Index
Abe Mitsuko
100–101
activism
Christianity-related women’s networks
7–8
Japanese women
136–137
social service of New Woman
54
women participating in social reform
8, 101
women’s movement in China and
49
YWCA cooperation with women’s movement
57
promoting women’s rights in Japan
118
acupuncture
180–181
adoption, in Japanese culture
85
Adorers of the Blood of Christ, social reform work
78
adultery
efforts to make monogamy norm in Japan
127
justification for divorce (Japan)
123
revising civil and criminal law
120–122
Aihua Zhang
9, 38, 44
Allen, Young J.
addressing medical school graduates
29
history of WFMS and
19
influence on Chinese reformers
19–20
opening hospital in China
20–21
support for women missionaries
22
support for women’s education
17
Amano Teiyü
155
American Mission Home
93, 99
Andrews, Bridie
20
anpang (inner room of women)
Bible Women in
213
Bible Women providing missionaries access to
219
Christian New Women and
231–233
force for change in Korea
12
Anti-Footbinding League
62
Aoyama Nao
135, 137
appearance (fashion/style)
qualities of New Woman
46–47
significance of nursing caps and uniforms in Korean cultural context
203–206
promoting women’s rights in Japan
113
Appenzeller, Alice
223
Appenzeller, Henry Gerhard
166
Arishima Takeo
88, 103
arranged marriage
ie (household) and
94
in Japanese culture
85
Okada Ko rejects marriage offer following Kidder example
96–97
reforming traditional practices in China
8–9
of Sasaki Nobuko
102
social reform in Republican China
72, 77
art, genre painting depicting everyday lives of common people
192–193
Baker, Colgate
95
Ballagh, Edward
111
Ballagh, James H.
98
Ballagh, John C.
98
Barlow, Jane
219–220
Barlow, Tani
44
Barthes, Roland
189–190
Bible, debate on sphere of action for women and
17–18
Bible Women. see chŏndo puin (Bible Women)
Biyao
53
Boxer Uprising
Catholic sisters caring for children during
62–63
impact on Catholic church in China
63–64
role of Josephines in restoring Catholic institutions
71
westernization of China and
29–30
British Idealism (risōshugi)
147
Brown, Samuel R.
95, 98
Buddhism
gender bias in
122
in traditional Japanese culture
140
in upbringing of Yasui Tetsu
138
Yuasa Hatsuko condemnation of
122
Butler, F.A.
18–19
Cable, Myrtle
222
Cai Xiang-Yu
2
Canton Medical College
15–16
Cardijn, Joseph
66
careers. see professions (career)
Catholicism. Christianity
becoming nun empowers Chinese women in Republican era
80–81
collaboration between missionary and local Catholic orders
72–80
creating native order of nuns in Republican China
68–72
impact of Boxer Uprising on Catholic church in China
63–64
impact on women of East Asia
7
orders of Catholic women working for social reform in China
66–68
reforming women’s roles
9
role of Catholic missionaries in Republican China
64–65
role of missionaries on women’s roles
8
celibacy/chastity
Confucian morality
85
in life dedicated to religious contemplation
69
outside exclusive marriage relationship
92
A Certain Woman (Arishima Takeo)
103
Ch’a Mirisa (Melissa Kim)
changing name back to Korean style
174
example of Christian New Woman
226
founder of Duk-seong Women’s University
165
inspired by Esther Park
178
Changshi
53
changyu yuso (elder/child order)
218
Ch’anyanghoe (Leverage Society)
194
Character (Smiles)
140
Charter Oath, social reform in Japan
109
chastity. see celibacy/chastity
children
detrimental effects of concubinage and
122
YWCA social work in China
50–51
China
becoming nun empowers women in Republican era
80–81
Boxer Uprising. see Boxer Uprising
Catholic missionaries in Republican China
64–65
Catholic orders working for social reform
66–68
Catholicism in
62–64
Chinese influence on Christianity
17–18
