, 406n137

Borno (see also Idrīs b. ʿAlī; ʿUthmān b. Idrīs, Abū ʿAmr) 157, 192, 194, 196, 197, 209, 210, 658–79

Bosphorus 146, 303, 313, 320, 321

Bottles 692, 826, 830

Bougie, see Bijāya

Boustronios, George 726, 732, 734, 735, 737

Bow rings 692

Bowls 248, 692, 824n6, 825, 826, 829, 830, 831, 832, 834, 836

Bowmen 398

Bows (arcs) 248, 391, 399, 402, 538, 653n59, 692, 727

Bragadino, Niccolò 743

Brancacci, Felice (Florentine envoy) 75, 130, 688, 689n15, 693, 694

Bridles 633

B-r-j-ā (Ilkhanid envoy) 295

Broadbridge, Anne 134, 135, 150, 219, 333, 334, 335, 336, 342, 353, 366, 381

Brunschvig, Robert 536, 551

Brussels 828n24

Royal Museums of Art and History 824, 828, 832

Budayd 609

Buja 192, 196

al-Bukhārī 673

Bukhārī, Iftikhār al-Dīn (Ilkhanid envoy) 293

al-Bukhārī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad 616

Būlāq 521

Bulgar/Bulgarians 194, 319

Bulgarian king 315

Bulghār 452n105

al-Bunduqdār, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn 307

al-Bunyūlī, Muḥammad (Nasrid envoy) 520, 521

al-Burd al-muwashshā fī ṣināʿat al-inshāʾ (al-Mawṣilī) 35, 584

Burhān al-Dīn, Qāḍī 813

Burhān al-Dīn, Shaykh (Golden Horde envoy) 287

Burhān al-Dīn of Sivas 404n123

Burj al-Qashtīl, see El Castello

Bursa 190n35, 239, 363

Burundūq (Timurids) 403, 406

al-Buṣrawī 795

Busse, Heribert 2

Bustron, Florio 730, 735

Buwayhids 621

Byzantines (including Byzantine Empire, emperor) 27n128, 115, 146, 192, 222n24, 242, 304, 313, 315, 318, 319n74, 321n80, 495n32

Byzantium (see also Anastasius I; John VI Kantakouzenos; Michael VIII Paleologus) 146, 566

Caftans 247

Cahen, Claude 2, 153, 310

Cairo, Bāb al-Naṣr 329

Bāb al-Ḥawsh 247

Bāb al-Madraj 247

Bāb al-Qaṣr 245

Bāb Zuwayla 329

Bayn al-Qaṣrayn 250

Birkat al-Fīl 366

Citadel 129, 130, 203, 239, 240, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 254, 255, 256, 365, 368, 369, 485, 486, 487, 503, 638, 651, 688, 690, 691, 727, 794, 834

al-Ḥawsh 250, 486, 649

Hippodrome (Maydān) 599

house of Dāwūd al-Maghribī 521

house of the interpreter 250

house of al-Jamālī 250

house of Jānibak Ḥabīb 486

Khānqāh 246

Khedivial Library 20, 742

al-Madrasa al-Ḥijāziyya 250

al-Madrasa al-Jamāliyya 250

al-Madrasa al-Muʾayyadiyya 600

Musée d’Art arabe 808, 811

Qāʿat al-Baḥra 248

Qanāṭir al-sibāʿ 638

Raḥbat al-ʿīd 250

al-Raṭlī pool 247

al-Raydāniyya 329, 365, 744

al-Rumayla 247, 366

Ṣalība street 638

shops 246

streets 246, 255

Sūq al-Khayl 329

Ṭuquz Damur bridge 486

Čakrī/Çeğre Khān (Golden Horde) 451, 452

Calicut 611, 741

Caliph(ate) of Bagdad, of Cairo, see Abbasids

Calligraphic styles (see also Maghribī, Taʿlīq) 50, 438

Callixtus III (pope) 718

Cambay (see also Maḥmūd Shāh, Begŕā) 610, 611

Camels 246, 253, 254, 367, 401, 406, 521, 592, 593, 827

Camlets 725, 726, 728, 735

Canard, Marius 138, 146, 156

Capello, Lorenzo (Venetian envoy) 56n265, 82, 707

Capitulations 3, 46, 734, 747, 748, 750

Capmany de Montpalau i de Surís, Antoni de 13

Carolingian Empire 569

Casoli, Andrea 737

Castel de Ferro 516

Castile (see also Alphonso X; Alphonso XI; Isabella I) 194, 197, 514, 515, 516, 517, 523, 524, 701, 711, 714, 716, 721

Castilians 516, 518, 714

Castles 253, 390, 391, 396, 406, 503

Catalonia 13n60, 144, 240

Cateura Bennasser, Pau 144

Cazulli, Andrea 737

Çeğre Khān, see Čakrī

Çelebi, see Jalabī

Cem (Ottomans) 149, 241, 248, 568

Ceremonies 129, 130, 139, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 152, 153, 160, 203, 219, 226, 240, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 250, 254, 255, 256, 269, 316, 317, 365, 366, 374, 491, 500, 503, 540, 597, 600, 613, 623, 624, 626, 667, 691, 694, 707, 728, 801

Ceylon (Sarandīb) 52n245, 627, 632

Chaghāniyān, see Ṣaghāniyān

Chaghatayids 265, 346, 363, 367

Chamberlains (ḥājib) 265, 486, 597, 690

Chancery (see also Dīwān al-inshāʾ)

Almohad 49, 47, 512, 547

Aq Qoyunlu 2, 42n196, 422

Ayyubid 2, 55n256, 202–3, 205n137, 206nn141–2, 696, 746

Fatimid 5n21

Hafsid 547–51

Nasrid 512–4

Ottoman 2, 41, 437n49

Qara Qoyunlu 422–3, 426nn29 and 31, 427–8, 436, 437n49, 438, 462

Rasulid 35, 584

Safavid 2, 421n17

Timurid 2, 40n187, 422, 426, 437n49

Chancery manuals 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 26–35, 36, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 50, 51n237, 56, 59, 60, 61, 66, 107, 109, 120, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 136, 145, 151, 160, 185, 189, 201, 202, 203, 205, 209, 211, 219, 220, 221, 222, 226, 263n1, 304, 323, 420, 422n20, 428n34, 438, 491, 499, 500, 511, 520, 610, 642, 674, 789, 791

Chancery officials (clerks) 8n35, 28, 34n159, 35, 54, 128, 141, 222, 245, 263, 264, 500, 690

Chandeliers 592

Chapoutot-Remadi, Mounira 156

Chaqmāq 401n109

Charla (Cyprus) 736

Charles I (Savoy) 25, 85

Charles VII (France) 22–3, 83, 84, 835

Charlotte (Cyprus) 25, 726, 730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738

Cheese 692, 693

Chickens 250, 689, 836

Chief secretary 8, 54, 274

China 157, 190n32, 192n53, 194n79, 195, 196, 197, 209, 210, 392, 823, 824, 825, 826, 829, 830, 832

Chinese ceramics 157, 823, 824, 826, 827, 828, 831, 833

Chinggis Khān (Mongols 312, 352n51, 390

Chinggisids 274, 277, 302, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 316, 317, 322, 352, 357, 449n96, 451

Choban (Ilkhanids) 273, 278, 279, 294, 295, 296, 353

Chobanids (see also Dimashq Khwāja, Malik Ashraf) 150, 210, 295, 352, 353, 354

Christ, Georg 141

Christians, Coptic 638, 640

Jacobite 639

Orthodox 146

Cilicia 331, 332, 568

Cilician Armenia (Lesser Armenia; see also Hetʿum; Lewon) 331, 728

Cilician Armenians 332

Clifford, W. 153

Cloaks 253

Clocks 253

Cloth cubit (dhirāʿ) 49, 200, 201, 675

Clothes (see also Belts, Caftans, Cloaks, Coats, Fawqānī, Scarves, Shirts) 246, 401, 522, 599, 692, 693

Coats 253

Cobb, Paul M. 136

Coins 252, 314n45, 318, 353, 355, 356, 364, 398, 450n97, 451n102, 452, 454, 582, 613, 624, 626, 634, 635

Colin, George S. 39, 156, 520, 712, 715n20

Commanders 225, 244, 245, 247, 263, 264, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 272, 274, 275, 277, 278, 279, 285, 286, 290, 291, 308, 312n37, 343, 402n117, 446, 696, 757

Condominia 137

Conermann, Stephan 155

Consensus (ijmāʿ) 116, 627, 628

Constantine, see al-Muktafī ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. Abī Yaḥyā

Constantine of Chios (Cypriot envoy) 737

Constantinople 194, 196, 197, 210, 211, 246, 303, 311, 313, 314, 321, 485, 495, 566, 567, 570, 676, 702n60, 716, 718, 746

Consuls 702, 749, 752, 753

Catalan 73

Florentine 787

Marseilles 22

Pisan 757

Venetian 319n74, 693n31, 741, 742, 743, 744, 747, 757, 766, 794

Consulates 140

Aragonese 143

Ragusan 21, 83

Venetian 20, 141

Coote, Lesley A. 145

Copper (cuivre) 592, 662, 802, 803, 834

Coral 662

Cordoba 701

Cornaro, Catherine (Cyprus) 19, 84, 692n29, 737, 835

Cornaro, Marco (Venice) 78

Corroboratio 199, 494

Corsairs (see also Pirates) 242n49, 750, 751, 753, 754, 768

Corsica 702

Corvinos, Mathias (Hungary) 573

Coulon, Damien 143

Council of Florence 646

of the Mamluk sultan 366, 400, 486

of Ten (Venice) 720

Coureas, Nicholas 24n116, 138, 139

Couriers (barīdī, sāʿin; see also Ambassadors, Emissaries, Envoys, Messengers) 218, 219, 222, 224, 440, 441, 442, 458, 459, 703

Courio, Nicholas de 733

Cows 406

Crimea 39, 194, 303, 308, 315, 319, 321, 452, 499

Croatia 702

Crowe, Yolande 155

Crusaders 9n42, 27n128, 52n243, 122, 132, 134, 136, 137, 138, 145, 308, 313, 495, 517, 583, 695, 718, 755

Cuirasses 393, 486, 493

Cuoq, Joseph 663, 666

Cutler, Anthony 158

Cyprus (see also Charla; Charlotte; Cornaro, Catherine; James II; Janus; John II; Louis; Peter I) 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 76, 80, 84, 137, 138, 139, 194, 240, 246n76, 519, 689n12, 725–38, 743, 746, 759, 761

Cypriots 39, 699, 726, 727, 731, 732, 738

Cyrénaïque 531

Dābul 611

Daggers 522

Dajjāl (Antichrist) 392

Dalmatia 702

Damascus 29, 36, 151, 211n149, 239, 242, 244n63, 250, 254, 272, 276, 290, 291, 292, 306, 331, 333, 335, 340, 351n47, 367, 372, 373, 375, 381, 389, 391, 394, 397–405, 439, 444, 453, 458n138, 517, 572, 573, 574, 595, 596, 659, 795, 826

al-Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya 255

al-Qaṣr al-Ablaq 401, 405n131

Qubbat al-Sayyār 397

Damietta 82, 729, 743n9, 746

Damurdāsh (Tīmūrtāsh) al-Muḥammadī 369

Dankiz (Qara Qoyunlu envoy) 400n58, 460

Daoulatli, Abd al-Aziz 156

Daphnusia (Dafnusyā) 321

Dār al-ʿadl (Grievance court) 276, 366

Dār al-ʿahd (Abode of covenant) 112, 117

Dār al-ḍiyāfa 254, 277

Dār al-ḥarb (Abode of war) 35n166, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 188, 193

Dār al-Islām (Abode of Islam) 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 122, 188, 193, 304, 311, 314, 495, 658, 660, 667, 676, 678, 714, 715, 717

Dār al-ṣulḥ (Abode of truce) 117

Darj, see Scrolls

Darrāj, Aḥmad 39, 145, 149, 151, 152, 153, 605, 607, 612

Darwīsh (Golden Horde) 451

Dasht-i Qipchaq (Qipchaq; see also Black Sea) 148, 190n32, 192n53, 194n79, 196, 197, 238n7, 277, 308, 309, 313, 319, 321n82, 392, 452

Dastjirdānī, Jamāl al-Dīn 349, 350n42

Dastūr al-kātib fī taʿyīn al-marātib (Nakhjawānī) 342

Datum 199

Ḍawʾ al-ṣubḥ al-musfir wa-janā l-dawḥ al-muthmir (al-Qalqashandī) 28n131, 32

Dawādār 12n54, 19, 46n213, 55n259, 128, 274, 343, 395, 486, 547, 607, 690n20, 693, 732, 733, 791, 801, 802, 806

al-Dawādārī, ʿAlam al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 284

Dāwit I/Dāwūd (Abyssinia) 643–7, 651

Dāwit II (Abyssinia) 645

Dawlatābād, see Delhi

Dawlat Khān, Majd al-Dīn (Seljuq envoy) 291

Dawlat Tīmūr 406

Dāwūd, see Dāwit (Abyssinia)

Dāwūd al-Maghribī 521

Dayr al-Ghaṭs (Dayr al-Maghṭis) 647

Decrees (décrets; Marsūm) 14, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 26, 45, 46, 56n265, 66, 123, 124, 134, 141, 222, 355, 391, 511, 548, 595, 612n35, 616, 617, 685, 686, 695n36, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 746, 747, 748, 749, 750, 751, 752, 753, 754, 756, 758, 759, 760, 761, 762, 763, 764, 766, 767, 768, 788, 795, 801

Deeds 6, 9, 36n169, 37, 218, 439

Dekkiche, Malika 11, 39, 49, 674, 676

Delhi (Dawlatābād, Dēōgīr; see also Balbān; Fīrūz Shāh III b. Rajab, Abū l-Mużaffar; Īltutmish; Khiḍr Khān; Khusraw Khān, Nāṣir al-Dīn; Masʿūd Shāh, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn; Muḥammad Sām, Muʿizz al-Dīn; Muḥammad Shāh I, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Khaljī; Muḥammad Shāh II b. Tughluqshāh, Abū l-Mujāhid; Muḥammad Shāh III, Nāṣir al-Dīn; Muḥammad b. Tughluq) 155, 308n18, 312, 585, 590n30, 610, 614, 617, 621, 623, 624, 625, 627, 634, 635

Delta (Egypt) 30, 541, 647, 743

Demetrio (Abyssinian envoy) 652

Dēōgīr, see Delhi

Derbent (Bāb al-Abwāb) 194, 197, 306, 307

De ruina Damasci (Beltramo Mignanelli) 381, 393

Dewière, Rémi 39n183, 157

al-Dhahabī 305, 517

al-Dhakwānī l-Kānimī, Ibrāhīm b. Yaʿqūb 661

Dhayl al-Rawḍatayn (Abū Shāma) 517

Dhimma (Liability) 759, 762

Dhubyān al-Shaykhī, Nāṣir al-Dīn 276–7

Dhulqadirids (see also ʿAlī Bey b. Shāh Suwār; Jahāngīr; Shāh Suwār) 240, 254, 383, 384n27, 406n136, 457, 484

D’hulster, Kristof 149

Diaries 20, 130, 521, 743, 747

Diedo, Pietro 19, 82, 689, 691, 693

Diem, Werner 2

Dilshād Khātūn (Jalayirids) 353, 354

Dimashq Khwāja (Chobanids) 295, 353n61

Diplomas of investiture 122, 543, 610, 613

Diplomatics (see also ʿAlāma, Alqāb, Answers, Apprecatio, Basmala, Calligraphic styles, Chancery, Corroboratio, Datum, Decrees, Diplomas of investiture, Dispositio, Dīwān al-inshāʾ, Duʿāʾ, Expositio, Features, Form, Formularies, Ikhwāniyyāt, Inceptive letters, Inks, Inscriptio, Inshāʾ, Instructions, Intitulatio, Iqtibās, Jaʿba, Kātib, Khawātim, Languages, Layout, Letters of credence, Lingua franca, Matn, Mithāl, Munshaʾāt, Munshiʾ, Murabbaʿ, Muṭālaʿa, Narratio, Nuʿūt, Oaths, Paper, Penbox, Petitions, Poetry, Prose, Protocol, Proverbs, Quranic verses, Ranks, Recognitio, Registers, Reports of ambassadors, Safe-conducts, Salutatio, Scrolls, Seals, Suyūrghāl, Taqlīd, Taʿrīf, Translators, Truces, Ṭughrā, Ṭurra, Validation, Waṣl, Yarligh) 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12, 15, 18, 26, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 40, 42, 43, 47, 50, 54, 58, 59, 61, 66, 125, 186, 198, 199, 211, 241, 420, 423, 437n49, 790

Dispositio 199, 426, 494

Dīwān al-inshāʾ, see al-Thaghr al-bāsim

Dīwān al-inshāʾ (see also Chancery) 8, 28, 33, 36, 47, 216n7, 317, 318, 512, 551, 588, 591, 791

