Subject Index
adat 10
,
13
,
46
affectual solidarity 18 intergenerational solidarity, intergenerational family solidarity
active ageing 90
,
352
adult children 2
,
4
,
7
,
18
,
21
,
24
,
29
,
62
,
81
,
83 –84 86
,
105 –106 139 –142 145
,
189
,
200 –202 204 –206 208 –210 213
,
215
,
217
,
223 –225 227 –235 239 –240 242 –243 245 –249 252
,
255
,
258
,
260
,
263 –264 267
,
270 –274 300
,
302
,
313 –315 318
,
321 –333 339 –340 342 –343 348
,
351 –353
age 1
,
10
,
14 –17 23 –27 30
,
41
,
44 –47 50 –53 57 –58 60
,
66 –67 71 –72 74 –75 77
,
80
,
82 –84 101 –102 104
,
106 –109 113
,
123
,
130 –135 138
,
141
,
143
,
145 –146 158
,
163
,
165 –167 169 –172 175
,
180
,
182
,
184
,
187
,
200
,
202 –205 210 –213 223 –224 227 –229 232 –235 240 –243 247 –250 263 –264 271 –272 275
,
282
,
284 –285 298
,
301
,
308
,
317 –318 320
,
322 –324 326 –329 334
,
339 –341 344 –348 350 –355
ageing society 16
,
65
,
120
aged society 30
,
101
,
146
,
199
,
345
super-aged society 30
,
345
,
350
age cohort 200
,
203
,
223
,
227
,
240 –241 248 –249 271 –272 323
,
328
,
334
,
352
,
355
anova analysis 24
,
205 –206 210
,
234
,
240
,
249
arcpm (Association of Registered Childcare Providers Malaysia) 79
asean (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) 113
associational solidarity 18
,
201
,
204
,
208
,
247 intergenerational solidarity, intergenerational family solidarity
Bantuan Orang Tua 84
bilateral/bilateralism 9 –14 21
,
45
,
103
,
234
,
277
,
299
,
320 –321 333
bma (Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Thailand) 143
boundary ambiguity 5
Brunei Darussalam 41
Buddhism 10
,
42
,
101
,
160
,
320
Bumiputera, Bumiputeras 42
,
51
,
55
,
57
,
341
cafs project vii
Cambodia 87
,
99
,
107
,
155
care diamond model 281
,
316
care nature 4 –5
care need 6
care practices 21
,
200 care provision, care transactions
care provision, caregiving 1
,
5
,
16
,
18 –21 29 –30 46
,
50
,
81 –82 105
,
131
,
140
,
199 –201 205
,
218
,
223 –225 228
,
230
,
232 –235 281 –283 303
,
313 –322 327 –328 330
,
333 –334 343 –344 childcare, elderly care
care regime 7 –8 welfare diamond, welfare-triangle model
care transactions 21
,
24
,
201
,
231
,
255
,
322
,
331
care time 303
,
352
caring functions 8
cdr (crude death rate) 58
,
113
,
170 mortality
Census 20
,
22 –23 42
,
50
,
52
,
56 –58 60 –61 66
,
99 –101 103 –104 110 –111 119 –120 123
,
132
,
134
,
155 –156 165 –166 168 –170 172
,
175
,
186
,
217
Malaysia 22
,
42
,
50
,
52
,
56 –58 60 –61 66
,
217
Thailand 22
,
99 –101 103 –104 110 –111 120
,
123
,
134
,
217
Vietnam 23
,
155 –156 165 –166 170
,
172
,
175
,
186
,
217
chi truong 157
child, children 1 –22 24
,
29
,
43 –47 49 –50 52 –62 64 –73 75 –84 86 –87 91
,
101 –103 105 –107 112 –122 127 –142 145 –146 157 –159 162 –170 172 –178 180 –191 199 –206 208 –210 213
,
215
,
217 –218 220
,
222 –225 227 –235 239 –240 243
,
245 –249 252
,
255
,
258
,
260
,
263 –264 267
,
270 –278 281
,
282 –289 291 –308 313 –334 339 –344 348 –355 357
,
359
,
361 –364 4
,
19
,
75
,
91
,
106
,
129
,
130 –132 141 –142 178
,
186
,
239
,
246
,
252
,
307
,
315
,
343
,
352
dependency ratio 15
,
58 –59 83
,
113 –115 117
,
166
,
171 –172 347 –348
law 10
,
46
,
68
,
71 –73 84
,
89
,
131
,
158
,
174
,
177 –178 180
,
183
,
185
,
191
,
282
protection 53
,
65
,
71
,
75
,
82 –84 91
,
101
,
131 –132 136
,
161 –164 178
,
180
,
183 –184 200
,
342 –343 350 –351
schooling, non-schooling 66
,
107
,
139
,
293 dink, sink
childbearing 72
,
133
,
351
,
354
child birth 66
,
69 fertility
childcare 7 –8 21
,
29
,
69 –73 75 –81 128
,
130
,
132
,
134 –135 137 –139 145 –146 164
,
180 –182 186
,
189
,
191
,
210
,
224
,
231
,
281
,
284
,
292 –293 318 –319 328
,
331 –332 340 –342 354 –355
attitudes towards childcare 29
childcare centre, day care services 73
,
75
,
78 –81 130
,
138
,
342
educational cost 29
,