collaboration between missionary and local Catholic orders
72–80
creating native order of nuns in Republican China
68–72
Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)
72
debate regarding “New Woman”
38–39
factors creating “modern Chinese woman”
14–15
giving women access to advanced medical education
32
history of medical education for women
33–34
indigenization of Christian leadership
47–48
interest in Chinese women in being physicians rather than nurse
32–33
Maoist era (1949–1976)
64
medical education of Chinese women
15–17, 24–29
New Woman concept
5–6
Opium War opens China to West
41
options for Chinese women who want to be physicians
31
reforming traditional practices related to women
8–9
Republican Era (1912–1949)
63
Rockefeller commissions on Western medicine in China
31–32
social conditions of women
72–74
social service in Republican China
65–66
Treaty of Nanjing (1842) and Westernization
3–4
Western medicine impressing Chinese elite
21
Westernization of
29–30
women’s movement
47–50
work of medical missionaries in development of “modern woman”
33
YWCA cooperation with women’s movement
54–58
YWCA social service
50–54
China Medical Board (CMB)
31–32
On a Chinese Screen (Maugham)
80
Chinmyŏng
193
Cho isu Hoe (“Joyce Chapter”)
220, 228
Choi, Hyaeweol
on the influential example of Western missionaries
103
Korean scholarship on New Woman
164–165
on limitations of Victorian notions of domesticity
209
missionary/indigenous discourse in East Asia
2–3
on role of East Asia women in applying Christian ideals
5
on value of photographs in understanding Korean history
190–191
Ch’oi Hye-shil
163
Chŏn Sam-dŏk
215–216
chŏndo puin (Bible Women)
Christian New Women and
224–227
empowerment of Korean women
213
Esther Park trains
177
forming community of
227–230
gender bias and
178
persecution of
217–218
transformation to Christian New Women
223–224, 230–233
what they did
219–223
who they were
214–218
ch’ondogyo, indigenous religion in Korea
221
Chŏng Byŏng-mo
192–193
Chong, Kelly H.
5
Chŏng Sang-ssŭne
217
Chŏngsin
193
Chosŏn dynasty
invisibility of women in
191–192
modernization efforts
193
opens to outside influence
187
photographic images
189
Christian New Woman. see kidokkyo sin yŏsŏng (Christian New Women)
Christianity. Catholicism; Protestantism
Chinese influence on; not merely a Western “export”
17–18
Chinese see it is not necessary aspect of modernization
30
domestic roles of women in “the Christian home”
2
as emancipatory force in liberation of women
1
Esther Park acceptance of
173
gender bias in Korea and
178
growth in China
64
history of medical education for Chinese women and
33–34
home as value in
93
impacting professional roles of women
6–7
imperialism and
13
indigenization of Christian leadership
47–48
influences Westernized education in Japan
140
Japanese pastor adapts to Japanese history and culture
143–144
Korean women embracing new opportunities
201–202
as means of public action
144
as messenger of modernity in East Asia
163
missionary influences on Esther Park
168–169
modernizing impact on East Asia
4
new lives for Korean women
205
New Woman as model of Christian feminism
58
photographs of Korean Christian women
189–191
religious imperialism of US and Britain
151–152
role in liberation of Korean women
209
source of spiritual guidance for YWCA
48
Woman Question and
6–8
Yasui Tetsu advocates modern woman based on Christian morality
137–138
Yasui Tetsu’s early aversion to
140–142
Yasui Tetsu’s writing reflecting ideals of
145–146
Yuasa promoting based on monogamy
122
YWCA combines modernity with
59
Japanese policy on religious proselytization
111–112
Chu Lulu
215–216
Clark, Anthony
9, 62
Clark, Edward Warren
111
CMB (China Medical Board)
31–32
Collins, Cornelia (Sister)