Dīwān al-khātam 119

Dīwān al-rasāʾīl 119

Diyār Bakr (Diyarbakir) 350, 355, 443n65

Djerba 535, 536

Dolfin, John (Hospitaller envoy) 731, 732, 733

Dölger, Franz 146

Don Alonzo (Naples) 736

Donato, Andrea (Venetian envoy) 788

Donkeys (Asses) 689, 714

Dourmec, Bernard 145

Dragomans (see also Interpreters, Translators) 141

Drums (tambours) 243, 244, 535, 690

Duʿāʾ (Invocatio, Invocations) 29, 34, 42, 126, 127, 199, 202, 203, 207, 208, 494, 540, 630

Dubrovnik (see also Ragusa) 21, 142, 143

Duqmāq 369

al-Durūbī, Samīr 29, 57

Dustūr 28, 30

Edbury, Peter W. 138, 735

Edessa (Rūhā, Urfa) 406

Edigü (Golden Horde) 451, 452, 453

Ehrenkreutz, Andrew 142

Elbistan (Ālbistān) 384, 439

El Castello (Burj al-Qashtīl) 535

Elephants 244, 392, 393, 400n106, 599

El-Leithy, Tamer 7

Emissaries (īlchī, qāṣid, safīr; see also Ambassadors, Couriers, Envoys, Messengers) 44, 110, 120, 129, 130, 131, 239, 243, 823, 824, 831, 836, 837

Abyssinian 638, 649, 650, 651, 652, 654

Bornoan 667

Cypriot 727, 734, 735

Dhulqadirid 254

European 130

French 22, 23, 256, 717

Florentine 784, 787, 789

German 145

Ilkhanid 349

Jalayirid 352, 355

Malwa 606, 607, 611, 612n35, 613, 614, 618

Mamluk 127, 129, 130, 249n92, 341, 646, 648, 651, 784, 787, 792

Nasrid 520, 521, 522, 523

Ottoman 240n31, 252n105

Portuguese 713, 714, 715, 716, 718

Rasulid 590, 593, 595, 597, 626

Venetian 836

Emmanuel I (Portugal) 716

England (see also Henry VII) 8n34, 145, 718

Envoys (īlchī, qāṣid, safīr; see also Ambassadors, Couriers, Emissaries, Messengers) 44, 48, 427, 440, 441, 442, 492, 621, 686, 687, 688, 702, 725, 726

Abbasid 623, 632, 633, 634

Abyssinian 640, 641, 642, 643, 646, 649, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654

Aq Qoyunlu 450n98, 456n130

Byzantine 318

Cypriot 729, 730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738

Florentine 15

Golden Horde 282, 284, 291, 644, 645, 293, 296, 316, 434, 450, 451, 452

Hafsid 570, 571, 572, 573, 574

Hospitaller 731

Indian 585, 621, 625, 626

Mamluk 15, 16, 26, 54, 66, 139, 144, 145, 214, 216, 217, 252, 281, 303, 316, 320, 397, 398, 399, 453, 458, 459, 583, 626, 642, 646, 730, 731, 736, 737, 738, 784

Milanese 692

Mongol 329, 331, 332, 335

Nasrid 520, 522, 523

Ottoman 248, 249, 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 493, 502, 503, 504

Qaramanid 40

Qara Qoyunlu 439, 443, 445, 446, 447, 449n96, 450, 457, 458

Rasulid 586, 587, 588, 589, 590, 591, 598, 599

Safavid 248

Seljuq 307

Timurid 370n45, 384, 395, 446n82, 459, 728

Venetian 689

Ermine 486, 493, 692, 728

Erzincan 370, 441

Erzurum 448

Eschatocol, see Khawātim

Escouchy, Mathieu d’ 23

Eskender (Abyssinia) 645, 650

Espionage (see also Intelligence, Spies) 135, 345

Ethiopia (al-Ḥabasha) (see also Abyssinia; Badlāy b. Saʿd al-Dīn; Walasmaʿ) 147, 190, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 209, 210, 240, 241, 638, 641, 646, 648, 651

Ethiopians 671

Ethnicity 135, 623, 719

Etiquette 226, 242, 245, 249, 255, 387, 584, 666, 676

Euphrates 311, 332, 343, 364n1, 406, 400, 443n65

Ewers 592, 653

Expenses 44, 274, 590, 600, 633, 726, 728, 729, 733, 738

Expositio 199, 494

Fabri, Felix 130

al-Fākhirī 341

Fakhr al-Dīn al-Muqriʾ (Mamluk envoy) 291

Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī 628

K. al-Fakhrī (Ibn al-Ṭiqṭaqā) 341

al-Fakhrī, ʿIzz al-Dīn Aybak (Mamluk envoy) 282

Falcons 692n27

Famagusta 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 743

Far East (Extrême-Orient) 536, 541, 685, 823, 827, 828, 836

al-Fāriqī, Jamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿAlī (Rasulid envoy) 588, 589n24, 595, 596

al-Fāriqī, Sharaf al-Dīn Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī (Rasulid envoy) 595

Farkha 200

Farmān 421n18, 423

Faroqhi, Suraiya 659

Farrāj, ʿAbd al-Sattār 32

Fars (Fārs) 192n52, 194n78, 196, 197, 389, 445, 448, 392

al-Fāsī 606

Faṣl al-khiṭāb fī tarsīl Abī Bakr Ibn Khaṭṭāb (Ibn Khaṭṭāb al-Mursī) 511

Fatwā 131, 132, 135, 458, 523, 716

Favereau, Marie 148, 219

Fawātiḥ 50, 202

ḥamdala 202, 661, 665

tashahhud 202

taṣliya 202

baʿdiyya 202, 665

Fawqānī 252, 504

Features (of documents) external 17, 34, 47, 49, 51, 53, 120, 125, 127, 158, 199, 200–2, 206, 207, 410, 416, 437, 492

internal 17, 34, 43, 47, 49, 50–4, 120, 125, 199, 202, 206, 207, 410, 416, 492

Federighi, Carlo (Florentine envoy) 75

Fekete, Lajos 2

Ferdinand I (Naples) 719

Ferdinand II (Aragon) 718, 719, 720

Ferīdūn Beg 27n127, 40, 422

Festivities 121, 129, 277, 730, 732

Fez (Fès) 209, 210, 514, 515, 519, 531, 546, 676

Fezzan 662

Firearms 244n63, 393n66, 398n98, 402, 692

Fire’-Mikā’ēl (Abyssinian envoy) 652

Fireworks 243, 248

Fīrūz, Jamāl al-Dīn (Rasulid envoy) 587

Fīrūz Shāh III b. Rajab, Abū l-Mużaffar (Delhi sultans) 626, 627, 632, 633, 634

Florence (see also Lorenzo de’ Medici) 15, 16, 17, 43nn197 and 199, 50n230, 56n265, 58, 59, 73–6, 142, 143, 646, 686, 687, 693, 701, 750, 760, 761, 762, 767, 782, 783, 784, 787, 788, 790, 792, 827n20

Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana (Laurentian Library) 15, 782, 783, 784, 789

State Archives 15, 782, 783, 784, 788, 799, 790

Florentines 16, 18, 142, 751, 762, 784, 785, 792, 793

Fortresses 253, 306, 307, 384, 385, 388, 389, 390, 394, 395, 396, 441, 447, 450, 512, 519, 521, 522, 523, 574, 589, 633, 699

Foscari, Francesco (Venice) 79, 788, 799

Food (see also Chickens, Meat, Rice, Sweets, Watermelons) 129, 246, 251n102, 254, 348, 349, 685, 694, 830n31, 833n45, 834, 835

Form (of documents) 1, 43, 47–54, 198, 199

Formularies 3, 4, 5, 26, 28, 29, 42, 44, 59, 60, 107n12

Formulary 217, 218, 221, 222, 223, 584, 597, 751n46, 783

Fould, Louis 809

France (see also Charles VII; Louis IX; Louis XI; Louis XII; Louis XIV) 16, 22, 23, 83, 84, 145, 194, 197, 686, 701, 717

Franks (Francs, Firanj) 23, 45, 122, 136, 138, 192, 215, 222n24, 239, 240n33, 252, 273, 282, 332, 517, 541, 569, 593, 731, 745, 750, 751, 753, 755, 765, 768

Frantz-Murphy, Gladys 20, 141

Frederick II (Holy Roman Empire) 754

Frenkel, Yehoshua 148, 158

Frontiers 134, 238–9, 249, 254, 309, 331–2, 337, 371, 384–5, 535, 632, 699

Fujian 826n15

Furḍa 616

Furs (see also Ermine, Lynx, Sable, Squirrel) 244, 246, 251, 486, 493, 692, 836

Fustat 823, 824, 825, 826, 827, 828, 829, 831, 832

Futūḥāt-i Fīrūz Shāhī (Fīrūz Shāh) 627

Futūḥāt-i Shām u Rūm 382

Fuzhou 826n15

Gabrieli, Francesco 145

Games 244, 248, 317

Gandulph of Sicily 642, 650, 653n59

García de Linares, Ramón 14

Geese 689

Gelasius I (pope) 697

Gems 246, 253

Generalife (Granada) 523

Genoa 24, 25, 85, 139, 142, 192n76, 194, 196, 197, 240, 514, 686, 687, 725, 758

State Archives 24

Genoese 142, 238n8, 273, 285, 313, 316, 318, 319n74, 322, 520, 702n61, 734, 737, 760

George V (Georgia) 278

Georgia (Kurjistān; see also George V) 197, 256n137, 277, 441

Georgians 384n26, 647

Germany (al-Almān) 145, 192n76, 196

Germans 145

Gethsemane 647

al-Ghafāyirī, Abū Zayd 546

al-Ghāfiqī, Muḥammad b. Yaḥyā b. ʿAbd al-Malik (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 555

al-Ghāfiqī, Yaḥyā b. ʿAbd al-Malik (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 555

al-Ghammāz, Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Khazrajī l-Balansī (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 555

Ghana 669, 675

al-Gharb al-Aqṣā, see Morocco

al-Ghassānī, Abū l-Qāsim Muḥammad b. Yahyā b. Muḥammad al-Burjī (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 556

al-Ghassānī, Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Ibrāhīm b. ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq al-Tūnisī l-Andalusī (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 554

Ghaybī 828n24, 832

Ghāzān (Ilkhanids) 134, 270, 271, 292, 293, 328, 335, 336, 348, 349, 351n47

Ghazna 392

Ghazza 390n50

Ghiyāth al-Dīn Shāh (Malwa) 239n15, 604

Ghrībī 575

Ghūr 192n52, 392

Ghūṭa 399n99, 406n133

Gibraltar 523

Gift lists 12, 14, 26, 44, 66, 127, 303

Gifts (Presents, cadeaux; see also Animals, Arms, Balls, Banners, Clocks, Clothes, Furs, Gems, Heads, Injibār, Jewellery, Manuscripts, Metals, Rugs, Porcelain, Prisoners, Slaves, Spices, Tents, Textiles) 40, 121, 129, 149, 150, 158, 214, 224, 239n15, 244, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251–4, 255, 273, 282, 302, 313, 315, 351, 367, 371, 385, 388, 389, 402, 406, 427, 440, 447, 456n130, 486, 492, 493, 504, 522, 523, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 539, 540, 546, 558, 559, 571, 575, 590, 591, 592, 593, 598, 599, 600, 610, 611, 613, 617, 631, 632, 633, 649, 653, 654, 660n14, 668, 669, 690, 691, 692, 693, 707, 720, 726, 729, 730, 731, 732, 734, 735, 736, 831, 835, 836, 837

Gilan (al-Jīl; Kīlān) 190, 192n52, 193, 194n78, 195, 196, 197, 444

Gilli-Elewy, Hend 150

Ginger 599, 692

Giraffes 575

Giray khans 303

Góis, Damião de 722

Gold 53, 247, 274, 277, 394, 653, 662, 668, 728, 729, 737, 759

Golden Horde (see also Batu; Berke Khān; Čakrī/Çeğre Khān; Darwīsh; Edigü; Jānibeg; Kebek; Möngke Temür; Özbek; Sartaq; Tīmūr Qutlugh b. Tīmūr Malik; Töde Möngke; Toqta; Toqtamish; Ṭulunbāy; Ulaghči b. Sartaq) 38, 39, 55nn260 and 262, 148, 264, 265, 266, 269, 270, 273, 274, 275, 277, 278, 280–90, 302, 303, 304, 305, 307, 309, 312n41, 313, 315nn51 and 54, 316, 317n60, 318, 319, 322, 354, 385n29, 450–3, 835n55

Golubovich, Girolamo 25

Goneme, Brother William (Augustinian friar) 730, 732, 735, 736

Governors (Chobanids) 352

(Golden Horde) 321

(Ilkhanids) 209, 267, 273, 675

(Jalayirids) 352

(Mamluks) 30, 45n207, 49, 128, 227, 615, 647, 695n36, 730

(Mongols) 210

of Akhlāṭ 278

of Aleppo 22, 80, 82, 83, 365, 367, 369, 389, 439, 597

of Alexandria 16, 20, 46n213, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 784, 787, 788, 789, 790

of Amman 79

of Avnīq 385, 444

of Bagdad 343, 346, 347, 352nn51 and 53, 354, 355, 356, 457n132

of Bahasnā 370, 388

of Beirut 79

of Damascus 16, 18, 46n213, 72, 73, 80, 82, 252n102, 277, 368, 370, 372, 375, 439, 440, 462, 505, 597, 784, 787, 789, 790

of Damietta 56n265, 78, 729

of Egypt 382, 728, 790

of Erzincan 441, 457n132

of Florence 701n55

of Gujarat 621

of Hama 37, 369

of Hamadan 350n41

of Khuzistan 368n24

of Kirman 454

of Malatya 384

of Maragha 350n41

of Mardin 422, 423n26

of Mosul 341

of Persian Iraq 445

of Qumis 395n76

of Ṣafad 77, 373

of Shiraz 368

of Sivas 384

of Syria 275, 450n98, 790

of Tripoli 79, 82, 239n20

Gozo 539

Granada 156, 215, 511–25, 570, 571, 714, 716, 717, 719, 720, 722

Grand Master (Hospitallers) 24, 84, 85, 731, 733, 737

Grob, Eva 219

Grohmann, Adolf 2

Guadix 516

Gujarat (see also Ẓafar Khān) 610, 611, 621, 624, 632, 634, 741

Gulbarga 608, 610

Gülek 572

Gunpowder 243, 244, 570

Gyrfalcons 692

Haarmann, Ulrich 793

al-Ḥabasha, see Ethiopia

Ḥāfiẓ-i Abrū 341, 381, 382n10, 385n32, 395n74, 396n83, 455

Hafsids (Hafsides; see also ʿAbd al-Muʾmīn b. Ibrāhīm; Ibn Abī ʿUmāra, Aḥmad b. Marzūq, al-Faḍl; Ibrāhīm I, Abū Isḥāq; Ibrāhīm II, Abū Isḥāq; al-Manṣūr ʿUthmān, Abū ʿAmr; Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr al-Mutawakkil al-Bijāʾī; al-Muntakhab, Abū Zakariyyāʾ Yaḥyā III b. Ibrāhīm I; al-Muntaṣir Muḥammad II; al-Muntaṣir Muḥammad IV; al-Mustanṣir, Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad II; al-Mustanṣir, Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad I b. Yaḥyā I; al-Mustanṣir, Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad II Abū ʿAṣīda; al-Mustanṣir, Abū Darba Muḥammad III; al-Mustanṣir, Abū Ḥafs ʿUmar II; al-Mustanṣir, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm II; al-Mutawakkil, Abū Fāris ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz; al-Mutawakkil, Abū Yaḥyā Abū Bakr; al-Mutawakkil Muḥammad V; al-Nāṣir, Abū l-Baqāʾ Khālid I; al-Shahīd, Abū Yaḥyā Abū Bakr I b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān; ʿUmar I, Abū Ḥafṣ; ʿUmar II, Abū Ḥafṣ; al-Wāthiq, Abū Zakariyyāʾ Yaḥyā II b. Muḥammad I; Yaḥyā I, Abū Zakariyyāʾ b. Abī Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wāḥid; Yaḥyā IV b. Muḥammad al-Masʿūd, Abū Zakariyyāʾ; Zakariyyāʾ I b. Aḥmad al-Liḥyānī, Abū Yaḥyā; Zakariyyāʾ II b. Yaḥyā IV, Abū Yaḥyā) 38, 39, 156, 514, 516, 529–35, 538, 540, 541, 542, 546, 551–60

al-Ḥajjī, Ḥayāt Nāṣir 157

Ḥājjī-Taghay 352nn51 and 55

Hājjī Tarkhān (Astrakhan) 452n105

al-Ḥākim I, Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad (Abbasids) 269, 270, 281, 621, 626, 632

al-Ḥalabī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad al-Ḥanafī 34

al-Ḥalfāwī, Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad (Hafsid envoy) 555n114, 572, 573, 574

Ḥalqa 250, 266, 270, 274, 285, 286, 287, 288, 290, 293

Hama 36, 37, 209, 369, 390, 396, 406, 545, 808

Hamadan 265, 350n41, 392

Ḥamīd al-Dīn, Bābā (Qara Qoyunlu envoy) 457, 458, 461

al-Ḥawādith al-jāmiʿa wa-l-tajārib al-nāfiʿa fī l-miʾa al-sābiʿa (ps.-Ibn al-Fuwaṭī) 341