294 –295 297 –298 302 –306 308
,
363 –364
familial care 5
,
19
,
29
,
199
,
281
,
303
,
314
,
316
,
340
,
342 –343 351 –352 354
law 10
,
46
,
68
,
71 –73 84
,
131
,
158
,
174
,
177 –178 180
,
183
,
185
,
191
,
282
non-familial care 303
,
316
not-for-profit sector 287 –288 292 –293 303
,
316
practice of child care 291 –292
rearing and care work 8
,
284
,
293 –294 297 –298 301 –302 304
,
308
,
361 –362
role of family and kin, by the family
network 76
,
81
,
134
,
139
role of state 77
,
83
,
135
,
141
role of market, domestic workers
care workers, employers 67
,
80 –81 86 –87 132
,
139
,
181
,
186
,
189
,
287 –289 292 –293 316
,
341 –342 344
,
355
role of community 44
,
71 –72 75
,
77 –80 83
,
87
,
131
,
137
,
183
,
185
,
187 –191 276
,
342 –343 352 –353 355 child rearing
child preferences 13
,
22
,
47
,
103
,
162 –163 168
,
190
,
199
,
200
,
217
,
275
,
320
,
341
son preference 13
,
103
,
163
,
168
,
190
,
200
,
217
,
275
,
320
,
341
gender-free child-preference 199
China, Chinese 6
,
9
,
23
,
41 –47 51
,
55 –58 61
,
63
,
66 –67 70
,
76
,
81
,
100
,
103
,
155
,
159 –160 204
,
217
,
227
,
242
,
271 –272 277
,
285
,
297
,
302 –303 308
,
320 –321 325
,
331
,
358
,
360
,
362
,
364
Christian, Christianity 14
,
42
,
101
,
160
Giao 160
Luong 160
,
174
Chulalongkorn University 23
,
103
,
105
,
129
,
134
chxhcnvn (Cộ ng hòa Xã hộ i Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam; Socialist Republic of Vietnam) 182 –183
College of Population Studies 23
,
134 Chulalongkorn University
commodification of care 343 –344
communist 164
community 2
,
5 –8 11
,
19 –20 24
,
44 –45 71 –73 75
,
77 –80 83
,
85
,
87 –88 90
,
131
,
133
,
137
,
144
,
178
,
181
,
183
,
185
,
187 –190 199 –200 276
,
281
,
287
,
304
,
316 –318 320 –322 334
,
342 –343 352 –353 355
neighbors 4
,
7
,
19
,
77
,
156
,
190
,
316
friends 4
,
19
,
77
,
184 –185 287 –288 292
,
303
,
316
community-based savings 353
companionship 86
,
206
,
230
,
328
,
330
con cai la cua de danh 247
conflict 12
,
44
,
65
,
101
,
175
,
189
,
190
,
235
Confucian 5
,
159
,
160 –162 247
,
279
,
319
,
330 ideology, patriarchal
coresident families 4
,
200
,
202
,
227 –229 232
,
240
,
327
,
329
,
330
9 –14 21
,
45
,
103
,
234
,
277
,
299
,
320 –321 333 living arrangements
patrilocal 4
,
11
,
13
,
46
,
103
,
158 –159 175
,
239
,
319 –320 332
matrilocal 4
,
11
,
46
,
103
,
320
,
322
dau con re khach 255
daughters-in-law 46
,
209
,
218
,
232
,
255
,
258
,
319 –321
defamilisation, defamilialisation 343
demographic characteristics 42
,
199
,
204
demographic dividend 14 –16 19
,
21
,
30
,
91
,
104
,
133
,
170
,
350 –351 353 first demographic dividend, second demographic dividend
demographic onus 15
demographic transition 1 –2 15
,
22
,
30
,
42
,
54 –55 58
,
61
,
82
,
110
,
133 –134 145
,
282
,
340
,
345 –349 350 –351 353
demographic shift 30
,
82
,
145
,
282
,
345 –346 349 population
dependency ratio 15
,
58 –60 83
,
113 –115 117
,
166
,
171 –172 347 –348
Malaysia 58 –60 83
,
347 –348
Thailand 113 –115 117
,
347 –348
Vietnam 166
,
171 –172 347 –348 old-age dependency ratio, young dependency ratio, total dependency ratio
Desa Bina Diri 84
Dewan Rakyat 84
dink (Double Income, No Kids) 65
,
123
,
127
,
132
,
145
,
341
divorce 3
,
9 –10 12
,
22
,
63 –64 66
,
71 –72 123
,
126 –127 175
,
204
,
223
,
296
,
358
,
360
,
362
,
364
Doi Moi 164
,
176
,
187
,
340
domestic workers 81
,
86 –87 144
,
186
,
189
,
287 –289 292 –293 316
,
341 –342 344
foreign 86 –88 144
,
316
,
341
dosm (Department of Statistics of Malaysia) 49
,
58
,
59
dsw (Department of Social Welfare, Malaysia) 79
dual-career 65
,
91
,
210
eass project 201
ecce (Early Childhood Care and Education, Malaysia) 77
,
79
economic development 3
,
14 –15 20
,
22
,
30
,
42
,
47
,
51
,
64
,
68
,
72
,
100
,
103
,
128
,
132
,
163
,
166
,
180
,
184
,