79
communism
activism of Chinese Communist Party
50
combining YWCA social reforms with communist ideals
48
on YWCA contribution to Chinese communist movement
39
community, social work at community level
50–51
concubines
Japanese culture and
85–86
reforms in China
8
Sakatani Shiroshi on concubinage
113
women’s movement in China and
48
women’s rights in Japan and
110–118
promiscuity of Japanese men and
127–129
revising civil and criminal law
120–121
social reform in Japan
109
Yuasa on detrimental effects of
121–122
Confucianism
abuse of Christian women who marry into Confucian household
170
Chosŏn dynasty and
187
education limitations on women in Confucian Korea
191
female chastity and
85
gender bias and
4–5, 178
home orientation of ideal woman inhibits cooperation
54–55
marriage and
172
persecution of Bible Woman
218
romantic love and marriage
103
Tokugawa social order and
140
womanly virtues
225
Consecrated Virgins in China
69
cooperation, YWCA and
54–58
Copeland, Rebecca
103
Costantini, Celso
74
criminal and civil law
social and gender reform
120–122
efforts to make monogamy norm in Japan
125–127
Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), China
72
culture
balancing with international influences
152–153
respect for indigenous cultures
74
Daughters of Charity
Catholic missionary orders
64–65
empowerment of women in Republican China
81
role in creation of Josephines
70–71
social reform in Republican China
68–69, 74
tradition of women living in community
69
Davis, Agnes
179
De Forest, Charlotte B.
87–88
de Jaurias, Hélène
62
Delaplace, Louis-Gabriel
creating order of Chinese nuns
69–72, 79
as founder of Josephines
77
transforming Chinese superstitions
68–69
Deng Yuzhi
48, 50
Ding Shujing
creating worldwide fellowship
56–57
general secretary of YWCA in China
42–43
openness to participation in multiple organizations
58
divorce
adultery as justification for
123
Fuess’ study on
127–128
in Japanese culture
85
promoting women’s rights and
112
domestic roles, of women
“the Christian home”
2
cult of domesticity amongst missionaries
178
promoted by Western missionaries
175–176
Victorian conception of domesticity
3, 209
women’s education in Japan
150–151
Dong, Madeleine Yue
65
Drucker, Alison
48
duli renge (independent personhood), qualities of New Woman
44–45
Dunch, Ryan
5
Ebina Danjō
143, 146
Ebina Miya
144, 146
Edmunds, Margaret J.
203
education. medical education
Bible Women promoting
223
challenges to gender norms in Japan
11
domestic roles and
150–151
of Esther Park
166–168
founding of mission schools for Korean women
193
Kidder’s school for Japanese girls
91–92
of Korean women
223
limitations on women in Confucian Korea
191
missionary work in Japan
89–90
modernizing in Japan
139–141
new opportunities for women
201–202
New Woman in China and
38
orders of Catholic women working for social reform in Republican China
68
reforming traditional practices in China
8
role of Christianity-related networks in education of women
7–8
of Sasaki Nobuko
101
of Sasaki Toyoju
98–99
as sign of modernization
199–200
social service of Josephines in
72
Western-style education as characteristic of New Woman in China
43–44
women’s movement in Korea promoting
194
work of Catholic orders in social reform in Republican China
75–77
Yasui Tetsu on relationship between education and Christian morality
142–143
Yasui Tetsu’s idealism in approach to women’s education
151–156
Yasui Tetsu’s role in women’s education in Japan
135, 148–149
YWCA members and
58
YWCA working to improve Chinese women’s lives
48
empowerment
of Chinese women
80–81
of Korean women
213
enslavement of girls
48
Epworth League
228
Estey, Ethel
216
evangelical motherhood
2
Ewha Hakdang