Hawks 692

Ḥamza (Ilkhanid ambassador) 294, 297

Ḥamza b. Qarā Yülük (Aq Qoyunlu) 211n151

Harar 641

Harari 813

Har-El, Shai 148

Harput Castle 253

Hartmann, M. 742, 743

Hārūn al-Rashīd (Abbasids) 614

Ḥasan b. Abī l-Munajjā, Badr al-Dīn (Rasulid envoy) 587

Ḥasan b. ʿAjlān b. Rumaytha (Sharifs of Mecca) 545, 547, 586

Ḥasan Amīn

Ḥasan b. al-Asad, Badr al-Dīn (Rasulid envoy) 590

al-Ḥasan al-Sāʿī (Timurid envoy) 458n141, 461

al-Ḥasan b. Shādī b. Sunjāq (Ilkhanid envoy) 294

Ḥasan-i Buzurg (Jalayirids) 352, 353, 354

Ḥasankā (Timurid envoy) 446, 460

al-Hāshimī l-ʿAbbāsī, ʿImād al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (Mamluk envoy) 269

Hattox, Ralph 149, 496n32

al-Hawwārī, al-Ḥasan b. Mūsā b. Muʿammar al-Ṭarābulusī (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 555

Ḥaydar (Ottoman envoy) 247

Heads 254, 329, 517

Heidemann, Stefan 381

Helmets 252, 653n59

Henry VII (England) 718

Herat 310n26, 311, 445, 446, 448, 450n98, 454, 458

Hersek, Aḥmad 567

Hetʿum (Lesser Armenia) 330–1

Hijaz 123, 151, 152, 154, 155, 189, 190, 191, 193, 195, 314, 351, 394, 582, 606, 609, 613, 614, 617, 618, 648, 652

Hill, George 735

Ḥilla 293, 341, 347, 348, 350

Hillenbrand, Carole 136

Ḥimyar 671

Hinawr 627

Hind, see India

Hirschler, Konrad 7

Ḥiṣn Kayfā 38, 39, 209, 459n143

Ḥiṣn Manṣūr (Adıyaman) 457

Hispanus, Maurus (Portuguese envoy) 720

Holt, Peter M. 136, 144, 333, 745

Holy cities/sites

Baghdad 348

Christian 123, 130

Jerusalem 714

Muslim 135, 151, 154, 155, 238, 247, 272, 351, 583, 678, 698

Najaf 342

Shiite 350

Holy Land 25, 130, 140, 145, 146, 642, 685

Holy Roman Empire, see Frederick II

Homs 333, 390, 396, 406, 534, 585

Honey 689

Honfleur 717

Honoraria 254

Hopkins, Antony 673

Horns 243, 599

Horses (chevaux; see also Donkeys, Mules) 247, 251, 254, 310, 321, 365, 366, 367, 369, 373, 394, 396, 400n104, 401, 406, 454, 539, 559, 590, 592, 614, 632, 653n59, 692n29, 714, 728

Hospitallers of Rhodes (see also Milly, James de; Orsini, Gianbattista) 24, 84, 85, 138, 536, 731, 733, 737, 759

Hourani, Albert 346

Housley, Norman 136

Huércal 516

Hülegü (Ilkhanids) 256n135, 306–16, 322, 327, 328, 329, 342, 343, 344, 352n51, 532, 541

Ḥumayḍa b. Abī Numayy (Sharifs of Mecca) 544, 545, 546n83

Humbert, Geneviève 48, 49

Humphreys, Stephen 136

Hungary (see also Corvinos, Mathias) 686

Hungarians 570

Hunūr 632

Ḥusayn b. Shaykh Uways (Jalayirids) 357, 364, 366

Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Shams al-Dīn, Sharaf al-Dīn (Abbasids) 812

Ḥusayn b. Ṣārū, Ḥusām al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 268n25, 286

Ibn al-Abbār, Muḥammad b. ʿAbdallāh b. Abī Bakr al-Quḍāʿī l-Balansī (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 548, 554

Ibn ʿAbd al-Ẓāhir 11n54, 27n128, 281n84, 305, 311, 312, 317, 320, 533, 593, 639, 642, 648, 652, 654

Ibn Abī ʿAmr al-Tamīmī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 556

Ibn Abī ʿAmr al-Tamīmī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 556

Ibn Abī Dīnār 575

Ibn Abī l-Faḍāʾil 305, 306, 621, 626

Ibn Abī Ghudda, Najm al-Dīn Muḥammad b. al-Qalqashandī 34

Ibn Abī l-Qāsim, Majd al-Dīn (Rasulid envoy) 587

Ibn Abī l-Shawārib, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad (Mamluk envoy) 283

Ibn Abī ʿUmāra, Aḥmad b. Marzūq, al-Faḍl (Hafsids, usurper) 535, 555, 557

Ibn Abī Zayd al-Qayrāwānī 673

Ibn al-Aḥmar, Abū Walīd Ismāʿīl 513, 547

Ibn Akhī Abkār (Golden Horde envoy) 285

Ibn al-Anṣārī, Abū l-Qāsim Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā b. Muḥammad b. Asad (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 555

Ibn ʿArabshāh 131, 250n95, 371n45, 390n49, 392, 393, 395n75

Ibn al-Athīr, Majd al-Dīn 347

Ibn Aybak al-Dawādārī 282n94, 305, 306

Ibn ʿAzīz al-Kurdī, Badr al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 282

Ibn al-Bārizī, Kamāl al-Dīn 215

Ibn al-Bārizī, Nāṣir al-Dīn 8, 9, 438, 439

Ibn Baṭṭūṭa 130, 321, 347n29, 351, 621, 826

Ibn al-Baylaqānī, Muḥyī l-Dīn (Rasulid envoy) 587, 589n24

Ibn al-Baylaqānī, Tāj al-Dīn (Rasulid envoy) 587

Ibn Burhān al-Muḥtasib, Sharaf al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 458n139, 461

Ibn Būz, Asad al-Dīn Muḥammad (Rasulid envoy) 587, 590

Ibn al-Dabbāgh al-Ishbīlī, Abū l-Ḥasan Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm 556

Ibn al-Dāya, Shujāʿ al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 281

Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-ʿUmarī, Aḥmad 28n132, 29, 30, 36n171, 126, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, 198, 219, 220n17, 518, 549, 552, 553, 592, 621, 639, 658, 660n14, 661, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678

Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-ʿUmarī, ʿAlī 28n132, 674, 675, 676

Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-ʿUmarī, Yaḥyā 28n132, 29

Ibn Fahd, ʿIzz al-Dīn 616

Ibn Fahd, Najm al-Dīn 607, 609, 612, 617

Ibn al-Faqīh, Muḥammad (Nasrid envoy) 523

Ibn al-Farrāʾ 111

Ibn al-Furāt 27n128, 305, 329

Ibn Furṭū, Aḥmad 660n13, 671

Ibn al-Fuwaṭī 341

Ibn al-Fuwaṭī (Pseudo-) 343, 344

Ibn al-Ghāzī l-Qusantīnī, Abū Zayd ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 556

Ibn Ḥababar, Abū l-Ḥusayn Yaḥyā b. ʿAbd al-Malik al-Ghāfiqī l-Tūnisī (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 555

Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī 8n34, 10, 251n97, 500, 591, 618

Ibn al-Ḥajar, Muḥammad b. Qāsim 557

Ibn al-Ḥājj al-Numayrī, Ibrāhīm b. ʿAbdallāh b. Ibrāhīm (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 556

Ibn al-Ḥanbalī 35

Ibn Ḥijja 9, 37, 38, 39, 55nn260 and 262, 126, 423, 426n30, 438, 439, 440, 442, 443n65, 452, 456, 457, 459, 462, 552, 621, 635

Ibn al-Ḥimṣī 247

Ibn ʿIdhārī 513

Ibn Iyās 241, 244, 485, 487, 502, 503, 524, 550, 567, 573, 638, 649, 654, 719, 794, 834

Ibn al-Jalāʾ al-Bijāʾī, Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad b. Muḥammad (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 554

Ibn al-Jazzār, Masʿūd b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Salawī (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 557

Ibn Kammūna 347

Ibn Kathīr 305

Ibn al-Kāzarūnī 341

Ibn al-Khabbāz al-Lawātī l-Mahdawī, Abū l-Faḍl b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī 555

Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān 151, 513, 537, 538, 540, 543, 545, 548, 551, 556, 558

Ibn Khaldūn, Yaḥyā 534

Ibn Khamīs al-Tilimsānī 511

Ibn al-Khaṭīb, Lisān al-Dīn 512, 514, 518, 519

Ibn Khaṭṭāb al-Mursī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad 511

Ibn al-Khuṭabāʾ, Fatḥ al-Dīn ʿUmar b. Muḥammad (Rasulid envoy) 588, 589n24, 595, 596

Ibn Maḥfūẓ, Muḥammad (Mamluk envoy) 787, 792

Ibn al-Mākisānī (Rasulid envoy) 587

Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad b. al-Mukarram 9n42, 36n171, 37n172

Ibn Muʾmin, Jamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad (Rasulid envoy) 587, 589n24

Ibn Munqidh 558

Ibn Nāẓir al-Jaysh 28n132, 30, 126, 189, 219, 500, 552, 701

Ibn Nubāta 131

Ibn Qabīb, Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. ʿAlī (Rasulid envoy) 588, 589n24

Ibn al-Qābūnī 241n38

Ibn Qāḍī Shuhba 383

Ibn al-Qāʾid al-Kalāʿī, Abū l-Qāsim b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 555

Ibn Qalīl al-Hamm, ʿUmar b. Aḥmad (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 557

Ibn al-Qalqashandī, Najm al-Dīn Muḥammad (see also Ibn Abī Ghudda) 34, 126

Ibn Qaramān (Mamluk envoy) 252

Ibn Qazvīnī l-Shāfiʿī, Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad (Ilkhanid envoy) 294

Ibn Qunfudh 531n11

Ibn Sabʿīn 533, 542, 558

Ibn al-Ṣayrafī 254, 523, 650

Ibn Sayyidihim al-Lakhmī l-Ishbīlī, Abū ʿAmr Aḥmad b. Malik (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 554

Ibn Shaddād 305, 306, 531n15

Ibn al-Sukkarī, Kamāl al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 293

Ibn Taghrī Birdī 245, 250, 364, 370, 373, 485, 500n43, 503, 523, 608, 609, 610, 612, 726, 731, 732, 734, 735

Ibn Taymiyya 131, 132, 135, 392

Ibn al-Taytī l-Āmidī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad 271n38, 276, 267, 291, 292

Ibn al-Ṭiqṭaqā 341

Ibn al-Yamanī, Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad (Mamluk envoy) 285

Ibn Ẓāhir, Yūsuf b. Muḥammad 628

Ibn Ẓahīra, Burhān al-Dīn Ibrāhīm 607, 612

Ibn al-Zaman, Shams al-Dīn 612

Ibn Zunbūr, ʿAlam al-Dīn 599

Ibrāhīm I, Abū Isḥāq (Hafsids) 555

Ibrāhīm II, Abū Isḥāq (Hafsids) 548, 552, 556

Ibrāhīm al-Dimyāṭī (Mamluk envoy) 646

Ibrāhīm, Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Raḥmān 31

Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. Rushayd (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 555

Ibrāhīm b. Qarā ʿUthmān (Aq Qoyunlu) 393

ʿĪd al-Aḍḥā 249, 705

ʿĪd al-Fiṭr 503

Idrīs b. ʿAlī (Borno) 671, 672

Idrīs b. Muḥammad (Borno envoy) 668

Idrīs b. Qatāda (Sharifs of Mecca) 543

Īfāt 641, 645

Ifrīqiya (Tunisia) 190, 194, 195, 209, 210, 529, 530, 533, 535, 536, 537, 539, 541, 552, 553, 574, 575, 676, 678

Ikhwāniyyāt 30n138, 34, 35, 36n169, 48n217

al-Ilāqī, Alāʾ al-Dīn Kundughdī (Mamluk envoy) 285

Īlchī, see Ambassadors, Emissaries, Envoys

Ilke Noyan 342n8

Ilkhanids (Ilkhanides; see also Abagha; Abū Saʿīd; Arpa; Baidu; Choban; Ghāzān; Hülegü; Muḥammad b. Yolqutluq; Mūsā Khān b. ʿAlī b. Baydu; Öljeitü, Muḥammad Khudābanda; Tegüder Aḥmad) 134, 135, 136, 148, 150, 151, 209, 211, 264, 265, 267, 269, 270, 271, 273, 275, 276, 278, 279, 287, 291–7, 312, 318, 321n83, 327, 331, 337, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 346, 347n28, 350, 351, 354, 356, 357, 363, 364, 426n28, 499, 542, 544, 545, 675, 758

Īltutmish (Delhi sultans) 623, 624, 631

Imbros 733

Īnālbāy b. Qajmās 372

İnalcık, Halil 484, 492n24, 499

ʿInān b. Mughāmis b. Rumaytha (Sharifs of Mecca) 546

Incense 692

Inceptive letters (Ibtidāʾāt) 51, 423

India (Hind) 123, 154, 155, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 209, 210, 239, 241, 246, 253, 392, 394n72, 396n83, 406n135, 582, 604, 605, 610, 614, 615, 616, 617, 621, 624, 626, 627, 631–5, 718, 741

Indian Ocean 144, 240, 582, 600, 688, 720

Infidels (Kuffār) 113, 194, 222n24, 238, 334, 335, 346, 351, 384n26, 459n142, 517, 519, 570, 583, 629, 630, 699, 702, 721, 728

Injibār 522

Inks 27, 37, 38, 53, 60, 126, 199, 223, 410, 417, 493, 521, 694, 791

Innocent VIII (pope) 719

Inscriptio (ʿUnwān) 199, 426, 428, 487, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 502

Inshāʾ 28, 51

Inshāʾ literature 44, 108, 119–21, 185, 186, 187, 188, 198, 219n14, 304, 323

Instructions (Taḏkira) 13, 23, 26, 44, 48, 66, 687

Intelligence (see also Espionage, Spies) 332, 741

Intermediaries 111, 128, 309, 320, 322, 582, 719

Interpreters (see also Dragomans, Translators) 57, 125, 318, 651, 661, 690, 702, 727, 728, 729, 732

Intitulatio 42, 199, 489n14, 492n24, 494

Invocatio, see Duʿāʾ

Iqtibās 51

Iran 61n276, 190n32, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 209, 210, 246n77, 308, 340n1, 346, 363, 443n65, 830

Iranians 248, 392

Iraq 151, 196, 209, 210, 310, 340, 341, 342, 343, 347nn27 and 29, 349, 350, 352, 363, 368, 371, 373, 437n49, 621

Arab (ʿIrāq-i ʿArab) 363, 372, 441, 444, 450, 457n131, 505

northern 246n77

Persian (ʿIrāq-i ʿAjam) 441, 444, 445, 447n85, 457n131, 463, 505

southern 340, 351

ʿIrāq-i ʿAjam, see Iraq

ʿIrāq-i ʿArab, see Iraq

Irwin, Robert 136

ʿĪsā (Abyssinian envoy) 650, 651, 653

Isabella (Aragon) 722

Isabella I (Castile) 720, 721n45

Isfahan 392, 434, 440, 441, 442, 445

Īsiya Bīgī 449

Iskandar b. Qarā Yūsuf (Qara Qoyunlu) 152, 421n20, 422n21, 425, 426, 427, 428n36, 436n43, 441n60, 443n65, 449n96

Iskandar, Tawfīq 19

Iskandar b. ʿUmar Shaykh (Timurids) 445

Ismāʿīl II (Nasrids) 519

Ismāʿīl al-Sallāmī, Majd al-Dīn 273, 293

Ismāʿīlīs (Ismailites) (see also Nizārī-Ismāʿīlīs) 328, 621

al-Iṣṭakhrī 187

Istanbul 22, 244n62, 253, 505, 568, 569, 573, 746

Başbakanlık Arşivi 22

Ītalghī (Golden Horde envoy) 287

Italy 16, 124, 662, 787, 792

Iyasu, see ʿĪsā (Abyssinian envoy)

Jaʿba (Tube, Case for documents; see also Quivers) 55n263, 215, 216, 227, 522

Jābir b. ʿAbdallāh al-Anṣārī 630

Jacob the Frank (Cypriot envoy) 734

Jacobite patriarch 223n26, 638, 639, 646, 652

al-Jādda al-kubrā 529

Jaén 701, 720

Jahāngīr (Dhulqadirids) 240n30

Jahāngīr b. Tīmūr (Timurids) 448

Jahānshāh b. Chākū Barlās (Timurids) 393, 406n137

Jahānshāh b. Qarā Yūsuf (Qara Qoyunlu) 153, 421n18, 422n21, 423n24, 437n49, 456n127