188
,
190
,
199 –200 232
,
246
,
273
,
276
,
315
,
339 –340 344
,
350
education 1
,
8
,
12
,
16
,
22
,
28 –29 49 –51 58
,
64 –78 82
,
84
,
86
,
88
,
91
,
107
,
128 –131 135
,
137
,
139
,
164 –166 169
,
180 –185 188
,
190
,
200
,
202 –205 213 –215 227 –228 231 –233 240 –242 246
,
248
,
252 –255 271 –273 277
,
284 –286 294 –295 297 –298 302 –306 308
,
317 –318 324
,
326
,
341 –342 344
,
350
,
357 –364 iec
elderly care 5
,
8
,
19
,
21
,
29
,
74
,
81 –90 105
,
130 –133 144
,
139
,
141
,
161
,
174
,
178 –179 186
,
188 –189 191
,
200
,
281
,
283 –284 286 –289 291 –294 296
,
298 –309 315 –316 318
,
321
,
328 –329 332 –333 341 –343 351 –353 355
,
359 –360
attitudes towards elderly care 289
day care services 74
,
139 –141 144
,
342
familial care 5
,
19
,
29
,
199
,
281
,
303
,
314
,
316
,
340
,
342 –343 351 –352 354
general livelihood 29
,
290
,
298 –299 300
,
304 –305
law 73
,
84 –85 89
,
174
,
177 –178 191
,
282
long-term care 14
,
74
,
82 –90 130 –133 144
,
355
medical treatment 8
,
29
,
130
,
179
,
283 –284 289 –290 296
,
298
,
300 –301 304
,
306 –307 359 –360
non-familial care 303
,
316
not-for-profit sector 89
,
287 –288 292 –293 303
,
316
nursing care 4
,
8
,
29
,
89
,
283 –284 289 –290 296
,
298
,
300 –301 306 –307 359 –360
practice of elderly care 286 –287 303
role of family and kin, by the family network 76
,
81
,
85
,
134
,
139
,
303
role of state 77
,
83
,
135
,
141
role of market, domestic workers, care workers, employers 67
,
80 –81 86 –88 132
,
139
,
143 –144 181
,
186
,
189
,
287 –289 292 –293 316
,
341 –342 344
,
355
role of community 44
,
75
,
81 –90 131 –133 144
,
188 –191 342 –343 352 –353 355
elderly parents 2
,
4
,
8
,
45
,
52
,
77
,
81 –83 86
,
102
,
105 –106 129
,
132
,
141
,
158
,
163
,
190
,
208
,
210
,
223
,
225
,
228
,
233 –234 239 –240 245 –246 264
,
288 –289 315
,
319 –321 327 –329 331 –333 339
,
341 –343 348
employment 22
,
47
,
49 –53 64 –67 69 –70 75
,
84
,
87
,
106
,
107 –108 114 –115 129 –130 132
,
138
,
143
,
165 –166 190
,
200
,
245
,
247
,
308
,
316
,
318
employees provident fund 53
,
75 labor
epf (Employees Provident Fund, Malaysia) 53
,
75
epu (Economic Planning Unit, Malaysia) 51
,
70
Ethnicity 28
,
81
,
156
,
204
,
217
,
227 –229 241 –242 270 –272 285
,
298
,
302 –303 325
,
342
,
358
,
360
,
362
,
364
familial transfers 351 private transfers
familialism 20
,
283
familism 14
,
16 –17 21
,
283
,
315
,
317
familistic values 18
,
208
,
246
,
277
family 2 –3 7
,
10 –11 24
,
28
,
44
,
61 –63 65 –66 68 –69 71 –79 82
,
106
,
116 –212 127 –129 131
,
135
,
138
,
145
,
158 –159 165
,
172 –178 180
,
183
,
185
,
191
,
230
,
233
,
275
,
282
,
304
,
314
,
321
,
332 –333 341 –342
actual 2
,
11
commuter 65
,
76
extended 3
,
7
,
44
,
61 –63 66
,
69
,
71
,
74
,
76
,
79
,
82
,
116 –119 121
,
128 –129 135
,
138
,
145
,
159
,
173
,
233
,
275
,
314
,
321
,
333
,
341 –342
ideal 2 –3 11
law 10
,
46
,
68
,
71
,
72
,
73
,
84
,
85
,
89
,
126
,
131
,
158
,
174
,
177 –178 180
,
183
,
185
,
191
,
282
nuclear 2
,
11
,
24
,
28
,
61 –63 65 –66 82
,
116 –119 121
,
127
,
145
,
157
,
159
,
165
,
172 –174 341
joint 78
,
106
,
118
stem-joint 118
multi-generational 82
,
106
,
117
,
121
,
145
,
230
,
304
,
332 social institution, social unit network, social arrangement
family-friendly policies 352
corporate 352
family network 21 –22 82
,
85
,
200
,
282
,
314
,
333 –334 339 –342 353
,
355
family planning program 69
,
112
,
129
,
180
family policies 20
,
75 –76
family size 17
,
50
,
61
,
69
,
82
,
91
,
118
,
119 –120 135
,
145
,
172 –174 191
,
202
,
341
,
351 fertility
family-state balance 19
,
29
,
282 –283 295
family system 3
,
5
,
7 –8 13 –14 29
,
43
,
45 –46 82
,
100
,
103
,
157
,
200
,
208
,
210
,
234 –235 276
,
298 –300 302
,
314
,
319 –323 333
,
339
,
341 –342
bilateral 9 –14 21
,
45
,
103
,
234 –235 277
,
299
,