early marriage impacting ability of student to graduate
169
education of Esther Park
166–167
Ewha University
12
founding of mission schools for women
193
new educational opportunities for women
201–202
pays for marriage of Esther Park
171
photograph of students
195
WFMS and
199
family
domestic science and
150–151
New Women in Korea suspect because for not valuing traditional family structure
227
efforts to make monogamy norm in Japan
127
Yuasa Hatsuko on detrimental effects of concubinage
122
fashion. see appearance (fashion/style)
Fearn, Anne Walter
on educational content of new medical school
26–27
establishing medical school for women
23–24
on importance of nurses in China
25–26
medical education of women
24, 27–28
Western-trained female physician
21–22
Fearn, John
24
female chastity. see celibacy/chastity
female healers
16
female infanticide
reform in Republican China
72
reforming traditional practices
8
transforming Chinese superstitions
68–69
females/women. gender; New Woman
idea of romantic love and
92–97
in Japanese culture
86–87
model for modern Japanese woman
110
new definitions of womanhood in East Asia
5
reforming male/female relationship in Japan
87–88
role of Christianity-related networks on
7–8
Sasaki Nobuko breaking with Japanese tradition
101–102
advocates of gender differences in Japan
114
social reform in Japan
109, 112
feminism
international
56
Korean
179, 231
New Woman as model of Christian feminism
58
women’s movement in China and
48–50
Yasui Tetsu’s role in women’s movement in Japan
136
fidelity
124–127
Fischer, Edward
76
FMM (Franciscan Missionaries of Mary)
72, 74–76
footbinding
Anti-Footbinding League
62
reforming traditional practices in China
8–9
social reform in Republican China
68
work of Catholic orders in social reform
72, 77
Ford, Francis (Bishop)
68–69
Franciscan Missionaries of Mary (FMM)
72, 74–76
Freedman, Estelle
46
Fuess, Harald
127–128
Fujin Hakuhyō Kurabu (Woman’s White Ribbon Club)
120
Fujin Kyōfūkai (WCTU)
119
Fujin shimpō (Woman’s herald)
124–127
fujinkai (women’s group)
144
Fukurai Tomokichi
155
Fulton, Mary
15
Gamble, Sidney
65–66
Garner, Karen
56
Garon, Sheldon
136
geisha
idea of romantic love undermines
92
promoting women’s rights in Japan
115–116
Sasaki Nobuko breaking with Japanese tradition
101–102
gender
bias encountered by Esther Park
178–180
bias in Buddhism
122
challenges to gender norms in Japan
9–10
challenges to gender norms in Korea
11–12
impact of Christianity on
3
missionaries impact on gender equality
1–2
new definitions of womanhood in East Asia
5
Westernization of East Asia and
4
women’s movement promoting in Korea
194
work to reform male/female relationships in Japan
87–88
Genrōin
121–123, 127
Gerlach, Talitha
56
Ghana, “model of femininity”
2
The Globe
19–20
Gongyi Medical School (1912)
31
Gotō Shōjirō
90
Grace Sufficient: The Story of Helen Kim (Kim)
225
Great Revival of 1907
218
Greater Japan Household Management Study Group (Dai Nihon kasei gakkai)
145
Green, Thomas Hill
147
Guanghua Medical School
31
Ha Ran-sa (Nancy Ha)
181, 201
Hackett Medical College
15, 31
Hall, Rosetta
Esther Park travels to U.S. with
174–175
as missionary physician
165
relationship with Esther Park
169–171
training Esther Park
167
Hall, William J.
death of
174
introduces Chon Sam-dok to the “Jesus doctrine”
215
missionary work in Korea
169
role in marriage of Esther Park
171
Halsey, Lila
152
Han Sang-gweon
165
han’gŭl, Korean script
222, 229
Hani Motoko
137, 141
Hastings, Sally
136
Hatoyama Haruko
137
Hayŏng Yi
205–208, 209
health care
social service of Josephines in health centers
72
work of Catholic orders in social reform in Republican China
76–77
Hecqembourg, K.M.
90
Hepburn, Clara
89
Hepburn, James C.