Jahānshāh b. Tīmūr (Timurids) 448

Jakam 373, 375

Jakībān, Saʿd al-Dīn 350

Jalabī (Çelebi), ʿAlī 550

Jalayirids (Jalayirides; see also Dilshād Khātūn; Ḥasan-i Buzurg; Ḥusayn b. Shaykh Uways; Shaykh Uways; Sulṭān Aḥmad b. Shaykh Uways; Sulṭān Dilshād; Sulṭān Ṭāhir b. Sulṭān Aḥmad) 150, 210, 352, 355, 356, 357, 358, 364, 365, 366, 367, 371, 373, 374, 375, 444, 447, 448n88, 545, 675, 678

Jalāl al-Dīn 343

Jalāl al-Dīn b. Qāḍī Tūqāt (Golden Horde envoy) 280, 281n84, 317, 319

Jalāl al-Islām 396n83, 402n115

al-Jamdānī, Ibrāhīm (Mamluk envoy) 290

Jamdār 264n7, 319

James I (Aragon) 517

James II (Aragon) 11, 12, 66–9, 699

James II (Cyprus) 25, 730–8

al-Janadī 593

Jānibak al-Ẓāhirī 605, 607–13, 618, 734, 735, 736

Jānibak Ḥabīb 486

Jānibeg (Golden Horde) 354

Janus (Cyprus) 725–7, 735

Jarkas al-Sayfī (Mamluk envoy) 290

al-Jatā, see Jetes

Java, see Jawāt

Jawāb, see Answers

Jawād, Musṭafā 341

Jāwāt (Java) 627

Jawnpur 610, 634

al-Jāzānī, Aḥmad 618

Jazira 343, 823

al-Jazīra al-Furātiyya 192n52

Jazīrat al-ʿArab (see also Arabia) 192, 193, 194, 196, 197

Jedda 582, 605, 606, 607, 609, 611, 613, 615, 616, 617, 618

Jerusalem (Jérusalem, al-Quds) 66n277, 277, 311n36, 390n50, 405n128, 495n32, 522, 524, 608, 640, 642–50, 652, 694, 698, 711, 712, 714, 717, 718, 719, 720, 723, 809, 815

Archives of the Custody of the Holy Land 25

Cave of David 647

Church of the Resurrection 524, 719, 720

Holy Sepulchre 56n265, 640, 647n29, 719, 720, 721, 723

Mary’s tomb 647

Musée national 809, 815

Jetes (al-Jatā) 392

Jewellery, see beads, gems, gold, rings

Jews 347, 719, 721, 722, 723, 765, (converted) 727, (Sicilian) 729

Jibāl al-Barbar 190, 192

Jihād (see also War) 106, 112, 113–21, 122, 131, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 146, 188n12, 306, 308, 335, 458, 515, 516, 519, 523, 533, 534, 540, 593, 627, 630, 633

Jihat Ṣalāḥ 589

al-Jīl, see Gilan

Jingdezhen 825, 830

al-Jītīn 369

Jizya 114, 706

Joanna I (Naples) 25, 85

Jöchids (see also Golden Horde) 302–23, 450, 451, 452

John I (Aragon) 72

John I (Portugal) 714

John II (Cyprus) 84, 496n33, 726–30

John II (Portugal) 715

John III (Portugal) 722

John VI Kantakouzenos (Byzantium) 27n128

Judges 31, 71, 72, 77, 123, 269, 270, 271, 277, 280n84, 281, 287, 291, 292, 293, 294, 388, 457, 458, 459n142, 503, 511, 522, 523, 568, 572, 574, 607, 611, 612, 625, 696, 687, 699, 701n58

Julbān 573

Julbān Qarāsaqal 365

Julius II (pope) 721

Junayd, Sayf al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 539, 559

Jundīshāpūr 392

Jurjan 355

Jus ad bellum 115

Jus in bello 115

Juvaynī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn 343, 344, 345, 346, 348, 349

Juvaynī, Shams al-Dīn 344

Jūzjānī, Minhāj al-Dīn 623

Kaʿba 151, 250, 533, 545, 546, 618

Kāfūr Khalīfatī, Khwāja (Abbasid envoy) 632, 634

Kahta 384, 387n39

al-Kakhtawī, Abū Bakr 238

Kalus, Ludvik xiii, 55n259, 159

al-Kāmil I (Ayyubids) 754

al-Kāmil Shaʿbān I (Mamluks) 69, 70, 810, 811

Kanʿān 390n49, 406n137

Kanem 190n39, 192, 196, 197, 209, 210, 659n11, 660, 661, 677

Kanuri poet 677

Karak 390n50

Karateke, Hakan 498, 499, 500, 501

Karay (Golden Horde envoy) 287

Karbala 365, 367

Kārim 591

Karīm al-Dīn al-Kabīr 273

al-Kārimī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (Abyssian envoy) 651, 653

Kārimīs 594, 650

al-Karkhī, Shaykh Maʿrūf 345

al-Kāshgharī 131

Kashmir (see also Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn Shāhī Khān) 611, 627

Kātib Çelebī 33

Kātib al-darj 30

Kātib al-dast 559

Kātib al-sirr 216n7, 486, 549, 624, 690n20

Kawlam 627, 632

Kaykāʾūs I, ʿIzz al-Dīn (Seljuqs) 307

Kchir, Khaled 156

Kebek (Golden Horde) 451

Kefken 321

Kemal Reis 571, 575

Kerslake, Celia J. 41

Kerynia 726, 733, 734, 735, 736

Kessler, Christel 608

Keys (Fortresses) 252n106, 253, 395, 405, 574

al-Khabīr, Abū l-Ḥasan Yaḥyā b. Abī Marwān al-Andalusī l-Ḥimyarī 555

Khāʾir Bāy 83

al-Khālidī 33

Kh.l.f, Ḥājjī (Abbasid envoy) 632

Khalīl Sulṭān b. Mīrānshāh (Timurids) 403, 404, 406

Khaljis 623

Kharāj 119

K. al-Kharāj wa-ṣināʿat al-kitāba (Qudāma b. Jaʿfar) 186

al-Kharrūbī, Zakī l-Dīn 595, 596

Khartabirt 253

Khātam, see Seals

Khawātim (Eschatocol) 50, 199, 423, 426, 438, 494

Khiḍr Khān (Delhi sultans) 634

Khilʿa, see Robes of honor

Khirokitia 725, 727

Khitay 192n53, 196

Khojand 392

Khuḍayr, Niẓām al-Dīn (Rasulid envoy) 588

al-Khūlī, Amīn 148

Khurasan 190n32, 192n52, 194n78, 196, 197, 248, 311n36, 392, 434, 442

Khusraw Khān, Nāṣir al-Dīn (Delhi sultans, usurper) 623

Khuṭba 202, 208, 252, 355, 364, 373, 390, 398, 402n115, 533, 535, 542, 543, 544, 545, 626

Khuzistan 192, 368n24, 392

Khwāndamīr 341

Khwarizm 52n244, 190n32, 192n53, 194n78, 196, 197, 265, 268, 309, 392, 754

Khwarizmshahs (see also Mangūbirtī, Jalāl al-Dīn) 41n193, 52n244, 264, 265, 268, 308, 309, 312, 319, 322, 385

Kīlān, see Gilan

Kirman 192n52, 194n78, 196, 197, 251, 392, 454n120

Kissing 221, 249, 365, 486, 487, 488, 489, 491, 493, 503, 690, 691, 727, 731

Kiswa 151, 250, 251, 533, 543, 545, 618

Kitāb-i Diyārbakriyye (Ṭihrānī) 393

Kitbughā Noyan 308, 332

Koechlin 818

Koestler, Arthur 218

Köhler, Michael 136

Kollatz, Anna 155

Konya 42, 310n30

Korkud (Ottomans) 244

Korkut, Besim 21

Korobeinikov, Dimitri A. 146

Köse Dagh 310

Kufa 350

Kūhmā Qarājil 632

Kūkūdiyya (Ilkhanid envoy) 297

Kūkūya (Ilkhanid envoy) 297

Kurjistān, see Georgia

Kusharbak, Sayf al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 265, 268, 281, 319

Kütahya 370

Labīda (Lubayda) b. Abī Numayy (Sharifs of Mecca) 544, 545, 546

Lājīn al-Ḥamawī l-Barīdī (Mamluk envoy) 290

Lājīn, Ḥusām al-Dīn 277n66

Lake Chad 659, 660, 661, 666, 669, 677, 678

Lake Van 306

Lakhnawtī 632

Lambton, A. 345

Lances 246, 247, 653n59

Languages 7, 9, 47, 51, 52, 56, 57, 60, 119, 264, 265, 266, 305, 318, 319, 323, 489, 498, 715, 718

Arabic 52n243–4, 188n14, 315, 317, 347n29, 490, 652, 662, 703, 718

Berber 188n14

European 188n14, 702

Ge’ez 651

Greek 56, 188n14, 281

Italian 703, 704, 707

Latin 52, 57, 702, 704, 707

Mongol 52, 315

Persian 52, 188n14, 315, 423

Portuguese 718

Qipchaq 316

Sudanese 188n14

Turkish 52, 188n14, 315, 317, 490, 728

Languedoc 22

Latham, J. 513

Latin(s) 647, 723

archbishop of Nicosia 730, 735

bishop of Imbros 733

Empire 313

states 685

West 123

Law 6, 113, 116, 118, 188, 193, 218, 249, 263, 270, 319, 346, 357, 487, 488, 617, 630, 631, 635, 639, 698, 713

Islamic International 106, 109, 112, 117, 697

of war 112

Roman 748, 749, 763

schools of 116, 123

siyar 115, 117

Layout 15, 26, 47, 50, 61, 199, 201, 207, 221, 223, 224, 437

Lead 662

Legitimacy 105, 121, 122, 128, 131, 132, 134, 147, 150, 159, 304, 307, 313, 316, 322, 340, 341, 347, 356, 495, 574, 582, 596, 597, 626, 670, 671, 678, 737

Le Maire de Belges, Jean 23

Lemon 227, 834

Lengherand, Georges 642, 651, 652

Leo Africanus 763, 764

Lesser Armenia (see Cilician Armenia)

Letters of credence 44

Levant 136, 140, 141, 264n5, 685, 686, 703, 720, 743n9

Levtzion, Nehemia 673

Lewicka, Paulina 834

Lewon (Lesser Armenia) 272n44

Liability, see Dhimma

Libya 662

Lingua franca 52n246, 54, 60, 125, 199, 207, 226, 491

Lions 253

Lisbon (Lishbūna) 39, 145, 711–20

Lithuania 303, 385n29

Livorno 782

Lōdīs 634

Loiseau, Julien 147

Lomellini, Napoleone 737

Londres, British Museum 811, 816

Victoria and Albert Museum 808, 815, 817, 818

Longquan 825, 829

Lopes de Barros, Maria Filomena 145

Lopez de Baldaia 737

López de Carvajal, Bernardino 720

Loredan, Bernardo (Venetian envoy) 56n265, 82

Lorenzo de’ Medici (Florence) 73–5, 784, 835

Lornes, John de 731

Louis (Cyprus) 25, 726, 731

Louis IX (France) 531, 532n19, 533, 541

Louis XI (France) 84, 717

Louis XII (France) 23, 84

Louis XIV (France) 643

Lubayda, see Labīda

Lūr 392

Lusignan (see also Cyprus) 23, 138, 139, 725, 733, 738

Lydon, Ghislaine 661

Lynx 247, 486, 493

Maʾāthir al-ināfa fī maʿālim al-khilāfa (al-Qalqashandī) 32

Maʿbar 627

Madrasas (schools) (see also Baghdad, Cairo, Damascus, Mecca)

(Aden) 589

(Baghdad) 346

(Cairo) 123

(India) 633

(Taiz) 589

Madrid, National Library 521

Mādūk-n 610

Mafamede (Muḥammad) de Avis (Portuguese envoy) 714

Maghrib (Maghreb) 156, 512, 514, 515, 517, 529, 530, 531, 537, 539, 540, 542, 545, 551, 552, 658, 663, 669, 670, 675, 678, 764

Maghribī 664

al-Maḥallī, Burhān al-Dīn (Rasulid envoy) 586, 588, 591, 596

Maḥmūd (Maydūma) 611

Maḥmūd Shāh (Malwa) 604–18

Maḥmūd Shāh, Begŕā (Cambay) 610

Mājār b. Ighān (Mamluk envoy) 289

Makhzumids 641

Makram (Makran) 392

Malaga 516, 522, 523, 570, 763

al-Malaṭī, Rukn al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 626

Malatya 383, 384, 385n30, 386, 387n39

Mali (see also Takrūr; Mansā Mūsā) 157, 194, 195, 196, 197, 209, 210, 658, 660n14, 669, 674–8

Malik Ashraf (Chobanids) 353, 354

Malik Hizārgarī, ʿIzz al-Dīn 395

Malik Sunbul al-Sulṭānī (Malwa envoy) 606, 607

Malipiero, Pasquale (Venice) 836

Malta 24

Malwa (Malāwah; see also Ghiyāth al-Dīn Shāh; Maḥmūd Shāh) 39, 604, 605, 606, 607, 608, 610, 611, 612, 613, 614, 616, 617, 618, 632

al-Maʾman 345

Māmāy al-Khāṣṣakī 574

Mamlakat al-Almān, see Germany

Mamluks, see al-Ashraf Barsbāy; al-Ashraf Īnāl; al-Ashraf Khalīl b. Qalāwūn; al-Ashraf Qānṣawh al-Ghawrī; al-Ashraf Qāytbāy; al-Ashraf Shaʿbān II; al-Ashraf Ṭūmān Bāy; Berke Khān b. Baybars; al-Kāmil Shaʿbān I; al-Manṣūr Abū Bakr; al-Manṣūr ʿAlī II; al-Manṣūr Muḥammad II; al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn; al-Manṣūr ʿUthmān b. Jaqmaq; al-Muʾayyad Aḥmad III; al-Muʾayyad Shaykh; al-Muʿizz Aybak; al-Muẓaffar Aḥmad II; al-Muẓaffar Baybars II al-Jāshnakīr; al-Muẓaffar Quṭuz; al-Nāṣir Faraj; al-Nāṣir Ḥasan; al-Nāṣir Muḥammad I; al-Nāṣir Muḥammad IV; al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājjī II; al-Ṣāliḥ Ismāʿīl; al-Ṣāliḥ Ṣāliḥ; al-Ẓāhir Barqūq; al-Ẓāhir Jaqmaq; al-Ẓāhir Khushqadam; al-Ẓāhir Ṭaṭar; al-Ẓāhir Timurbughā; al-Ẓāhir Yalbāy

Mandu (Mandāwa, Maydūma) 604, 610, 611, 618

Manghūsh (Golden Horde envoy) 284, 285, 286, 287

Manglī Khwāja (Timurids) 404

Mangūbirtī, Jalāl al-Dīn (Khwarizmshahs) 265

Manjanīq 388, 402, 403

Manklī Bughā (Mamluk envoy) 290

Mansā Mūsā (Mali) 658, 660n14, 667, 677, 678

Mansouri, Mohammad 146

al-Manṣūr (Abbasids) 614

al-Manṣūr Abū Bakr (Mamluks) 353n57

al-Manṣūr, Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb (Almohads) 531, 557, 558, 661

al-Manṣūr ʿAlī II (Mamluks) 71, 76

al-Manṣūr Muḥammad II (Mamluks) 70, 77, 519, 811

al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn (Mamluks) 11, 12n54, 24, 77, 557, 585, 643, 706

al-Manṣūr ʿUmar b. ʿAlī b. Rasūl (Rasulids) 543, 582, 585

al-Manṣūr ʿUthmān, Abū ʿAmr (Hafsids) 538, 540, 550, 551, 552, 553, 557, 558, 559, 560, 566, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572

al-Manṣūr ʿUthmān b. Jaqmaq (Mamluks) 79

al-Manṣūr II Muḥammad (Ayyubids of Hama) 532n19

al-Manṣūra 308

Manuel I (Portugal) 718, 719n36, 721, 722, 723

al-Manūfī, Badr al-Dīn Abū l-Fatḥ 617

Manuscripts 248, 613, 618, 643, 662

Manz, Beatrice 448

al-Maqqarī 27n128, 515, 519

al-Maqrīzī 8n34, 9, 10, 27n128, 31n140, 126n82, 241n34, 305, 341, 357, 364, 365, 383, 410, 411, 416, 417, 418, 420, 436, 437, 443, 453, 462, 500n43, 523, 545n79, 547, 600, 618, 621, 625, 646, 647, 658, 806, 834

al-Maqṣid al-rafīʿ al-munshaʾ al-hādī ilā ṣināʿat al-inshāʾ, see al-Thaghr al-bāsim

Maʿr 632

Maragha 350n41

Marble slab 720

Marco Polo 312n40, 593

Marcos IV (patriarch) 642

Mardānshāh (Qara Qoyunlu envoy) 447, 460

Mardin 271n38, 276, 291n152, 335

Maria (Aragon) 721, 722

Marin, Carlo Antonio 21

Marino, Rizzo di 736

Marj Dābiq 766

Marjān, Khwāja 353, 357

Marrakesh 514

Marriages/Weddings 127, 147, 150, 243n58, 277, 279, 282, 287, 296, 366, 374, 455, 463, 704n62, 721, 722, 823

Marseilles 22, 145

Martin I (Aragon) 72, 73

Marwa 612

Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣār (Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-ʿUmarī) 189