320 –321 333
matriarchal 46
,
162
,
321
,
333
patriarchal 13
,
21
,
29
,
43
,
45 –46 157
,
162
,
201
,
208 –210 213
,
215
,
217 –218 234 –235 249
,
255
,
274
,
277
,
298
,
300
,
302
,
313 –314 319 –323 333
female workers 343
feminisation of care provision 200
filial norms 24
,
199 –200 208 –210 225
,
228
,
229
,
234 –235 239
,
260
,
270
,
273 –274 276 –278 320
,
322
,
330 –331 342 filial piety
fertility 1
,
15
,
22
,
52
,
54 –55 59
,
68 –70 72 –74 82
,
91
,
100
,
107 –108 110 –112 114 –115 128 –129 131 –133 139
,
145
,
156
,
167 –168 171 –172 190
,
258
,
318
,
340
,
348 –349 351 total fertility rate, tfr
Malaysia 15
,
54 –56 68 –74 348 –349 351
Thailand 15
,
110 –113 132
,
145
,
348 –349 351
Vietnam 15
,
167 –168 348 –349 351
fertility decline 70
,
82
,
111
,
128 –129 132
,
145
,
148 fertility, demographic transition
filial piety 17
,
42 –43 45
,
81
,
102
,
139
,
158 –159 162
,
188
,
190
,
234
,
246 –247 249
,
276
,
314 –315 319
,
327
,
330
,
339
,
341 –343
future workforce 350 working-age population
functional solidarity 18
tangible support 206 intergenerational solidarity
relations, ties vii
,
1
,
44
,
77
,
105
,
127
,
141
,
146
,
159
,
175
,
199
,
239 –240 243
,
263
,
276
,
281 –282 284
,
286
,
300
,
313
,
352
,
355
solidarity viii
,
14
,
18 –19 21 –22 77
,
105 –106 117
,
141
,
146
,
199 –200 205
,
208
,
229
,
246
,
255 –256 277
,
281
,
317
functional support 8
,
205 –206 208
,
215
,
222
,
243
,
245 –246
financial support, financial assistance 8
,
18
,
73 –74 81 –84 86
,
105
,
137
,
145
,
202
,
205 –222 225 –226 231 –235 239
,
243 –261 263 –265 267 –269 273 –276 278 –279 286
,
315
,
319
,
322
,
342
,
358
,
360
,
362
,
364
household chores, domestic support 7 –8 86
,
205
,
207
,
211
,
213 –217 219 –222 226
,
232
,
239
,
243 –246 249 –250 252 –253 255 –256 258 –261 263 –265 267 –268 288 –289 299
,
331
,
342
material support 105
,
173
,
330 –331
gender equality 83
,
190
,
354
gdp (Gross Domestic Product) 16
,
47
,
50
,
104
,
141
,
164
,
306
,
307
,
315 economic development
gia pha 157
Gini coefficient 306 –307
health care 16
,
58
,
68
,
73 –74 131
,
164
,
169
,
179 –184 189
,
235
,
267
,
318
,
333 medical treatment
Hindu, Hinduism 42 –44 101
hiv/aids (Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome) 121
,
181
,
183
home-minister 5 noi-tuong
household 2 –5 7 –8 11 –12 17
,
19 –20 23 –24 28
,
44
,
46
,
48
,
50
,
53
,
61 –63 65 –66 75 –76 79
,
86 –87 99
,
103
,
105 –106 115 –126 135
,
138 –139 141
,
145 –146 158 –159 162
,
165
,
172 –173 184
,
186
,
188
,
190
,
200 –208 210 –211 213 –226 229 –235 239 –240 243 –250 252 –253 255 –256 258 –261 263 –265 267 –268 270
,
273 –274 281
,
284 –286 288 –289 296 –302 304 –305 314 –315 319 –320 321
,
327 –329 331 –332 341 –342 353
,
357 –364
female-headed 119
male-headed 117
,
120
,
145
multi-generational, multi-generational coresidence 82
,
106
,
117
,
121
,
145
,
230
,
304
,
332
one-generation 65
,
118
,
121
,
123
,
145
,
341
older family household 119
skip-generation 117
,
121 –125 145 –146
single-person 61
three-generation 118
,
123
,
145
,
173
two-generation 65
,
118
,
121
,
123
,
145
,
173
hierarchies 44
,
339
,
341 seniority
huong hoa 158
huong uoc 156
husband 3 –4 10
,
12 –13 28
,
45 –47 51
,
64 –65 72
,
118
,
157 –159 161 –162 175 –176 234
,
249
,
255
,
258
,
275 –277 321
,
354
hypothesis, hypotheses 100
,
234
,
252
,
313
,
317
,
319
ideology 2
,
13
,
65
,
247
,
341
iec (Information, Education and Communication) 70
,
177
inclusivity 352
income 7
,
10
,
12
,
14 –15 20 –21 48 –49 53
,
65
,
67 –70 73
,
75
,
85
,
89 –91 104
,
106
,
123
,
130 –132 135
,
141 –145 161
,
164 –165 172 –173 179 –180 184 –187 189
,
199
,
202
,
235
,
247
,
275
,
315
,
318
,
332
,
340 –341 343 –345 350 –351
high 49
,
89
,
104
,
202
,
350
low 10
,
48
,
143
,
172
middle 14
,
20
,
48 –49 90 –91 145