89, 97
herbal medicine
180–181
Hillman, Mary
221
Hinkley, Lelia
55–56
Hiratsuka Raichō
83, 136
Hoffman, Paulita
79
home
admiration of American ideal
99
Christian emphasis on
93–94
“the Christian home”
2
Hongō Church
adapting Christianity to Japanese history and culture
143–144
Shinjokai (New Women’s World) publication by
146–147
Yasui Tetsu’s participation in
143–144
Honig, Emily
39
Hopkins, Sue
220
Hoshi En
90
housewives. domestic roles, of women
150–151
Howard, Dr. Leonora
21
Hughes, Elizabeth
142
Hughes, Hugh Brice
142
humanism, idealism in women’s education
153
hygiene/sanitation
social service of New Woman
57
work of Catholic orders in social reform in Republican China
76–77
“hygienic modernity” (Rogaski)
29
ie (household)
arranged marriages and
94
in Japanese culture
85–87
immigration, social issues in late 19th century
41
Imperial Diet
efforts to make monogamy norm in Japan
127
revising civil and criminal codes in Japan
125
Imperial University
155
imperialism
Chinese concerns about Japanese imperialism
30
Christianity and
13, 163
Esther Park’s exposure to
182
post-Boxer period in China
29–30
religious imperialism of US and Britain
151–152
industrialization, social issues in late 19th century
41
infanticide
Catholic orders working for social reform in Republican China
72
reforming traditional practice of female infanticide in China
8
transforming Chinese superstitions
68–69
inheritance, promoting women’s rights in Japan
116
internationalism, feminist internationalism
55–56, 58
Irish Sisters of St. Columban (Columbans)
76
iro tradition
in Japan
84–87
romantic love counter to
95
Itō Noe
136
Itō Yuken (Sasaki Motoe)
97–98, 100–101
James, Henry
5
Japan
adapting Christianity to Japanese history and culture
143–144
arranged marriage in
96–97
campaign for monogamy in
118–127
challenges to gender norms
9–11
iro tradition in
84–87
Japanese model for modernity
30
missionaries’ concern with marriage and home
93–94
missionary work in education
89–90
modern woman
148–151
modernizing women’s education
139–141
New Woman concept
5–6
promiscuity of Japanese men and
127–129
reforming male/female relationships
87–88
“romantic love” as sign of modernity
83
social reform in
109–110
Western influence on
3–4
women’s education
150–151
women’s movement in
135–138
women’s rights in
110–118
Japanese imperialism
182
Jarlin, Stanislas-François
74
“Jesus doctrine”
missionary work in Korea
215
suspicions regarding
217
Jeunesse Ouvrière Chrétienne (Young Christian Workers Movement)
66–67
jionna (women of earth/ground)
critique of
101
types of women in Japanese culture
86–87
jogakkai (women’s education). education; medical education
146
jogakkō (women’s School)
91
Johnson, Linda
136
Jolly, Margaret
2
Jones, G.H.
208
joshi eigaku juku (Tsuda Umeko’s english school)
144, 154
Jun Yoo, Theodore
164
Kadyong chapchi (Family Magazine)
199
Kahn, B. Winston
136
Kaigan Girl’s School
101
Kaisei Gakuin (Institute of Domestic Science)
150
kajika (domestic science) in Japanese education
149
Kamichika Ichiko
88
Kanamori Michitomo
1, 3
Kang Sŏn-mi
231
Kang Youwei
19–20
kangofukai (Nurses’s Women’s Group)
144
Kapsin coup (1984)
227–230
karoku (family allowance)
in Japanese culture
85
Meiji Restoration causes loss of
89
Katō Hiroyuki
114
Kerber, Linda
148
Kiang, Agnes
78
Kidder, Mary E.