Masfarma ʿUmar b. ʿUthmān 661

Mashrūḥ al-khulafāʾ wa-manẓūr al-umarāʾ (Yūsuf b. Muḥammad b. Ẓāhir) 628

Masīla (M’sila) 535

Mas Latrie, Louis de 19, 23, 24

Mas Latrie, René de 730

Masʿā 608, 612

al-Masʿūd (Ayyubids of Yemen) 582

Masʿūd II, Ghiyāth al-Dīn (Seljuqs) 271, 291

Masʿūd Shāh, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn (Delhi sultans) 624

al-Masʿūdī, Fāris al-Dīn Āqqūsh al-Asadī (Mamluk envoy) 266, 281

Matariyya 694

Maṭlaʿ-i saʿdayn va-majmaʿ-i baḥrayn (ʿAbd al-Razzāq Samarqandī) 382

Matn (Text) 50, 199, 423, 426, 436, 490

Mauritania 658n3, 661

Mauro, Fr. 720, 721

Mā Warāʾ al-Nahr, see Transoxiana

al-Māwardī 621

al-Mawṣilī, ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad 592

al-Mawṣilī, Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad b. Ḥusayn 592

al-Mawṣilī, Mūsā b. al-Ḥasan 35, 584, 597

Mawṣilī, Quṭb al-Dīn (Ilkhanid envoy) 292

Mayyāfāriqīn 275

Mazandaran 192n52, 392

Mecca (La Mecque; see also Abū l-Ghayth b. Abī Numayy; Aḥmad b. Ḥasan b. ʿAjlān; ʿAjlān b. Rumaytha; ʿAlī b. ʿInān b. Mughāmis b. Rumaytha; Barakāt b. Ḥasan b. ʿAjlān; Ḥasan b. ʿAjlān b. Rumaytha; Ḥumayḍa b. Abī Numayy; Idrīs b. Qatāda; ʿInān b. Mughāmis b. Rumaytha; Labīda (Lubayda) b. Abī Numayy; Muḥammad b. Barakāt; Muqbil b. Nakhbār; Rumaytha b. Abī Numayy; Thaqaba b. Rumaytha; ʿUṭayfa b. Abī Numayy) 241n34, 244, 252n105, 277, 311n36, 351, 522, 524, 533, 534, 536, 539, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546, 547, 553, 582, 586, 589, 604–18, 649, 658, 660, 667, 668, 678, 698, 721

Bāb al-Malāʿiba 606

Bāb al-Ṣafā 608

Bāb al-Salām 616

Bāb Umm Hāniʾ 606, 607, 608, 616

Bāb al-ʿUmra 608

Bayt Umm Hāniʾ 606, 607, 616

Ḥaram Mosque 606, 607, 608, 611

al-Madrasa al-Banjaliyya 608

Madrasa of Cambay 611

Madrasa of Maḥmūd Shāh/al-Khaljiyya/al-Mandawiyya 606, 607, 608, 610, 613, 616

Meccans 297

Medici 15

Medina (Médine) 311n36, 608, 611, 641, 698

Mediterranean 15, 19, 22, 23, 226, 238, 240, 242, 256, 406n137, 484, 495, 571, 574, 685, 686, 696, 702, 703, 707, 711, 715, 716, 719, 722, 723, 741, 763, 765, 768, 782, 823, 824, 827

Mediterranean states 581

Meḥmed I (Ottomans) 438, 450, 459

Meḥmed II (Ottomans) 22, 83, 246, 253, 421, 422n21, 428n33, 434n42, 437n49, 484–9, 493n26, 495, 496, 497, 498, 502, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 730, 760

Meloy, John L. 39n181, 154, 155

Melville, Charles 342

Melvin-Koushki, Matthew 153, 490, 491

Ménage, Victor Louis 2

Menorca 514

Mercantile activities 595–596

cities 145

communities 118, 159

elite 600

networks 593–6, 598, 600

powers 124, 134, 139, 140, 143–5, 788

system of galleys 782

Merchants (marchands; see also Traders) 45, 46n211, 118, 122, 124, 137, 144, 239, 264, 272, 273, 274, 275, 278, 318, 320, 344, 346, 440, 452, 453, 543, 600, 615, 618, 650, 749, 751, 752, 762, 765, 787, 788

Abyssinian 652, 653

Alan 280, 306

Andalusi 521

Baghdadi 349

Cairene 595, 596

Catalan 14, 67, 83, 733, 759

Dalmatian 21

European 692n27, 725, 729

Florentine 16, 75, 761, 782, 784, 787, 789

French 22, 83

Genoan 24, 123

Indian 536

Italian 123

Muslim 319n74

Ottoman 241n38

Persian 830

Pisan 757

Rasulid 583, 586, 588, 591, 593, 594, 595, 596

Seljuk 308

Turkmen 308

Venetian 18, 19, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 319n74, 662, 725, 750, 753n55, 754, 755, 760, 761, 764, 766, 788, 793

Mercury (Quicksilver) 662, 668, 669

Merinids (Mérinides; see also ʿAlī b. ʿUthmān II, Abū l-Ḥasan; al-Mutawakkil Abū ʿInān Fāris; al-Nāṣir, Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf) 27n128, 515, 516n28, 517n29, 518, 714

Mesopotamia 350n38

Messengers (see also Ambassadors, Couriers, Emissaries, Envoys) 108, 110, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117, 131, 134, 218, 219, 239n19, 276n60, 290, 303, 304, 307, 313, 315n52, 318, 320, 520, 572, 615, 617, 628, 651, 662, 688, 690, 693n31, 757

Metals (see also Copper, Gold, Lead, Mercury, Silver, Tin) 793

Metropolitan of Abyssinia 639, 646, 649, 653

Michael VIII Paleologus (Byzantium) 266, 281, 313, 314, 315, 320, 322

Miglias, Nicolin di (Cypriot envoy) 737

Mignanelli, Beltramo 381, 383, 393

Mihmandār 243, 250n96, 254, 255, 282, 486, 521, 522, 638, 639, 693

Milan 142, 143, 686, 689, 704n62

Milly, James de (Hospitallers) 731

Ming 829

Minṭāsh 383

Miquel, André 529

Mīrānshāh b. Tīmūr (Timurids) 384, 392, 393, 398n95, 400n104, 402, 444, 448, 449, 454, 455, 464

Mīrkhwānd 341, 382

Mirrors for Princes 110–2, 131, 226, 263, 341

Mithāl 44n203, 436n47, 457, 595

Mīthāq 447

Mithqāl al-Ḥabashī (Mamluk envoy) 651

Mocenigo, Tommaso (Venice) 78, 82

Moclín 516

Moghulestan 392

Mojácar 516

Möngke (Mongols) 306n9, 307, 309, 310, 312

Möngke Temür (Golden Horde) 281, 282, 283, 317

Mongols (see also Arigh Böke; Chinggis Khān; Möngke; Qubilai) 122, 131, 134, 135, 137, 138, 145, 148, 149, 150, 153, 160, 191, 192, 195, 196, 210, 211n149, 265, 266, 268, 270, 272, 280, 302, 307, 308, 310, 316, 319, 327, 330–7, 341, 345, 346n24, 350, 391, 392, 495, 533, 534, 541, 585

Montpellier 145

Moritz, Bernhard 20, 742, 743, 745, 746, 747

Morocco (Barr al-ʿUdwa, al-Gharb al-Aqṣā) 190, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 668, 678, 714, 718, 763

Mortel, Richard 154, 608

Mosanef, F. 356

Mosul 341, 368

Mottahedeh, Roy 346

Motto, see ʿAlāma

Moukarzel, Pierre 139

Mounat, Sir 731

Mount Sinai 66n277, 242, 694, 727, 728, 746, 823n1, 827

Mount Sion 647, 717, 720

Muʿāwiya I (Umayyads) 403

al-Muʾayyad Aḥmad III (Mamluks) 79, 609

al-Muʾayyad Dāwūd (Rasulids) 543, 544, 584n17, 585, 589, 599, 808

al-Muʾayyad Shaykh (Mamluks) 8, 37, 68, 78, 372, 376, 420, 421n20, 434, 438n51, 439, 442, 443n69, 444, 450n98, 452, 453, 456–64, 539, 559, 585, 586, 599, 600, 693, 695, 759

Muʿāẕ b. Jabal 630

al-Muʿaẓẓam Tūrānshāh I (Ayyubids of Yemen) 599

Mubāshir Khilāfatī (Abbasid envoy) 632

Mufliḥ, Amīn al-Dīn (Rasulid envoy) 588, 589n24

Mughals, see Akbar; Bābur

Muḥammad (Prophet) 114, 115, 250, 401, 403, 605, 615, 627, 628, 629, 630, 632, 633, 698, 712, 732

Muḥammad I (Nasrids) 511, 512, 513, 515, 517

Muḥammad II (Nasrids) 512, 513

Muḥammad V (Nasrids) 515, 516, 518, 519, 520

Muḥammad IX (Nasrids) 516, 520

Muḥammad XII (Nasrids) 516, 523

Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr al-Mutawakkil al-Bijāʾī (Hafsids) 556

Muḥammad al-Bahāʾ, Nāṣir al-Dīn (Rasulid envoy) 588

Muḥammad b. Barakāt (Sharifs of Mecca) 609, 613, 614, 617

Muḥammad Bey b. Jamaq (Ilkhanid envoy) 279

Muḥammad b. ʿĪsā b. Muhannā (Āl Faḍl) 545

Muḥammad, Jalāl al-Dīn 405n129

Muḥammad Jūkī b. Shāh Rukh (Timurids) 456n127

Muḥammad Khudābanda, see Öljeitü

Muḥammad Khwāja b. Uruktamur (Golden Horde envoy) 290

Muḥammad, Mubāriz al-Dīn (Muzaffarids) 354

Muḥammad b. al-Mukarram, see Ibn Manẓūr

Muḥammad Sām, Muʿizz al-Dīn (Delhi sultans) 631

Muḥammad-Shāh b. Qarā Yūsuf (Qara Qoyunlu) 457n132

Muḥammad Shāh I, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Khaljī (Delhi sultans) 624

Muḥammad Shāh II b. Tughluqshāh, Abū l-Mujāhid (Delhi sultans) 632

Muḥammad Shāh III, Nāṣir al-Dīn (Delhi sultans) 634

Muḥammad Shaybānī (Shaybanids) 248

Muḥammad Ṣūfī (Abbasid envoy) 632

Muḥammad-Sulṭān b. Tīmūr (Timurids) 448

Muḥammad b. Tughluq (Delhi sultans) 621, 625

Muḥammad b. Yolqutluq (Ilkhanids) 352n51

Muhanna, Elias 149, 188

al-Muʿizz Aybak (Mamluks) 76, 582, 705, 755

al-Mujāhid ʿAlī (Rasulids) 546, 585, 589, 592, 594, 595, 596, 598, 626

al-Mujāhidī l-Riḍwānī, Abū l-Durr Jawhar (Rasulid envoy) 588, 589

al-Muktafī ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. Abī Yaḥyā (Constantine) 557

Mukūs 552, 616

Mules 394, 406, 714

Multan 392

Münşeʾāt-i selāṭīn (Ferīdūn Beg) 41

Munshaʾāt 4, 36, 40, 107n12, 125, 126, 129, 209, 446n82

Munshiʾ 9, 37, 39, 51, 439

al-Muntakhab, Abū Zakariyyāʾ Yaḥyā III b. Ibrāhīm I (Hafsids) 556

Muntakhab al-tavārīkh (Muʿīn al-Dīn Naṭanzī) 382

al-Muntaṣir Muḥammad II (Hafsids) 756

al-Muntaṣir Muḥammad IV (Hafsids) 558, 559

al-Muqaddasī 187

al-Muqaffā, see al-Taʾrīkh al-kabīr al-muqaffā

Muqbil 388, 389

Muqbil b. Nakhbār (Sharifs of Mecca) 547

Murabbaʿ 45n207, 595, 663

Murād I (Ottomans) 498n34

Murād II (Ottomans) 27n127, 39n178, 41n188, 252, 253

Murcie 542, 555

Murgham b. Ṣābir 535

al-Murūj al-zakiyya fī tawshiyat al-durūj al-khiṭābiyya (Ibn al-Ḥanbalī) 35

Musā II, Abū Ḥammū (Abdelwadids) 534n31

Mūsā b. Kaʿb 49n224

Mūsā Khān b. ʿAlī b. Baydu (Ilkhanids) 352–3

Mūsā, Muẓaffar al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 283

Mūsā b. T-m-r-s-lās, Muẓaffar al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 283

Mūsā Tūybughā, Shaykh (Rīgmāl) 395

Mushāfaha (Oral message) 218, 219, 225–6, 303, 315, 318, 330, 337, 457n133, 662, 726

Music (see also Drums) 243, 253, 354, 690

Musk 246, 251, 599, 670

Muslim b. al-Ḥajjāj 673

Mustafayev, Shahin 383

al-Mustaʿīn, al-Dāʿī Aḥmad b. Marzūq b. Abī ʿUmāra al-Khayyāṭ, see Ibn Abī ʿUmāra

al-Mustaʿīn Saʿd b. ʿAlī (Nasrids) 516, 523

al-Mustakfī (Abbasids) 625, 626, 631, 632

al-Mustanjid (Abbasids) 613, 614

al-Mustanṣir (Abbasids) 531, 623

al-Mustanṣir, Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad I b. Yaḥyā I (Hafsids) 531, 532, 533, 539n60, 542, 546, 548, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558

al-Mustanṣir, Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad II Abū ʿAṣīda (Hafsids) 556, 756

al-Mustanṣir, Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad II (Hafsids) 557

al-Mustanṣir, Abū Darba Muḥammad III (Hafsids) 556

al-Mustanṣir, Abū Ḥafs ʿUmar II (Hafsids) 556

al-Mustanṣir, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm II (Hafsids) 556

al-Mustanṣir Muḥammad b. Yaḥyā Abī Yaḥyā al-Muwaḥḥad (Bijāya) 556

al-Mustaʿṣim (Abbasids) 340, 582, 624, 634

K. Mustawdiʿ al-ʿalāma wa-mustabdiʿ al-ʿallāma (Ibn al-Aḥmar) 513

al-Muʿtaṭid (Abbasids) 626, 627, 632

al-Muʿtaḍid ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Ibrāhīm b. Yahyā (Bijāya) 556

Muṭahhartan 370, 441n59

Muṭālaʿa (Written memorandum) 245

al-Mutawakkil I (Abbasids) 626, 627, 631, 632, 633

al-Mutawakkil, Abū Fāris ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (Hafsids) 539, 540, 546, 547, 549, 552, 553, 558, 559, 566, 567n5

al-Mutawakkil Abū ʿInān Fāris (Merinids) 556

al-Mutawakkil, Abū Yaḥyā Abū Bakr (Hafsids) 549, 552

al-Mutawakkil Muḥammad V (Hafsids) 556

al-Muẓaffar Aḥmad II (Mamluks) 421n20, 459, 461

al-Muẓaffar Baybars II al-Jāshnakīr (Mamluks) 263, 273, 277, 544, 591

Muẓaffar Khān, see Ẓafar Khān (Gujarat)

al-Muẓaffar Quṭuz (Mamluks) 307, 308, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 532, 584, 585

Muẓaffar Shāhids (Malwa) 39, 621

al-Muẓaffar Yūsuf I (Rasulids) 534, 543, 582, 584, 585, 590, 593, 643, 649

Muzaffarids (Gujarat) 621

Muzaffarids (Shiraz; see also Muḥammad, Mubāriz al-Dīn) 357, 363

Muzīl al-ḥaṣr fī mukātabāt ahl al-ʿaṣr 35

Nablus 390n49

Nafḥ al-ṭīb min ghusn al-Andalus al-raṭīb (al-Maqqarī) 27n128, 515, 519

Najaf 342n8, 348, 354

Najāshī 641

Najd 350n38

Najīb, Ṣārim al-Dīn (Rasulid envoy) 588

Nakhjawānī 342

Namūn (Golden Horde envoy) 284, 285

Naples (see also Don Alonzo; Ferdinand I; Joanna I) 24, 25, 85, 524, 686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 692n28, 719, 736, 793

Narratio 426, 436, 437, 438, 494

al-Nāṣir, Abū l-Baqāʾ Khālid I (Hafsids) 556

al-Nāṣir, Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf (Merinids) 537, 545

al-Nāṣir Aḥmad (Rasulids) 585, 586, 598, 589

Nāṣir al-Din (Abbasid envoy) 633

Nāṣir al-Dīn (Rasulid envoy) 588

al-Nāṣir Faraj (Mamluks) 24, 84, 151, 211nn148–9, 274, 363, 364, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 375, 376, 381, 382, 384n28, 385n34, 386, 387, 395, 397, 398, 401, 440, 444, 452n107, 453, 457, 462, 539, 558, 644, 645

al-Nāṣir Ḥasan (Mamluks) 27n128, 70, 77, 595, 598

al-Nāṣir b. al-Mujāhid (Rasulids) 598

al-Nāṣir Muḥammad I (Mamluks) 12, 13n64, 14, 53n249, 67, 68, 69, 77, 135, 252, 267, 271, 273, 274, 277, 279, 304, 328, 335, 350, 351, 352, 366, 402n113, 428n38, 539n56, 557, 585, 598, 599, 626, 644, 645, 654, 660n14, 692n27, 756, 761, 804, 806, 809, 813, 815

al-Nāṣir Muḥammad IV (Mamluks) 73, 74, 792, 793, 794, 795

al-Nāṣir I Yūsuf, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn (Saladin) (Ayyubids) 529, 530, 531, 557, 558, 599, 698, 754

al-Nāṣir II Yūsuf (Ayyubids of Damascus) 328, 329

Naṣr Hous 732

Nasrids (see also Ismāʿīl II; Muḥammad I; Muḥammad II; Muḥammad V; Muḥammad IX; Muḥammad XII; al-Mustaʿīn Saʿd b. ʿAlī; Yūsuf I) 39, 56n263, 156, 215, 511, 513–20, 522, 523, 524, 525, 540, 553