,
186
,
199
,
202
,
340
,
341
,
343 –345 350 –351
middle-income trap 14
,
21
,
49
,
9
,
344 dink, sink, pli
Indian 6
,
9
,
23
,
42 –47 51
,
55 –58 61
,
64
,
66 –67 70
,
81
,
204
,
218
,
227
,
242
,
271 –272 277
,
285
,
320 –321 325
,
331
,
358
,
360
,
362
,
364
Indonesia 5
,
7
,
9 –12 41
,
87 –88 100
,
155
Institute for Family and Gender Studies 23
,
167
,
169
,
174
,
189
,
314
,
318
interdependency 352
ilo (Internationl Labor Organisation) 109
ims (Institute of Medical-Sociology, Vietnam) xv
institutional care 89
,
342
invisible support 230
,
320 emotional support
ips (Institute of Population Studies, Thailand) xv
Islam, Muslim 9 –10 12 –13 42 –43 45 –46 63
,
68 –73 88 –89
jkm (Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat Malaysia; Department of Social Welfare) 79
kindergartens 73
,
78
,
128
,
135
,
138
,
316
Kingdom of Thailand 99
,
339 Thailand
kinship, kin relationships 1 –3 8 –9 11
,
13 –14 21
,
43 –44 157
,
165
,
180
,
341 bilateral, lineages, matrilineal, patrilineal 8 –9 11 –14 21
,
46
,
157
,
234
kap (Knowledge, attitudes and practices) 58
labor 65 –66 70
,
76
,
79 –80 82 –83 86
,
90 –91 106 –110 114
,
134 –135 137
,
143 –144 162
,
167
,
170
,
174
,
179 –180 185 –187 277
,
304 –305 308
,
315
,
341 –342 345
,
355 employment, wages, working age, employees provident fund
labor force survey 52 –53 108
,
110
,
186
Malaysia 52 –53
Thailand 108
,
110
Vietnam 186 lfs
Lao pdr, Laos 99
,
107
,
155
life expectancy 1
,
15
,
54
,
56 –57 68
,
74
,
82
,
84
,
110
,
112 –113 167
,
170
,
179
,
345 –348 353
Malaysia 15
,
54
,
56 –57 68
,
74
,
82
,
84
,
345 –348 353
Thailand 15
,
110
,
112
,
113
,
345 –348 353
Vietnam 15
,
167
,
170
,
179
,
345 –348 353
legislation 22
,
68
,
71
,
72
,
100
,
127
,
174
,
177
,
180 law, act
lfs (Labour Force Survey, Thailand) 108
,
110
liberalisation 47
,
70
,
344
lineage 9
,
13
,
46
,
157 –158 160
,
180
,
220
,
319 kinship
linus (Literacy and Numeric Screening, Malaysia) 50
liquidity trap 353
living arrangements 9
,
11
,
21
,
24
,
45
,
105
,
158
,
175 –176 199 –202 205 –206 208
,
210
,
218
,
223
,
227 –235 239 –243 245 –248 299
,
252
,
255
,
258
,
260
,
263 –264 267
,
270 –276 279
,
313 –315 320
,
322
,
327
,
329 –331 333
,
342
coresident 24
,
29
,
105
,
200 –202 205 –206 208
,
227 –235 240
,
314
,
320 –327 329 –330 332
non-coresident 24
,
29
,
105
,
201
,
205
,
239 –243 245 –248 252
,
255
,
258
,
260
,
263 –264 267
,
270 –276 279
,
313 –315 319 –326 329 –330 332 –333 household
longevity 60
,
62
,
113
,
347
long-term care 14
Malay, Malaysia 9 –10 12 –16 19
,
21
,
22 –23 28 –30 41 –77 79 –90 99
,
101
,
199 –200 210
,
230
,
232
,
234
,
239 –276 282 –283 292 –308 314 –318 320 –334 339 –351 355
,
357 –364 22 –23 42
,
49 –50 70
,
79
,
82
,
87 –88 200
child preferences 22
,
47
culture and customs 42
demographic background 53
divorce 63 –64 66
economic development 14 –15 22
,
30
,
47
,
51
,
64
,
68
,
72
,
199
,
232
,
246
,
273
,
276
,
315
,
340
,
344
,
350
education 12
,
16
,
22
,
28 –29 49 –51 58
,
64 –78 82
,
84
,
86
,
88
,
91
,
200
,
202 –205 213 –215 227 –228 231 –233 240 –242 246
,
248
,
252 –255 271 –273 277
,
284 –286 294 –295 297 –298 302 –306 308
,
317 –318 324
,
326
,
341 –342 344
,
350
,
357 –364
employment 22
,
47
,
49 –53 64 –67 69 –70 75
,
84
,
87
,
200
,
245
,
247
,
308
,
316
,
318
family composition 22
,
61
,
82 household
family size 17
,
50
,
61
,
69
,
82
,
91
,
202
,
341
,
351 household
gender role 8
,
22
,
45
,
65
,
91
,
215
,
277
,
320
hierarchical society 101
urbanization 22
marriage 3 –4 6
,
8 –12 22
,
46
,
50
,
63 –67 71 –72 100
,
210
,
217
,
275
,
320
,
341
,
354
male chauvinism 275
male engagement 354
Malay Minangkabau 12
mama (Malaysian Maid Employers Association, Persatuan Kebajikan Amah Malaysia) 88
marriage 3 –4 6
,
8 –12 22
,
46
,
50
,
63 –67 71 –72 100