influential example of Western missionaries
103–104
inspires idea of romantic love
92–97
marriage of
95
missionary work in Japan
84, 89–90
role models for new woman
176
school for Japanese girls
91–92
kidokkyo sin yŏsŏng (Christian New Women)
Bible Women transformed to
230–233
examples of
224–227
formation of
227–230
successors to Bible Women
213, 223–224
Kim Chŏm-dong. see Park, Esther
Kim, Dora
221
Kim Gyŏng-il
163
Kim, Helen (Kim Hwallan)
174, 225–226
Kim Hong-taek
166
Kim Hyo-Shin
217
Kim Maria
165, 226
Kim, Martha
202–203
Kim, Melissa. see Ch’a Mirisa (Melissa Kim)
Kim, Pauline
215
Kim Pillye
226–227
Kim, Sadie
217
Kim Su-jin
163
Kindai no renaikan (Romantic Love in the Modern Age) (Hakuson)
83
Kippun Sosik (Joyful News)
217
kisaeng (female entertainers)
Bible Woman as avenue for social mobility
217
visual images of Korean women
193
Ko, Dorothy
54–55
koi (yearning) not stable as basis for marriage
85–86
Kojong (King)
198
Korea
challenges to gender norms
11–12
changyu yuso (elder/child order)
218
education of women
223
empowerment of women
213
Esther Park criticism of traditions and practices
180–181
example of new woman
209
feminism
231
gender biases
178–180
Great Revival of 1907
218
indigenous religions
221
inner room of women. see anpang (inner room of women)
male elitism
215–216
medical education in
15
nae woe pŏp (rule for gender-based inner and outer spheres)
231
new opportunities for Korean women
201–204
New Woman concept
5–6
New Woman Movement
224–227, 230–231
opening to West
213
projecting a new image of Korean women
188–191
public visibility of Korean women
187–188
reforming traditional practices
169
scholarship on modernity
163–164
scholarship on New Woman
164–165
social progress and the visual representation of Korean women
187
visual images depicting everyday lives of women
193
Western influence on
3–4
wijong ch’oksa (defend orthodoxy and reject heterodoxy)
217
women’s movement
194–195
The Korean Mission Field
208
Kunidida Doppo
102
Kuriyagawa Hakuson
83
Kyōritsu Girls School
93
Labor Bureau, politics of YWCA and
50
Ladies’ Aid Societies
220
Lambuth, James
19
Lambuth, Mary
19
Lambuth, Walter
20–21
leadership
Chinese women promoting modern medicine in China
33
indigenization in China
47–48
role of Christianity-related networks on women of East Asia
7–8
YWCA role in establishing women as leaders
46
Leavitt, Mary Clement
119
Lee Bang-won
165
Lee, Grace
201–203, 205–209
Lernoux, Penny
78
Les Missions Catholiques Françaises
63
Li Hongzhang
21
Liang Qichao
19–20
Ling Oi-Ki
2
literacy, Bible Women promoting
223
Little, Alicia
62
Lu Xun
81
Lublin, Elizabeth Dorn
challenges to gender norms in Japan
10–11
Christianity’s role in empowerment of women
3
on modern women in Japan
109
on role of East Asia women in applying Christian ideals
5
on Toyoju’s opposition to concubinage and advocacy of monogamy
104
Luo Youjie
43
Luther, Martin
140
Lutz, Jessie G.