Naṭanzī, Muʿīn al-Dīn 382

Naves, Sor de 736

Nawrūz (Ilkhanid amir) 349

Nawrūz al-Ḥāfiẓī 401n108, 442

Nicolson, Harold 617, 618

Niger 658

Nigeria 659, 662, 663n30

Nihāvand 265

Nile 242, 641, 649, 725, 824n4, 827

Nile-to-Oxus region 363, 374

Nisyros 731

Niẓām al-Mulk 111, 263, 264, 266, 272, 279

Nizārī-Ismāʿīlīs 308

Noah (Prophet) 396

Noghai 266, 282, 283, 284

Notaries 6, 31, 218

Nuʿayr (Āl Faḍl) 365

Nubia 49n224, 156, 157, 190n38, 192, 194, 196, 197, 827

Nubians 218

Nūr al-Dīn (Golden Horde envoy) 283

Nūr al-Dīn (Timurid amir) 403, 404

Nūr al-Dīn b. Sār Būghā Jalāyir 401

Nūr al-maʿārif fī nuẓum wa-qawānīn wa-aʿrāf al-Yaman fī l-ʿahd al-muẓaffarī l-wārif 590

Nuʿūt (Epithets) 34, 60, 199, 203–5, 223, 486, 493, 494, 676

al-Nuwayrī 27n128, 305, 306, 500, 515, 532

Oaths (Yamīn) 44, 45, 137, 320n76

Ohta, Keiko 155

Öljeitü, Muḥammad Khudābanda (Ilkhanids) 271, 293, 349n33, 350n41, 354, 356, 544

Oran 716

Orsa, Andrea alias Anthony de l’ 737

Orsini, Gianbattista (Hospitallers) 737

Ottomans (see also Bāyazīd I; Bāyazīd II; Cem; Korkud; Meḥmed I; Meḥmed II; Murād I; Murād II; Selīm I; Sulaymān II) 11, 20, 21, 22, 24, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 61n276, 66, 83, 106, 121, 122, 132n98, 148, 149, 153, 156, 158n224, 210, 211, 216, 239, 240, 241, 242n49, 244, 246, 248, 252, 253, 303, 363, 370, 371, 374, 384, 385, 421, 423, 484–505, 514, 522, 538, 550, 554, 557, 566–75, 647, 659, 676, 699, 718, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 746, 747, 760, 761, 762, 765, 766, 793

Ouerfelli, Mohamed 25

Özbek (Golden Horde) 274, 277, 284n112, 285n118, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 304

Pahlitzsch, Johannes 146, 719

Palestine 122, 242, 647

Palmyra, see Tadmur

Paoli, Sebastiano 24

Paper 2, 6, 33, 42, 43, 48, 49, 57, 199, 206, 218, 224, 316, 416, 417, 437n49, 512, 513, 514, 519, 661, 662, 663, 742, 783, 791

formats 27, 34, 37, 38, 40, 45n207, 47, 59, 126, 199, 200–1, 207, 208, 210, 211, 224, 422n20, 438n49, 489n14, 663, 664, 674, 675, 676, 678

recycled 10

reused 9, 10, 410, 411, 418, 420, 462

Paper money 217, 226, 348

Papyrus 2, 49n224, 742

Parades 240, 245, 366

Parasol 247, 551

Parchment 2, 25n121

Paredes, Lucena 156

Parete, Bartholomew de (Hospitaller envoy) 733

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France 23, 411, 810

Musée du Louvre 804, 813

Parvanah (Seljuqs) 291

Patriarch of Alexandria 147, 223n26, 638, 639, 640n5, 642, 643, 646, 652

Patriarch of Jerusalem 495n32

Paul II (pope) 736

Pāyandah (Timurid envoy) 461

Peace (see also Truces) 3, 106, 113, 116 117, 118, 127, 136, 137, 139, 144, 148, 149, 150, 154, 160, 273, 331, 334, 350, 351, 398, 401, 441, 453, 567, 569, 570, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 605, 745, 757, 758, 835n59

Pedani, Maria Pia 19, 46n212

Pegolotti 321

Penbox (écritoire; dawāt) 801–18

Pepper 599, 692, 693

Perelman, Les 185

Perfumes (parfums; see also Balsam, Incense, Musk) 558, 826

Perruchon, J. 147

Persia 190n32, 192n92, 194n78, 196, 197, 341, 355, 356

Persian Gulf 741

Persian Iraq, see Iraq

Peter I (Cyprus) 84, 696

Peter IV (Aragon) 68–72

Petitions (Qiṣṣa) 34n159, 45n206, 66, 123, 124, 216n7, 222n23, 224, 225, 511, 519, 685, 713, 748, 753, 766

Pfeiffer, Judith 333, 499n36

Philips, Jonathan 136

Pigeons 254

Pilgrimage (Pèlerinage), Jerusalem 56n265, 146, 650, 712

Muslim 122, 155, 156, 157, 244, 351, 394, 453, 524, 529, 532, 533, 536, 537, 540, 541, 544, 546, 605, 629, 642, 658, 659, 660n14, 678

Pilgrimage caravan (caravane de pèlerins) 156, 539, 541, 542, 543, 545, 546, 553, 648, 649, 650, 659, 660, 667, 668

Pilgrims (pèlerins) 122, 123, 127, 130, 140, 145, 146, 147, 152, 240, 345, 521, 522, 530, 536, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 615, 629, 642, 648, 649, 650, 652, 658, 659, 663, 667, 668, 687, 689, 729

Piracy 140, 686, 693, 725, 750, 754

Pirates (see also Corsairs) 23, 569, 730, 737, 750, 751, 753, 758, 759, 760, 763, 764, 768

Pīr Būdāq (Qara Qoyunlu) 422n20, 424, 426

Pīr Muḥammad b. Jahāngīr (Timurids) 403, 448n90

Pīr ʿUmar 457

Pisa 16, 25, 85, 142, 143, 686, 757

State Archives 25

Pisans 24, 282n94, 757

Plante, Julian G. 147

Plates 653, 692

Podocataro, Peter (Cypriot envoy) 730, 731, 732, 733, 735

Poetry 37, 51, 60, 188n14, 354, 492n23

Poles 570

Poliak, A.N. 148

Polish king 573

Polo 317

Porcelain 157, 599, 692, 826, 829, 832, 833n45, 834, 835, 836, 837

Porto Pisano 782, 792

Portugal (see also Afonso IV; Afonso V; Emmanuel I; John I; John II; John III; Manuel I) 144, 145, 518, 648, 699, 711–23, 741, 763, 765

Portuguese 648, 699, 720, 741, 765

Portuguese king 712, 714, 716, 717, 718, 721, 722

Postal service (Barīd) 119, 290, 320, 321

Pozza, M. 750

Predelli, Riccardo 18, 750

Prisoners (prisonnier) 115, 118, 137, 240n33, 243, 244, 252, 314, 370, 373, 386, 394, 395, 401, 444, 449n96, 454, 455, 458n138, 546, 593, 750

Procurations 44

Prose 37, 51, 60, 222, 439

Protocol 30, 50, 111, 127, 149, 152, 199, 205, 207, 214, 248, 249, 250, 332, 392, 423, 426, 436, 446, 462, 488, 489, 491, 492, 494, 499, 500, 501, 502, 552, 597, 606, 651, 665, 688, 691, 694, 699, 707

Provence 22

Proverbs 51, 188n14, 672n69, 673

Provisions 25, 122, 124, 139, 141, 640, 689 695, 697, 707, 763, 784, 787, 788, 789

Pryor, John 145

al-Qāḍī l-Fāḍil 534, 558

Qāḍī l-Milal 250

Qahwat al-inshāʾ (Ibn Ḥijja) 9, 37–8, 126, 423, 438, 439, 440, 462, 635

al-Qalʿa (Andalus) 554

Qalāʾid al-jumān fī muṣṭalaḥ mukātabāt ahl al-zamān (Ibn al-Qalqashandī) 34, 126

Qalʿat al-Jabal; see Cairo, citadel

Qalʿat al-Rūm 390

al-Qalījī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAlī b. Balbān (Mamluk envoy) 293

al-Qalqashandī 8, 9, 11, 12, 17, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36n171, 37, 43, 44n202, 48, 49, 50, 52n243, 56, 126, 128n89, 131, 132, 145, 188n14, 189, 191, 193, 198, 200, 201, 202, 219, 220, 221n19, 222nn22 and 24, 224, 226, 320, 341, 417, 420, 422n20, 438, 513, 514, 515, 519, 552, 610, 635, 659, 660, 662, 663, 664, 666, 667, 669, 671, 674, 676, 677, 678, 698, 701, 745, 766, 789, 790, 801, 802

al-Qalshānī, Ḥasan b. ʿUmar 567

al-Qalshānī, Ḥusayn b. ʿUmar (Hafsid envoy) 567

al-Qalshānī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar 567

Qandūla 609

Qānṣawh Khamsumiʾa 795

Qāra 405, 406n133

Qarabagh 459

Qarābughā 342, 343, 344

Qarāchīl mountain 627

Qarajā, Zayn al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 285, 286

Qarakhanids 319n73

Qaramanids 40, 42, 153, 154, 210, 211, 241, 252, 457, 676

Qarā Muḥammad (Qara Qoyunlu) 152

Qara Qoyunlu (see also Iskandar b. Qarā Yūsuf; Jahānshāh b. Qarā Yūsuf; Muḥammad-Shāh b. Qarā Yūsuf; Pīr Būdāq; Qarā Muḥammad; Qarā Yūsuf) 8, 38, 39, 126n82, 152, 153, 210, 211, 240, 241, 245n68, 252n106, 352, 368, 374, 375, 385, 420, 423, 438, 441n59, 443n65, 450, 458, 462, 463, 495

Qārāqūsh (Mamluk envoy) 288

Qarāsunqur 350

Qarā ʿUthmān (Aq Qoyunlu) 383, 385n30, 393, 440, 441n60, 442, 450, 456, 457, 458, 463

Qarā Yūsuf (Qara Qoyunlu) 152, 368–75, 385, 420, 421n20, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 428, 436–64

Qarqarā, Tavakkul 406

Qartuqa (Qa-r-ṭ-qā) (Golden Horde envoy) 286, 287

Qāṣid, see Ambassadors, Emissaries, Envoys

Qāsim, Q.ʿA. 147

al-Qaṣr al-Ṣaghīr (Morocco) 717

Qawṣūn 278, 280

Qayṣar, ʿAlam al-Dīn 349

Qazwīn 444, 445, 450, 454, 463

al-Qazwīnī 341

al-Qazwīnī, Sharaf al-Dīn 317

Qilij Arslān IV (Seljuqs) 307, 310, 348n30

Qipchaq, see Dasht-i Qipchaq

Qipchaks 453

al-Qirimī, ʿAbd al-Ghaffār 452

al-Qirimī, ʿUmar (Golden Horde envoy) 286

Qonqrutai 334

Qrim 321

Quanzhou 826n15

Quatremère, Étienne 155

Qubilai (Mongols) 306n9, 310, 312

Qubilāy 599

Qudāma b. Jaʿfar 186

al-Quds, see Jerusalem

al-Qudsī 131

Quivers (Jaʿba) 216, 653n59

Qum 445, 447, 448, 449

Qumis 395n76

Qūmis 333, 834

Quran 48, 60, 113, 114, 115, 248, 311, 328, 356, 570, 613, 614, 662, 666, 670, 673, 713

Quranic verses 51, 239n19, 426

Quraysh 628, 671, 672

Qurayshī, Qāẓī Najm al-Dīn (Abbasid envoy) 634

Qurqumās al-Dawādār 547

Qūṣ 649, 823n1, 827

Quṣayr al-Qadīm 823n1, 827

al-Quṣayrī, al-Sharīf ʿAlī (Mamluk messenger) 539

Quṭlūbughā l-Maghribī, Sayf al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 539

Qutlūjār (Golden Horde envoy) 290

al-Rabaʿī, Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm b. al-Raʾīs al-Tūnisī (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 554

Rabīʿ, Ḥ.M. 153

Rāghib, Yūsuf 2

Ragusa (see also Dubrovnik) 21, 82, 83, 142, 143, 686, 687, 698, 701

Ragusans 695

al-Raḥba 365, 385n33

Rajab Burquʿī, Ḥājjī (envoy of the Delhi sultan) 626

Rajab-Sulṭān bt Mīrānshāh, Āqā Bīgī (Timurids) 449

Ramadanids 457

Ramla 390n50

Rams 406

Ranks/Status (rang) 32, 48n217, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 115, 116, 120, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 139, 140, 145, 159, 160, 185, 186, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 205, 206, 207, 211, 212, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 265, 269, 272, 279, 308, 312, 357, 366, 374, 423n26, 437n49, 446n79, 452, 489, 490, 493, 495, 497, 499, 503, 504, 515, 551, 581, 586, 587, 590, 597, 598, 604, 606, 616, 618, 621, 626, 635, 671, 674, 676, 677, 678, 688, 690, 691, 692n27, 696, 715, 725, 726, 728, 730, 737, 749, 790, 794, 806

Ransoms 122, 137, 397, 402, 404

Rashīd al-Dīn 329, 341, 342n8, 343

Rasūl, see Messengers

Rasulids (Rasoulides, Banū Rasūl; see aslo al-Afḍal al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAlī; al-Ashraf Ismāʿīl I; al-Manṣūr ʿUmar b. ʿAlī b. Rasūl; al-Muʾayyad Dāwūd; al-Mujāhid ʿAlī; al-Muẓaffar Yūsuf I; al-Nāṣir Aḥmad; al-Nāṣir b. al-Mujāhid) 8, 35, 38, 39, 52, 53n249, 126n82, 154, 209, 210, 532, 542, 543, 544, 581–600, 626, 649, 678, 808, 815, 827n20, 836

al-Rawḍ al-zāhir fī sīrat al-Malik al-Ẓāhir (Ibn ʿAbd al-Ẓāhir) 305, 306

Rawżat al-mulūk 629

Rāya 823n1, 827

Rayḥān (Ilkhanid envoy) 294

Rayḥānat al-kuttāb wa-najʿat al-muntāb (Ibn al-Khaṭīb) 514, 519

Rayy 392, 458

Realpolitik 136, 139

Rebels 116, 117, 128, 312, 364n1, 429, 627, 630

Receptions 108, 111, 121, 127, 129, 130, 135, 139, 144, 147, 150, 157, 158, 159, 160, 227, 240, 242, 244, 247, 248, 250, 252, 253, 255, 256, 293, 315, 364, 366, 367, 371, 374, 375, 489n13, 492, 540, 585, 598, 606, 617, 643, 654, 674, 690, 691, 694, 717, 728, 729, 789, 834

Recognitio 199

Red Sea 581, 582, 583, 591, 594, 595, 600, 648, 651, 652, 741, 765, 823, 827

Registers 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 28, 36, 56, 57, 59, 214n2, 498n35, 500, 654

Reinfandt, Lucian 53, 56n263, 158

Reports of ambassadors 44, 215

Rhodes (Rūdus) 24, 137, 138, 240, 521, 568, 686, 726, 733, 735, 736, 737, 738, 759, 765

Rhys Davids, T.W. 155

Ribera, Julián 13, 14

Rice 689

Richards, Donald 137

Rifāʿī, Sharaf al-Dīn (Abbasid envoy) 633

Rings 613, 627, 632

Rivesaltes, Bernard de (Cypriot envoy) 737

Riyāḥ 537

Rizzo, Alessandro 17, 18n84, 53, 142

Robes of honor (Khilʿa) 249, 253, 254, 364, 365, 395n75, 400, 486, 487, 503, 504, 613, 614, 617, 618, 621, 623, 624, 626, 632, 633, 728, 733

Roemer, Hans Robert 2

Rome (see also Callixtus III; Gelasius I; Innocent VIII; Julius II; Paul II) 192n76, 196