,
107
,
123
,
126 –128 157 –163 174 –177 180
,
190
,
210
,
217
,
275
,
320
,
341
,
354
delayed 50
,
123
,
341
maternity 70
,
75
,
130
,
354
benefit 130
leave 70
,
75
,
130
,
354
matriarchy, matriliny, matrilineal, matrilocality 4
,
9
,
11 –13 21
,
46
,
103
,
322
migrant, migration 22 –23 42
,
49 –50 70
,
79
,
82
,
87 –88 100
,
105 –107 121
,
128
,
138 –139 165 –166 174
,
190
,
200
,
247
,
332
mipaa (Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing) 74
mocst (Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam) 167
modernisation 1
,
22
,
47
,
61
,
82
,
100
,
103
,
113
,
116 –117 146
,
155
,
159
,
163 –164 319
,
340 economic development
mof (Ministry of Finance, Malaysia) xv
moh (Ministry of Health, Vietnam) 77
,
83 –84
molisa (Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs, Vietnam) xv
Moph (Ministry of Public Health, Thailand) 128
morality, mortality 15
,
54 –55 58
,
60
,
103
,
110
,
113
,
156
,
167
,
182 –184 318
crude death rates cdr 170 life expectancy
mother, motherhood 2
,
5 –7 9 –13 46
,
50
,
64 –65 76
,
80
,
135
,
138 –139 144
,
157
,
161
,
164
,
175
,
185
,
277
,
292
,
308
,
320
,
341
,
354
noi tuong 5
,
161
mpi (Ministry of Planning and Investment, Vietnam) xv
mpfs (Malaysian population and family survey) 53
,
61
,
64
,
66 –67 83
,
230
msdhs (Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, Thailand) 105
multicultural 6
,
42 –43 241
multiple regression 205
,
225
,
227
,
240
,
322
,
324
mutual relationship 156
,
270
,
274 –276
two-way relationship 276
muwhlg (Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, and the Housing and Local Government, Malaysia) 83
mwfcd (Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development, Malaysia) 77
,
79 –80 83
nacsa (National Assembly's Committee for Social Affairs, Vietnam) xvi
national transfers account, national transfer flow account 104
,
136
,
141 nta
ndp (New Development Policy, Malaysia) 47
,
72
neds (National Education Development Schemes, Thailand) 107
nep (New Economic Policy, Malaysia) 47
,
70
,
72
nesdp (National Economic and Social Development Plan, Thailand) 104
,
127
,
129
nesdb (National Economic and Social Development Board, Thailand) 104
,
119
,
128
,
129
,
136
,
141
nfpp (National Family Planning Programme, Malaysia) 69
,
71
noi-tuong 5 home-minister
non-coresident families 24
,
29
,
239
,
240
,
243
,
248
,
252
,
258
,
260
,
264
,
267
,
270
,
273 –275 277
,
313 –315 320 –323 326
,
329 –330 332 –333 living arrangements
non-patriarchal norms 320 family system
normative solidarity 18
,
277
filial attitudes 201
,
204
,
207
,
240
,
244
,
250
,
253
,
255
,
257
,
261
,
265
,
268
familial responsibilities 201
,
204
,
207 –208 210
,
213
,
240
,
244
,
247
,
251
,
254
,
257
,
261
,
263 –265 269 intergenerational solidarity, intergenerational family solidarity
nuclear family, nuclearisation 2
,
11
,
24
,
28
,
61
,
63
,
65 –66 82
,
118 –119 127
,
157
,
159
,
165
,
173
,
341
nrc (National Research Council, Thailand) 128
nso (National Statistical Office, Thailand) xvi
nta (national transfers account) 136
,
141
nxb (nhà xuất bản (publishing house), Vietnam) xvi
oapf (Old Age Pension Fund, Thailand) 130
old age 1
,
15
,
18 –19 30
,
41
,
44
,
46 –47 53
,
58 –60 75
,
83 –84 105 –106 113 –115 117
,
130 –135 140 –143 145
,
158
,
166
,
169 –172 178 –179 186 –187 200
,
204
,
210
,
223
,
228
,
232 –235 239
,
242
,
246 –247 263 –264 275
,
298
,
315 –318 320
,
327 –329 343 –344 347 –353 355
allowance, benefit 4
,
19
,
30
,
75
,
130 –132 141 –142 178 –179 186
,
239
,
246
,
307
,
315
,
343
,
352
pension fund 130
,
141
dependency ratio 15
,
58 –60 83
,
113 –115 117
,
171 –172 347 –348
security 15
,
18
,
30
,
53
,
75
,
85
,
105
,
130 –131 133 –135 140 –141 143
,
145
,
166
,
179
,
230
,
232
,
235
,
264
,
318
,
344
,
349 –350 352 –353 355