2–3
Mackenzie, John Stuart
147
Maison Sacré-Ceour School
74–76
males/men. gender
idea of romantic love and
92–97
reforming male/female relationship in Japan
87–88
advocates of gender differences in Japan
114
social reform in Japan
109
Mann, Susan
54–55
Maoist era (1949–1976), in China
64
March 1st Independence Movement (1919)
219
Marie-Hermine de Jésus, Sr., on social conditions of women in China
72–74
marriage
adultery as justification for divorce
123
Catholic orders in social reform in Republican China
72, 77
efforts to make monogamy norm
124–126
of Esther Park
170–174
of Grace Lee and Yi Hayŏng
207–208
iro tradition in Japan and
84–87
Kidder’s influence on arranged marriage in Japan
96–97
Kidder’s marriage as example of “romantic love”
95
missionaries’ concern with marriage and home in Japan
93–94
New Woman and
43–46
reforming traditional practices in China
8–9
reforming traditional practices in Korea
169
romantic love and
100–101
Victorian womanhood and
168
promoting women’s rights in Japan
115–117, 121
revising civil and criminal law
122
Maryknolls
78–80
materialism, qualities of American missionaries
196–197
Matsuoka Hisako
155
Maugham, William Summerset
80
medical care
Esther Park’s criticism of Korean traditions and practices
180–181
missionary enterprise in
199
medical education
becomes co-educational in China
32
of Chinese women
15–17
demands of scientific medicine on medical schools in China
30
establishing medical school in China
23–24
Ester Park becomes first woman doctor in Korea
172
Ester Park studies at Women’s Medical College of Baltimore
175
Esther Park’s education in
167–168
factors creating “modern Chinese woman”
14–15
Fearn championing medical education for Chinese women
27–28
female physicians taboo in Southern China
22
forces in emergence of
9
history of medical education for women
33–34
missionaries work in
24–27
WFMS role in
15
medical professions, challenges to gender norms in Korea. professions (career)
12
“Medical Schools for Chinese Women” (Fearn)
27–28
Meiji period
impact of Meiji Restoration on Japanese culture
89
policy on religious proselytization
110–111
women’s rights and
121–123, 129
Meirokush (Meiji Six Society), on concubinage and women’s rights
110–118
men. see males/men
Methodist Church, role in medical education
15–16
Miller, Edward Rothesay
95, 104
Miller, Lula
221
Mills, John Stuart
98
missionaries
Catholicism in China and
62–64
collaboration between missionary and local Catholic orders
72–80
concern with marriage and home in Japan
93–94
development of “modern woman”
33
educational service
89–90, 167–168
Esther Park’s legacy
180–182
Esther Park’s work as
177–178
gender bias in Korea and
178–180
impacting public visibility of Korean women
187–188
influences on Esther Park
168–169
as influential examples
103–104
“Jesus doctrine”
215
in liberation of women
1–3
medical education service
15–16, 24–27
medical service
20, 165, 199
as modernizers
196–197
new lives for Korean women
205
Opium War opens China to
41
opportunities offered to Esther Park
174–177
photographic documentation
189–191, 209
promoting domesticity
175–176
reform male/female relationships
87–88
reforming women’s roles
8
religious imperialism and
151–152
romantic love Toyoju and Motoe as critique of
101
social service in Republican China
64–65
support for women missionaries
22–23
Westernization of East Asia
4
women’s movement in Korea and
194–195
Yasui Tetsu’s negative view of
142–143
growth of missionary work in Japan
118–119
social reform in Japan
109
“modern Chinese woman”
factors creating
14–15
missionaries in development of
33
Modern Girl, compared with New Woman
46–47
modernization
appearance (fashion) and
46–47
Catholic orders role in
78
Chosŏn dynasty and
193
Christian morality as basis of
137–138
Christianity as messenger of
163
complexities in understanding
13
following Boxer Rebellion
29–30
impact of Christianity on East Asia
4
Japanese model for modernity
30
Korean scholarship on
163–164
missionaries as modernizers
196–197
modern woman in China
14–15, 33
modern woman in Korea
181–182
modern women in Japan
109–110, 148–151
New Woman and
5–6
nursing education as sign of
199–200
during Republican era in China
65–66
“romantic love” as sign of
83
Western name associated with