Vatican Archives 652

Roman Curia 720

Roman Empire 749

Roman law 748, 749, 756, 763

Romania 702

Rombulo of Messina, Pietro (Abyssinian envoy) 652

Roosen, W. 491, 502

Rose 227

Rose water (eau de rose) 803, 834

Rosenthal, Erwin 622

Rossi, Franco 19

al-Ruʿaynī, Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad (Portuguese Muslim envoy) 711, 713

al-Ruʿaynī, Muḥammad b. Qāsim (Portuguese Muslim interpreter) 715, 716, 718

Rūdhrāwar 265

al-Rūdhrāwarī, Majd al-Dīn 265, 268, 280, 319

Rugs 248, 523n56

Rūhā, see Edessa

Ruiz Orsatti, Reginaldo 14, 15n72

Rūm (see also Anatolia) 190, 192, 486, 550n112, 569, 572

Rumaytha b. Abī Numayy (Sharifs of Mecca) 544, 545, 546

Rustam b. Ṭughāy Bughā Barlās 389, 396, 401

Rustamdār 392

K. Rusul al-mulūk (Ibn al-Farrāʾ) 111

Rusulān, Sayf al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 288

Sable 247, 253, 486, 493

Saddles 247, 633

Saʿd-i Vaqqāṣ (Saʿd Waqqās) (Timurids) 420, 433, 441, 442, 445, 447, 448, 449, 456, 462, 463, 464

al-Ṣafā 612

Ṣafad 373, 390

al-Ṣafadī 36n171, 341, 354

Safavids (see also Shāh Ismāʿīl) 153, 248, 254, 489n14, 699, 741, 762, 765, 766

Safe-conducts (sauf-conduits; Amān) 20, 26, 44, 45, 118, 122, 146, 345, 534, 585, 652, 665n44, 666, 695, 737, 748, 749, 753, 754, 755, 758

Safīr, see Ambassadors, Emissaries, Envoys

Ṣaghāniyān (Chaghāniyān) 392

al-Ṣaghīr b. Yūsuf 549, 568, 569, 571, 573

Sahara 658, 661, 662, 676, 678

Saḥart 643, 645

Sahel 659–66, 676

al-Saḥmāwī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad 33, 34, 48, 49, 53, 126, 128n89, 189, 193, 198, 200, 201n117, 202, 209, 422n20, 534, 552, 610, 790, 791

Saiben, Johannes (also Sunqur) 702n61

Ṣaʿīd, see Upper Egypt

Saʿīd, Muḥammad 154

Saʿīd, Saʿd al-Dīn (Ilkhanid envoy) 291

Saʿīd b. Samīt 630

Saʿīd Ṣarṣarī, Hājjī (Abbasid envoy) 626, 632

Ṣāʾin Tīmūr 400

Saint Louis, see Louis IX

al-Sakhāwī 30n139, 250, 252, 453n110, 523, 545, 551, 567, 568, 569, 612, 616, 653n59

Sakrān al-Firinjī 273, 274, 278

Saktāy b. Qarajin b. Junghay 278n77

Saladin, see al-Nāṣir I Yūsuf

Salado, River 515, 518

al-Ṣāliḥ, Abū l-Fidāʾ Ismāʿīl (Ayyubids of Hama) 808

al-Ṣāliḥ ʿAlī b. Qalāwūn (Mamluks) 534, 585

al-Ṣāliḥ II Ayyūb (Ayyubids) 307, 308, 531

al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājjī II (Mamluks) 71, 595, 646

al-Ṣāliḥ Ismāʿīl (Mamluks) 77, 537, 758

al-Ṣāliḥ Maḥmūd (Artuqids) 354n70

al-Ṣāliḥ Ṣāliḥ (Mamluks) 70, 518, 644

Sālimī, Abū Shukūr 628

Sallār 536, 594, 599

Salmān Fārsī 630

Salmān Sāwajī 354

Salutatio 51, 207, 208, 426, 494, 666

Salviati, James 730

Samaghar 291

Samarqand 254

Samarqandī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq 382

Ṣanbūb 610

Sand (sable) 803

Sangriza, Tāj al-Dīn 624

Sanudo, Benedetto (Venetian envoy) 689, 836

Sanuto, Marino 20, 743, 744, 747, 766, 794

Sappers 394, 404

Saqsīn 321

Sarakhs 454

al-Sarakhsī 115n47, 116, 117

Sarandīb, see Ceylon

Sarāy 284, 287, 320, 321, 452

Sarāy al-Jadīda 452n105

Sardinia 702

Sartaq (Golden Horde) 309

Sarṭaqṭāy (Mamluk envoy) 290

Sassanids 115

Sātī Beg 352

Sāva 385

Savinjīk 396, 400n103

Savoy (see also Charles I) 25, 54n253, 85

al-Ṣawābī, Sayf al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 282

Sawāḥil 632

al-Ṣāwī Bāz, Karam 157

Sawliyān 632

Sayf b. Dhī Yazan 671, 672

Sayfa Arʿad (Abyssinia) 642, 644

Saylān 632

Sayyid ʿImād 395n76

Sayyid Khwāja Shaykh ʿAlī 400n103

Sayyid Ziyād 632

al-Sayyida Nafīsa 366

Sayyids (Delhi) 634

Scanlon, G. 826

Scarves 599

Schimmel, Annemarie 624

Schmid, Margarete Pia 146

Schreiner, Peter 146

Scrolls (rouleaux; darj) 10, 316, 410, 437, 742, 783, 785, 786, 787, 789, 790, 791, 792, 802

Seals (Khātam, Nişān, Ṭamgha) 37, 38, 41, 47, 53, 216n6, 227, 513, 624, 694, 695n36

Seco de Lucena, Luis 156, 515

Sefuwa 659, 660, 662, 663n30, 668, 671, 677, 679

Seguezzi, Santo 662

Segurano-Sakrān Salvaygo, see Sakrān

Selīm I (Ottomans) 41, 83, 256, 489n14, 496, 742, 743, 744, 745, 766

Seljuqs 263, 347

Seljuqs of Rūm (see also Kaykāʾūs I, ʿIzz al-Dīn; Masʿūd II, Ghiyāth al-Dīn; Parvanah; Qilij Arslān IV) 153, 206, 271n38, 291, 307, 308, 310–6, 319, 322, 348n30

Senegambia 662

Serbia 145, 146, 495

Serbs 145, 194

Seville 701, 727

Seyssel, Philip de 731

Shādmān Castle 392

Shadūntāz 401n108

Shāfiʿ b. ʿAlī 27n128, 305, 307n16

Shāh Ismāʿīl (Safavids) 693n31, 766

Shahrazūr 392

Shāh Rukh (Timurids) 40n187, 151, 152, 153, 245, 249, 250, 388, 393, 400, 402, 420, 422, 426n31, 441, 443nn65 and 69, 444–50, 453, 454, 455, 456, 458, 459, 460, 461, 463, 464, 545, 554, 618, 634, 728

Shāh Suwār (Dhulqadirids) 243, 254

Shāhānshāh (Chobanid envoy) 296

al-Shahīd, Abū Yaḥyā Abū Bakr I b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (Hafsids) 556

Shāhmalik 400n103, 401, 403, 404

Shāhshāhān Abū l-Fatḥ 395

Shajar al-Durr (Ayyubids) 582

Shakrān al-Firinjī, see Sakrān

Shām, see also Syria 350n42, 453n110, 594

Shāmī, Niẓām al-Dīn 151, 364, 381, 382, 383, 385, 386, 388–403, 405, 406

al-Sharīf, Jamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿUmar (Rasulid envoy) 588

al-Sharīfī, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (Abyssinian envoy) 652

Sh-r-n-k (Ilkhanid envoy) 286

Sharqī sultans (Jawnpur) 634

Sharṭ (Clauses, Stipulations) 46n209, 748

Shāwa 638, 641

al-Shaybānī 115, 116, 117n61

Shaybanids, see Muḥammad Shaybānī

Shaykh al-Maḥmūdī (see also al-Muʾayyad Shaykh) 37, 372

Shaykh Nuʿmān (Golden Horde envoy) 277

Shaykh Uways (Jalayirids) 354, 355, 356, 357, 364, 447

Shaykhī Khāṣṣakī 401n108

Shaykhū 599

Sheeps 250, 252n102, 384, 689

Shehu 663

Shields 391, 653n59, 690

Shiḥna 343, 344

Ships (sea also Boats) 321, 520, 521, 692n28, 729, 737, 751

Shiites 328, 341, 344, 348, 349, 350

Shiraz 363, 368

al-Shīrāzī, Quṭb al-Dīn Maḥmūd 271, 291

Shirīk (Ilkhanid envoy) 286

Shirts 653

Shirvan 306, 307, 355

Shirvān b. Shaykh Barāq Manṣūrī 367n24, 368

Shirvanshahs 459

al-Shubrāywīqī, Ṣadr al-Dīn Sulaymān (Mamluk envoy) 293

Sibṭ Ibn al-ʿAjamī, Sharaf al-Dīn Abū Bakr 559

Sicile 536

Ṣiddīq (Timurid envoy) 461

Signature, see ʿAlāma, Tawqīʿ

al-Sikurjī, Muḥammad (Ilkhanid envoy) 292

Silver 247, 366, 373, 759

Silvestre de Sacy, Antoine-Isaac 2, 24, 750

Sinai, see Mount Sinai and St. Catherine’s monastery

Sind 190, 195, 392, 632

Sīrat-i Fīrūz Shāhī 621, 626, 627

Siryāqūs 244, 246

Sīs 758

Sistan 192n52, 196, 395

Sivas 271, 308, 310n30, 321n83, 331, 371n45, 384, 387n39, 404n123

Siyar al-mulūk (Niẓām al-Mulk) 111

Slave traders 123, 274, 319, 320, 653

Slaves 106n5, 244, 246, 247, 252, 253, 254, 273, 278, 290, 302, 307, 309, 313, 320, 322, 354, 356, 366, 386, 387, 400, 405, 441n61, 452, 522, 589, 590, 591, 592n39, 599, 653, 662, 673, 690, 692n29, 712, 715, 794

Slavs 570

S-m-dā-gh-w, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (Ilkhanid envoy) 292

Smith, Clive 144

Soldaia, see Sūdāq

Spain 13, 14, 124, 144, 197, 239, 240, 669, 720

Spices (see also Aloe, Ginger, Pepper, Salt, Sugar) 596, 599, 685, 688, 692, 793, 823, 834

Spies (see also Espionage, Intelligence) 333, 334, 391, 453, 762

Spurs 653, 692n29

Squirrel 486, 493, 522

St. Catherine’s monastery 694, 728

Stalin, Josef 217, 218

Status (statut), see Ranks

Stern, Samuel Miklos 2, 745, 746

Stewart, Angus Donald 138

Stockholm, Collection F.R. Martin 809

Stojanow, Valery 2

Strozzi, Filippo 836

Stufa, Luigi della (Florentine envoy) 75, 76, 689, 691, 693, 694, 784, 792

Suarez, Carceran 727, 728

Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā fī kitābat al-inshāʾ (al-Qalqashandī) 17, 28, 31, 32, 33, 43, 126, 219, 220, 236, 420, 514, 552, 635, 665, 801

al-Subkī 132

Subscriptio, see ʿAlāma

Sudan 156, 190, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 241n34, 676, 677, 678

Sūdāq (Soldaia) 321

Sūdūn 390, 391, 394, 395

Sūdūn al-Manṣūrī (Mamluk envoy) 734, 738

Sūdūn al-Qaṣrawī (Mamluk envoy) 504

Sufis 246, 318, 346, 485, 605

Sugar 227, 248, 273, 689, 692, 834

Sulaymān (physician in Damascus) 405n129

Sulaymān II (Ottomans) 22, 83

Sulaymān b. Ḥusām al-Dīn Muhannā (Āl Faḍl) 350

Sulaymānshāh b. Dāwūd Dughlat 393, 396, 406n137

Ṣulḥ, see Truces

Sulṭān-Abū Saʿīd (Timurids) 152

Sulṭān Aḥmad b. Shaykh Uways (Jalayirids) 357, 363–76, 385, 422n20, 440, 444, 463, 499

Sultan of Babylon 721

Sulṭān Dilshād (Jalayirids) 370

Sulṭān Ḥusayn b. Aka Bigī bt Tīmūr (Timurids) 391, 393, 398, 400, 403, 404, 406

Sulṭān Ḥusayn b. Shaykh Uways (Jalayirids) 364, 366

Sulṭān Maḥmūd Khān b. Soyurghatmısh (Timurids) 393

Sulṭān Ṭāhir b. Sulṭān Aḥmad (Jalayirids) 371

Sulṭāniyya 350, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 450, 454, 456, 463

Sung 826n15, 829, 830n31

Sunqur, see Saiben, Johannes

Sunqur al-Aqraʿ 275, 276

Sunqur al-Ashqar (Mamluk envoy) 272n44, 285, 291

Sunqur, Shams al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 283

Sūsūn 278

Suwākin 648, 649

Ṣuwar al-aqālīm (al-Balkhī) 186

Suyūrghāl 400, 421n18, 423

al-Suyūṭī 625

Sweets 689

Swords (épées) 367, 391, 394, 559, 613, 627, 632, 633, 653, 692n29

Ṭabaqāt-i Nāṣirī (Jūzjānī) 623

Tabaristan 192n52, 194n78, 196, 197

Tableware, see Basins, Bowls, Bottles, Chandeliers, Ewers, Plates, Porcelain, Trays, Vases

Tabriz 294, 311, 321n83, 340, 341, 347, 348, 354, 355, 356, 363, 364, 372n55, 374, 422n20, 449, 457, 464

Tabrīzī, Naṣīr al-Dīn (Ilkhanid envoy) 292

Tadhkira, see Instructions

Tadmur (Tadmīr, Palmyra) 406n136

Tafel, Gottlieb Lukas Friedrich 18, 750

Tafur, Pero 726–9, 731

Taghrī Birdī (Mamluk envoy) 81, 729, 763

Taghrī Birdī l-Maḥmūdī 547

Taghrī Birdī l-Ṭayyār (Mamluk envoy) 730, 731, 732, 738

Ṭāhir, Zayn al-Dīn 674

Ṭāʾifa 384n24, 749, 750, 751, 752, 753, 761, 762

Taiz 589, 590n29

Takrūr (see also Mali) 39, 157, 209, 210, 658

Ṭalas 392

Taʿlīq 417, 438

Ṭāliqān 392

Tamerlan (see also Tīmūr) 538, 545, 554

Ṭamgha, see Seals

al-Tamīmī l-Tūnisī, ʿAbdallāh b. ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm b. ʿAbdallāh (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 556

al-Tamīmī l-Tūnisī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm b. ʿAbdāllāh b. Abī ʿAmr (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 556

Tana (Azāq, Azov) 321, 452n105

Tanam al-Ḥasanī 368, 369, 375

Tang 824, 831n34

Tank (Tonk) 632

Tanqīḥ al-abḥāth lil-milal al-thalāth (Ibn Kammūna) 347

al-Ṭanṭāwī l-Qarmūṭ, ʿAbd al-Rāziq 149

Taqlīd 367, 374, 543

Taʿrīf (designation) 674, 675, 676

al-Taʿrīf bi-l-muṣṭalaḥ al-sharīf (Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-ʿUmarī) 29, 30, 126, 189, 219, 552, 553, 639

al-Tārīkh al-Ghiyāthī (Ghiyāth al-Dīn ʿAbdallāh b. Fatḥ Allāh) 341

Taʾrīkh al-Islām (al-Dhahabī) 517

al-Taʾrīkh al-kabīr al-muqaffā (al-Maqrīzī) 411, 412, 416, 462

Tārīkh-i Shaykh Uvays (Ahrī) 342

Tarjama, see Intitulatio

Tarjumān, see Interpreters, Translators

Tarsus 567, 572, 573

Tatars 218, 318, 453

Tathqīf al-taʿrīf bi-l-muṣṭalaḥ al-sharīf (Ibn Nāẓir al-Jaysh) 30, 126, 219, 500

Ṭawāshī 587, 589

al-Tawāsī, Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 557

Ṭaybughā l-Karmūnī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 285

Ṭāyirbughā (Ilkhanid envoy) 278, 279, 295

Ṭāyūq 321

al-Ṭayyibī 417, 438

Ṭāz 599

Tegüder Aḥmad (Ilkhanids) 134, 270, 271, 276, 291, 292, 327, 333, 334, 335, 344, 348, 490, 499n36

Teh Gallop, Annabel 225

Temürtash 267, 273, 293, 294, 295, 296

Tents 242n50, 253, 254, 388, 443n65, 727

Terek, River 306, 307

Tevārīh Āl-i ʿOs̱mān (ʿĀşıḳ Pāşā-Zāde) 550

Textiles (see also Camlets, Silk, Velvet, Wool) 246, 252, 253, 394, 486, 558, 725, 730, 836

al-Thaghr al-bāsim fī ṣināʿat al-kātib wa-l-kātim (al-Saḥmāwī) 33, 48, 126, 791

al-Thakafi, Y.A. 149

Thaqaba b. Rumaytha (Sharifs of Mecca) 544, 546

Theunissen, H. 743

Thomas, Georg Martin 18

al-Tibyān fī iṣṭilāḥ ahl al-zamān (al-Ḥalabī) 34

Tigray 641

al-Tijānī

al-Tijānī, ʿAbdallāh b. Muḥammad (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 530, 535, 556

al-Tijānī, Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Tūnisī (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 556