older population 59
,
65
,
86
,
90
,
108
,
345
,
347
,
350 –351 elderly population
ordered-probit regressions 298
opp (Outline Perspective Plan, Malaysia) 47 –48
owafd (Office of Women’s Affairs and Family Development, Thailand) 105
papa (Persatuan Agensi Pembantu Rumah Asing Malaysia, (Malaysian Association of Foreign Maid Agencies) 88
parental care 159
,
235
,
319
,
334
,
354
paternity 9
,
75
,
354
benefit 4
,
19
,
30
,
91
,
129
,
130 –132 179
,
186
,
239
,
246
,
252
,
307
,
315
,
352
leave 10
,
47
,
70
,
75
,
130
,
159
,
190
,
342
,
354
partnership 30
,
74
,
137 –138 143
,
185
,
352
,
355
patriarchy 6
,
13 –14 45
,
220
,
235
,
248
,
300
,
319 –320
patriarchal norms 319 –320 family system, non-patriarchal norms
patrialiny, patrilineal 8 –9 13 –14 21
,
46
,
157
,
234
patrilocality 4
,
11
,
13
,
103
,
319
,
320
,
332 coresidence, family system, living arrangement
pesantren 88
Philippines, the 3
,
9
,
11
,
41
,
87
,
100
,
155
,
206
,
314
,
331
pil, parents-in-law 24
,
28 –29 158
,
177
,
201
,
204
,
206 –227 230 –231 233 –234 240
,
242
,
244 –246 248 –256 260
,
262 –264 266 –270 272 –279 285 –286 313 –315 317
,
319 –320 322 –325 327
,
330 –332
pli (Poverty Line Income) 48 economic development
pondok 88 –89
pondok sejahtera 88
population ageing 84
,
106
,
116
,
170 –171 232
,
346 ageing
population-development nexus 15 –16
population growth 23
,
68 –70 111
,
128 –129 134 demographic transition
population policies 128
,
199
population projections 129
poverty 10
,
47 –48 51
,
53
,
68
,
70
,
84
,
131
,
164
,
180 –181 184
,
186
,
355
privatisation 47
,
70
,
344
private transfers 136 familial transfers
prs (Private Retirement Scheme, Malaysia) 75
,
90
psychological needs 333
public policies 200
,
318
public responsibility 8
,
282 role of state
public transfers 141
pusat activiti warga emas 74
qias (Quality Improvement Accreditation System, Malaysia) 78
ruong ho 157
rumah ehsan 84
rumah seri kenangan 74
,
83
rsk (Rumah Seri Kenangan, Malaysia) 83
rwt (Rumah Warga Tua, Malaysia) 83
saudara-mara 9
secapt (Socio-Economic Consequences of Ageing of the Population in Thailand) 105
Seniority 44
,
101
,
320 age hierarchies
ses, socio-economic status 138
,
202
,
204
,
230
,
232
,
233
,
233
,
241
,
243
,
252
,
273
,
333
Singapore 3
,
9
,
41
,
206
,
314
,
355
sink (Single Income, No Kids) 67
,
123
,
127
,
132
,
145
,
341
situational factors 200
,
333
proximity 333
social arrangement 3
social capital 282
,
351
social institution 282
,
351
,
353 family
social problems 126 –127 137
,
343
,
351
,
354
social protection 14
,
53
,
65
,
74
,
82
,
84
,
164
,
178
,
200
,
343
,
350 –351
social security 53
,
75
,
84 –85 130
,
141
,
166
,
179
,
318
,
321
,
355
act 71 –73 75
,
78 –80 107
,
130 –132
program 75
,
84 –85 131 maternity benefits, death benefit, child allowance, old age allowance
social unit network 2 family
social welfare 20
,
72
,
73 –75 77 –79 83 –84 89 –90 133
,
135
,
137
,
343
,
350
,
355
socialisation 3 –4 42
,
230
,
342
Socialist Republic of Vietnam 177
,
339 Vietnam
societal well-being 351 –352
socso (Social Security Organisation, Malaysia) 53 social security
sopt (Survey of Older Persons in Thailand) 105
,
140
,
144
shared responsibility 282
,
317
,
342 –343
srb, sex ratio at birth 156
,
168 –169 184
srvg (Socialist Republic of the Vietnam Government) xvi
support and care 29
,
43
,
46
,
85
,
141
,
183
,
187
,
201 –202 205 –206 235
,
239 –240 243 –246 274 –275 277
,
314
,
328 –329 332 –333
upward 201
,
205 –206 243
,
274
,
281
,
314
,
332 –333
downward 29
,
201
,
205 –206 243
,
245
,
274 –275 281
,
328 –329
swet (Survey of Welfare of the Elderly in Thailand) 105
t-test 24
,
205
,
216 –217 219
,
225 –226 240
,
253 –254 256
,
259
,
265 –266 268
tb (Thai Baht) 136
,
138
,
141 –144
Thailand 3
,
9 –10 14 –16 19 –23 28 –30 99 –141 144 –146 199 –206 210