Tikrit 343

al-Tikrītī, Ḥamza 344

Tilang 627

Tīluq (Mamluk envoy) 289

Timrāz al-Shamsī 794, 795

Tīmūr (Timurids) (see also Tamerlan) 150, 151, 152, 211, 239, 250, 275, 329, 357, 358, 363, 364, 365, 367, 368, 370, 371, 373, 374, 375, 376, 381–406, 420, 433, 440, 444, 445, 448, 451, 455, 463, 489n14, 545n79, 604, 621, 634

Tīmūr Qutlugh b. Tīmūr Malik (Golden Horde) 451

Timurbughā, see al-Ẓāhir Timurbughā (Mamluks)

Timurbughā l-Marghinānī (Ilkhanid envoy)

Timurids (see also Abū Bakr (Abā Bakr) b. Mīrānshāh; Burundūq; Iskandar b. ʿUmar Shaykh; Jahāngīr b. Tīmūr; Jahānshāh b. Chākū Barlās; Jahānshāh b. Tīmūr; Khalīl Sulṭān b. Mīrānshāh; Manglī Khwāja; Mīrānshāh b. Tīmūr; Muḥammad Jūkī b. Shāh Rukh; Muḥammad-Sulṭān b. Tīmūr; Pīr Muḥammad b. Jahāngīr; Rajab-Sulṭān bt Mīrānshāh, Āqā Bīgī; Saʿd-i Vaqqāṣ; Shāh Rukh; Sulṭān-Abū Saʿīd; Sulṭān Ḥusayn b. Aka Bigī bt Tīmūr; Sulṭān Maḥmūd Khān b. Soyurghatmısh; Tīmūr) 37, 38, 39, 52n246, 150, 151, 152, 210, 211, 250, 254, 352, 365, 371, 372, 381–406, 420, 423, 442, 443n75, 444–50, 454, 455, 458, 462, 463, 495, 618

Tīmūrtāsh al-Muḥammadī, see Damurdāsh

Tin 662

al-Tīzīnī, Zayn al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy)

Tlemcen 511, 514, 515, 537, 539, 540, 553, 676, 678

Töde Möngke (Golden Horde) 269, 270, 314

Togha-Timurids 451

Toghan (Ilkhanid envoy) 294

Toledo 701, 721

Toqta (Golden Horde) 284, 285

Toqtamish (Golden Horde) 304, 451, 452

Touat 660n16

Traders (see also Merchants) 123, 274, 302, 308, 316, 319, 320, 321n83, 593, 594, 650, 652, 653, 662n26, 685, 686, 688, 689, 693, 695, 697, 704, 706, 720, 793

Transcaucasian region 312

Translators (see also Dragomans, Interpreters) 52, 57, 125, 264, 291, 315, 316, 702, 704, 705, 706, 729

Transoxiana (Mā warāʾ al-Nahr) 190n32, 192, 194n79, 196, 197, 311n36, 627, 632

Travelers (voyageurs) 127, 130, 137, 147, 530, 544, 665n44, 687, 825n12

Trays 592

Trevisan, Domenico (Venetian envoy) 689, 691, 693, 694, 834

Tributes 19, 20, 23, 139, 534, 536, 725, 726, 728, 729, 730, 731, 735, 737, 738, 746, 758, 761, 827n20

Tripoli (Libya) 535, 536n41, 660n16, 662, 668, 696

Tripoli (Lebanon) 390, 396, 585

Troadec, Anne 137

Truces (paix; Hudna, Ṣulḥ) 9n42, 11, 12, 15, 24, 26, 32n149, 44, 45, 52n243, 66, 110n18, 122, 127, 134, 138, 156, 307, 441, 447n83, 450, 453, 454, 456, 457, 550, 463, 693, 714, 745, 749

Tūblāq Qawchīn 400n104

Tughluqids 634

Ṭughrā 206, 207, 208, 211n149, 493

Tūgh Tughā 321

Ṭulunbāy (Golden Horde) 277, 287, 289

Tundī Khātūn 366

Tunisia, see Ifrīqiya

Ṭuqbughā (Golden Horde envoy) 287

Tuqṣuba al-Ẓāhirī, Sayf al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 268n25, 287, 288

al-Ṭūr 823n1, 827

Turan 190n32, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 209, 210

Turanians 392

al-Ṭūrī, Mubāriz al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 291

Turin 25

Turkmens 152, 153, 154, 192, 194n81, 196, 197, 209, 210, 211, 254, 310, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 374, 375, 383, 384, 392, 406, 438, 449, 457, 459, 568, 581

Turjī (Mamluk envoy) (see also Aturjī) 287

Turkestan 192n53, 196, 392, 451n103

al-Turkī, Mufliḥ al-Dīn (Rasulid envoy) 599, 600

al-Turkumānī, ʿAlī l-Dimashqī (Golden Horde envoy) 270, 280

al-Turkumānī, Fāris 729, 738

al-Turkumānī, Muḥammad (Mamluk envoy) 460

al-Turkumānī, Quṭlūbughā l-Khalīlī (Mamluk envoy) 539

Ṭurra 50, 201

Ṭūs 387

Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn 328

Ubayy b. Kaʿb 630

al-Udāgh, see Ala-Dağ

Ulaghči b. Sartaq (Golden Horde) 309

Ulmāz al-Khāṣṣturkī, Sayf al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 285, 286

al-Ulughkhānī 613

ʿUmar I, Abū Ḥafṣ (Hafsids) 536

ʿUmar II, Abū Ḥafṣ (Hafsids), see al-Mustanṣir

ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb 242n51, 534

Umayyads (see also Muʿāwiya I; Yazīd I) 403

Umm Ḥabība 401

Umm Hāniʾ 606, 607, 608, 616

Umm Salama 401

ʿUnwān, see Inscriptio

Upper Egypt (Haute Égypte, Ṣaʿīd) 538, 642, 646, 649, 650, 755

Urdū 452n105

ʿUrf 115, 118

al-ʿUrf al-nāsim min al-Thagh al-bāsim (al-Saḥmāwī) 33

Urfa, see Edessa

U(r)namas/sh (Golden Horde envoy) 281

Uruj, Sayf al-Dīn (Mamluk envoy) 296

Uruktamur (Golden Horde envoy) 290

al-Ushmūnayn 224

ʿUṭayfa b. Abī Numayy (Sharifs of Mecca) 544, 545, 546n83

ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān 630

ʿUthmān b. Idrīs, Abū ʿAmr (Borno) 659, 661, 670, 677

ʿUthmān Khūjā (Golden Horde envoy) 287

ʿUthmān b. Musāfir, Khwāja 274

Uygur script 315, 317

Uzdamur al-Mujīrī (Mamluk envoy) 293

Uzun Ḥasan (Aq Qoyunlu) 41n187, 153, 246, 249, 253, 254, 489n14, 490, 505, 618

Vaiou, Maria 111

Valencia 701

Validation (see also ʿAlāma) 10n51, 16n76, 26, 53, 127, 218, 224, 512, 551, 674, 675

Vallet, Éric 52, 154, 155, 160

Van Berchem, Max 51n237, 592

van Ghistele, Joos 689, 690, 692n29

Vansleb 643, 644

Varatojo 717

Vases 592, 832, 835n55

Vaṣṣāf 328

Vélez-Blanco 516

Vélez-Málaga 516

Velvet 251, 486, 493, 692

Venetian Bailo 762

Venetian doge 19, 56n265, 689n12, 701–3, 836

Venetians 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 45n207, 140, 313, 318, 569, 702n60, 703, 705, 707n76, 725, 741, 743, 750, 757, 762, 764, 765, 787, 788, 789

Venice (Serenissima; see also Barbarigo, Agostino; Cornaro, Marco; Foscari, Francesco; Malipiero, Pasquale; Mocenigo, Tommaso) 17–20, 22, 25, 43n197, 50n230, 76–82, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 192n76, 194, 196, 197, 240, 514, 569, 574, 649, 686, 687, 693, 694n34, 701, 702, 705, 725, 729, 736, 737, 741, 742, 743n9, 744, 745, 747, 750, 760, 761, 763, 764, 767, 788, 789, 793, 827n20, 835, 836

Museo Correr (Venice) 788, 789

State Archives 18

Venier, Tomaso 743, 744, 747, 766

Vera 516

Vermeulen, Urbain 137

Verni, John de 731

Veselý, Rudolf 2, 29, 30, 37, 41, 42, 154, 438

Vezzoli, Valentina 157

Vigouroux, Élodie 381

Viguera, María Jesús 512

Vijayanagara (Bijankār) 610, 611

Viladrich, Mercè 15, 144, 745, 750, 759

Vílchez, Carlos 523

Volga 307, 308, 321, 452n105

von Karabacek, Josef 145

Wādī l-Khaznadār 328, 335, 336

Wāfidiyya 266n16, 306, 317, 319, 322, 343

al-Waḥḥād, Abū Zakariyyāʾ Yaḥyā b. Ibrāhīm al-Kūmī l-Qusantīnī (Hafsid ṣāḥib al-ʿalāma) 557

Walasmaʿ (Ethiopia) 641

al-Wandājī, Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad b. Aḥmad (Portuguese Muslim envoy) 711, 713

Wansbrough, John 2, 17, 19, 43nn198–9, 54, 57, 58, 60, 141, 142, 199, 207, 208, 225, 226, 492, 499, 750, 756, 760, 761, 763, 764, 783, 784, 787, 788

Wasit 345

Waqf 61n276, 268, 540, 608, 633

War (see also Jihād) 106, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 127, 134, 135, 137, 147, 149, 160, 240, 248, 306, 307, 310, 314, 316, 330, 342, 345, 346, 348, 363, 369, 375, 391, 489n14, 504, 567, 570, 591, 593, 615, 623, 629, 630, 695, 699, 714, 717, 719, 731, 733, 754, 759, 762, 766

Waṣl 47, 200, 201, 437n49

Watermelons 836

al-Wāthiq, Abū Zakariyyāʾ Yaḥyā II b. Muḥammad I (Hafsids) 555, 558

Weapons (see also Armors, Arrows, Bows, Bridles, Cuirasses, Daggers, Firearms, Helmets, Lances, Quivers, Saddles, Shields, Spurs, Swords) 367, 692

Weber, Max 214n3, 622

Wenzhou 826n15

Wiet, Gaston 147, 149, 534, 813, 828n24

Wijntjes, Marita Th. 143

Wing, Patrick 150

Woods, John 153, 381, 450n98

Wool 247, 522

Ximénez de Cisneros, Francisco 721

Yagbe’a Ṣeyon (Abyssinia) 643

Yaḥyā (astronomer) 277

Yaḥyā I, Abū Zakariyyāʾ b. Abī Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wāḥid (Hafsids) 531, 532n16, 548, 554, 557

Yaḥyā II, Abū Zakariyyāʾ, see al-Wāthiq (Hafsids)

Yaḥyā III, Abū Zakariyyāʾ, see al-Muntakhab (Hafsids)

Yaḥyā b. Abī Marwān al-Andalusī l-Ḥimyarī, see al-Khabīr

Yaḥyā b. Aḥmad b. Shādī Bak (Mamluk envoy) 651

Yaḥyā IV b. Muḥammad al-Masʿūd, Abū Zakariyyāʾ (Hafsids) 551

Yaḥyā b. Ṭāyirbughā 278, 279, 295

Yamāma 192, 193, 196

Yamīn, see Oaths

Yanbuʿ 547

al-Yaʿqūbī 187, 347n26, 348, 529

Yāqūt al-Qudsī, Iftikhār al-Dīn (Rasulid envoy) 588

Yarligh 44

Yāsa 311, 397, 400

Yashbak al-Muḥammadī 223

Yashbak al-Shaʿbānī 369, 370n36, 372, 373, 375, 401

Yazīd I (Umayyads) 403

Yazdī, Sharaf al-Dīn ʿAlī 381, 382, 383, 385–90, 392, 393, 395, 398

Yaʿqūb b. al-Mutawakkil I (Abbasids) 35

Yaʿqūb b. Uzun Ḥasan (Aq Qoyunlu) 568

Yekuno Amlāk (Abyssinia) 638, 643, 648, 654

Yemen (Yémen) 35, 154, 155, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 204n135, 210, 239, 240, 530, 533, 534, 536, 542, 543, 546, 547, 581–600, 626, 648, 649, 651, 652, 659, 696, 823, 827

Yesḥāq (Abyssinia) 645

Yüksel Muslu, Cihan 41, 149, 502

al-Yūnīnī 305, 306

Yūsuf I (Nasrids) 516, 518

Yūsuf, Kamāl al-Dīn (Ilkhanid envoy) 292

Yūsuf b. Tāshufīn (Almoravids) 553

al-Yūsufī 500

Ẓafar Khān (Gujarat) 621, 634

Ẓafarnāma (Niẓām al-Dīn Shāmī) 381, 382, 384

Zagwe (Abyssinia) 638

al-Ẓāhir Barqūq (Mamluks) 68, 71, 72, 73, 143, 211n149, 252, 274, 304, 329, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 372n56, 374, 375, 376, 381, 382, 383, 385, 386, 387, 440, 444, 452, 489n14, 497, 498n34, 538, 539, 540, 553, 558, 559, 591, 594, 595, 596, 598, 643, 644, 646, 648, 651, 659, 667, 696, 706, 834

al-Ẓāhir Baybars (Mamluks) 225n34, 240, 266, 267, 268, 269, 272n44, 275, 279n77, 280, 281, 282, 291, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 311–20, 322, 323, 327, 330, 331, 332, 333, 336, 343n11, 517, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 536, 543, 557, 558, 581, 582, 585 n. b, 593, 638, 639, 643, 646n24, 654, 695n36, 698, 751n46, 835n55

al-Ẓāhir Jaqmaq (Mamluks) 23, 24, 68, 75, 78, 79, 83, 84, 85, 215, 245, 246, 250, 251, 255n134, 376, 491, 496n33, 520, 521, 522, 558, 559, 640n5, 644, 646, 647, 648, 650, 651, 705, 715n20, 726, 729, 730, 760, 788, 789, 794, 835

al-Ẓāhir Khushqadam (Mamluks) 75, 249, 253, 485, 486, 487, 489, 491, 498, 503, 504, 523, 604, 606, 607, 609, 610, 614, 616, 734, 735, 736, 794

al-Ẓāhir Ṭaṭar (Mamluks) 459, 494n28, 585, 693n32

al-Ẓāhir Timurbughā (Mamluks) 486, 604, 614

al-Ẓāhir Yalbāy (Mamluks) 604, 614

al-Ẓāhirī, Badr al-Dīn Bakmish (Mamluk envoy) 285, 288, 289

Zakariyyāʾ I b. Aḥmad al-Liḥyānī, Abū Yaḥyā (Hafsids) 535, 555, 556, 557, 757

Zakariyyāʾ II b. Yaḥyā IV, Abū Yaḥyā (Hafsids) 551, 558

al-Zandī, Abū ʿUmar (Abyssinian envoy) 652

Zar’a Yā’eqob (Abyssinia) 642, 644, 645, 646, 647, 650, 652

Zaraʿ Hamnānūn (Abyssinian envoy) 651

Zawistān 632

Zāwulistān 627

Zayd b. S̱ābit/Thābit 630

Zaydān, Yusrā Aḥmad ʿAbdallāh 155

Zaydis 204n135, 541, 542, 544, 545

al-Zaylaʿī, ʿAbdallāh (Abyssinian envoy) 644

Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn Shāhī Khān (Kashmir) 611

Zemzem 543

Zhejiang 824, 823, 824, 825, 826n15, 829

Zīrak (Ilkhanid envoy) 293

Zorzi, Alessandro 649

Zuhrat al-nāẓirīn wa-nuzhat al-nādhirīn 41

引用信息

Save
Cite
Email this content

Share Link

Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend
Email this content
or copy the link directly:

https://brill.edhh.ma/display/book/edcoll/9789004384637/back-1.xml
The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button.

Link copied successfully

折叠
展开
回到页面顶端

Mamluk Cairo, a Crossroads for Embassies

Studies on Diplomacy and Diplomatics

丛编： Islamic History and Civilization, 卷： 161

Cover Mamluk Cairo, a Crossroads for Embassies

ISBN:: 9789004384637

出版社:: Brill

印刷出版日期:: 18 Dec 2018

Subjects

Front Matter

Back Matter

统计数据

	全部期间	过去一年	过去30天
摘要浏览次数	0	0	0
全文浏览次数	799	113	13
PDF下载次数	0	0	0

African Studies	Education	Media Studies
American Studies	History	Middle East and Islamic Studies
Ancient Near East and Egypt	Human Rights and Humanitarian Law	Musicology
Art History	International Law	Philosophy
Asian Studies	International Relations	Religious Studies
Biblical Studies	Jewish Studies	Slavic and Eurasian Studies
Biology	Languages and Linguistics	Social Sciences
Book History and Cartography	Life Sciences	Theology and World Christianity
Classical Studies	Literature and Cultural Studies

Subjects

AppBar-Authors 2025

AppBar-Open Access 2025

AppBar-Product Information 2025

AppBar-Company 2025

AppBar-Contact 2025

Index

Index

引用信息

Share Link

Mamluk Cairo, a Crossroads for Embassies

Studies on Diplomacy and Diplomatics

目录

统计数据

统计数据