,
217 –218 232
,
239 –272 276 –277 282 –283 289 –308 313 –334 339 –351 354 –355 357 –364
child preferences 103
culture and customs 100
demographic background 100
,
110
divorce 123
economic development 3
,
14 –15 20
,
22
,
30
,
100
,
103
,
128
,
163
,
166
,
184
,
188
,
190
,
199
,
232
,
276
,
350
education 16
,
22
,
28 –29 107
,
128 –131 135
,
137
,
139
,
200
,
202 –205 213 –215 227 –228 231 –233 240 –242 246
,
248
,
252 –255 271 –273 277
,
284 –286 294 –295 297 –298 303 –306 308
,
324
,
326
,
341 –342 344
,
350
,
357 –364
employment 22
,
106 –108 114 –115 129 –130 132
,
138
,
143
,
200
,
245
,
247
,
308
,
316
,
318
family composition 22
,
99 –100 117
,
127
,
129
,
145
,
172
,
172 household
family size 80
,
82
,
91
,
118 –120 135
,
145
,
191
,
202
,
341
,
351 household
gender role 22
,
102
,
160
,
215
,
277
,
320
hierarchical society 101
urbanization 22
,
106
marriage 3
,
9 –10 22
,
100
,
107
,
123
,
126 –128 210
,
217
,
275
,
320
,
341
,
354
migration 22 –23 105 –107 121
,
128
,
139
,
200
Thailand 4.0 350
tn50, Transformasi Nasional 2050 350
toc truong 157
total dependency ratio 59 –60 171 –172 347 –348
trf (Total Fertility Rate) 54 –55 68
,
111
,
114
,
167 –168 349
utung na loob 7 internal debt
un (United Nations) 15
,
73
,
104
,
109
,
112
,
180
,
351
uncrc (United Nations Convention on the Rights of a Child) 73
undp (United Nations Development Programme) xvi
unfpa (United Nations Population Fund, formerly the United Nations Fund for Population Activities) xvi
unicef (United Nation Children's Fund) 78
Universiti Putra Malaysia 23
,
90
vcp (Vietnamese Communist Party) xvi
vcphcsc (Vietnam population and housing census) 169
vea (Vietnam Elderly Association) xvi
vgp (Vietnam Government Portal) xvi
vgso (Vietnam General Statistics Office) xvii
Vietnam 3
,
9
,
14 –16 19
,
21 –23 28 –30 41
,
153
,
155 –191 199 –235 239 –277 282 –308 314 –316 318 –332 339 –351 357 –364
child preferences 162
culture and customs 156
demographic background 167
economic development 3
,
14 –15 22
,
30
,
163
,
166
,
184
,
188
,
190
,
199
,
232
,
340
,
344
,
350
education 16
,
22
,
28 –29 164 –166 169
,
180 –185 188
,
190
,
200
,
202 –205 213 –215 227 –228 231 –233 240 –242 246
,
248
,
252 –255 271 –273 277
,
284 –286 294 –295 297 –298 302 –306 308
,
318
,
324
,
326
,
341 –342 344
,
350
,
357 –364
employment 22
,
165 –166 190
,
200
,
245
,
247
,
308
,
316
,
318
family composition 22
,
172 household
family size 172 –174 191
,
202
,
341
,
351 household
gender role 160
,
215
,
277
,
320
urbanization 22
marriage 3
,
9
,
22
,
157 –163 174 –177 180
,
190
,
210
,
217
,
275
,
320
,
341
,
354
migration 22 –23 165 –166 174
,
190
,
200
vna (Vietnam News Agency) xvii
vwu (Vietnam Women Union) xvii
ww (World War) 88
welfare diamond 7
,
281 care regime
welfare-triangle model 7
,
281 care regime
welfarism viii
widowhood 329
,
333
,
343
wife 4
,
10
,
12 –13 28
,
45 –47 51
,
118
,
157 –158 161 –162 176
,
234
,
249
,
255
,
258
,
276 –277 321
,
354
women 3
,
5
,
8
,
10 –14 45
,
47 –48 50 –52 56
,
64
,
66 –67 70 –72 76 –77 79 –80 82 –84 103
,
105 –107 109
,
113
,
120
,
123
,
126
,
129
,
134 –135 137
,
146
,
160 –163 166 –167 170
,
174 –175 180
,
185
,
188 –190 200
,
209
,
213
,
215
,
218
,
220 –222 231
,
234 –235 243
,
248
,
260
,
262 –263 275 –277 308
,
316 –317 319
,
321 –322 341 –342 348
,
354
role 3
,
5
,
8
,
11
,
13
,
45
,
47
,
51
,
76 –77 79
,
83
,
105
,
120
,
134 –135 137
,
160 –161 180
,
185
,
188 –190 200
,
215
,
218
,
235
,
273
,
275 –277 308
,
341
,
354
status 12
,
14
,
45
,
52
,
200
,
209 –210 215
,
231 –234 243
,
273
,
275 –276 341
work, unpaid 4
,
341
work-life balance 308
,
318
,
354
working-age population 15
,
134
,
340
,
347
,
350 –352 future workforce
young population 58
,
59
,
314
,
333
,
351
young age dependency ratio 60