173–174
women’s education in Japan
139–140
YWCA appeal based on its modernity
52–53
YWCA combines modernity with Christianity
59
YWCA influence on Chinese women
9
WCTU role in nation building in Japan
129
monogamy
challenges to gender norms
10–11
concubinage and
113
efforts to make monogamy norm in Japan
124–127
promoting women’s rights in Japan
116–117
social reform in Japan
109
WCTU campaign for
118–127
moral character
142
morality
Christian morality as basis of modernization
137–138
Christian morality in perspective of Yasui Tetsu
144
Confucian morality
85, 140
criticism of libertine values of New Woman
224
relationship between education and Christian morality
142–143
Yasui Tetsu’s writing reflecting Christian ideal
145–146
Mori Arinori
role in creation of Meirokusha
111–112
role in education in Japan
139
on women’s rights
114–116
mother, domestic roles of women
2
mudang (shamans)
193, 217
Mun Ok’p’yŏ
163
Murray, David
139
Murray, Judith Sargent
148
nae woe pŏp (rule for gender-based inner and outer spheres)
231
Nakamura Masanao
admiration of American ideal of home
99
advocate of Christian values
140
good wife, good mother concept
149–150
promoting women’s rights
117–118
school in Tokyo established by
98–99
support for religious tolerance
111–112
women’s rights and
129
names, adoption of Western names by Korean women
202
Naruse Jinzō
154
National Anti-Opium Association
57
National Woman’s Christian Educational Association (NWCEA)
87–88
New Woman. kidokkyo sin yŏsŏng (Christian New Women); sin yŏsŏng (New Women), in Korea
Bible Women transformed to
223–224, 230–231
in China
5–6, 38–39
Ester Park on
166
factors creating
14–15
in Japan
5–6, 148–151
in Korea
5–6, 12, 181–182
marriage and
43–46
New Woman Movement
224–227
scholarship on
163–165
social service integral ideal of
53
as Western ideological import
38–39
Western-style education as characteristic of
43–44
YWCA representative of
40–41
Nitobe Inazō
152–154
Noble, Mattie Wilcox
216–217, 221
Noguchi Yuka
140, 143–144
North China Union Medical College
15–17
Noshō Benjirō
101
nursing
creating a nursing profession in China
25–26
interest in Chinese women in being physicians rather than nurse
32–33
kangofukai (Nurses’s Women’s Group)
144
new opportunities for Korean women
202–204
significance of nursing caps and uniforms in Korean culture
203–206
Southern Methodists open nursing school in China
31
Yi Kyŏngsŏn training as
197–200
nurture, women as selfless nurturers
2–3
NWCEA (National Woman’s Christian Educational Association)
87–88
O Yun-hŭi
219
Oe Taku
90
Okada Ko
96
Okawa Kashi (Wakamatsu Shizuko)
96
Opium War
41
orphanages, orders of Catholic women working for social reform
68
Osugi Sakae
88
Paddock, A. Estelle
41
Pak In-dŏk
226
Pang Chŏng-hwan
221
Park, Esther
dedication to medical and evangelic work
176–177
education of
166–168
example of new woman
12
legacy of
180–182
marriage and
170–174
missionary influences on
168–169
opportunities offered by missionaries
174–177
professional opportunities available to
201
recognition of achievements of
177–180
scholarship regarding
165–166
Park, Haeseong
Christianity as means of public action
144
on life of Esther Park
12, 163
on marriage and the New Woman
45
on medical education in Korea
15
Park, William
23–24
Park Young-ok
165
Park Yu-san Wilson
marriage to Esther Park
171–173
travels to U.S. with Rosetta Hall
174–175
Parker, Peter
20
Patessio, Mara
117
peace, feminist internationalism working for
56
Pear Blossom School. see Ewha Hakdang (Pear Blossom School)
Peking Union Medical College (PUMC)
31–32, 43, 45
Phillips, Mildred
22, 24–25
photography
academic research on Korea and
188–190
missionary use of
197–198
new lives for Korean women
205–208
projecting a new image of Korean women
188
recording new identities of Korean women
196
value in understanding Korean history
190–191
visual images depicting everyday lives of women
193
physicians
interest in Chinese women in being physicians rather than nurse
32–33
medical education opens professions to women
15–16
options for Chinese women who want to physicians
31–32
Pierson, Louise
94
Pinchon, Stephen-Jean-Marie
63
Planchet, Jean-Marie
71
Pokuyŏkwan hospital for women
Grace Lee and
201–202
nursing training at
199–200, 202–204
uniqueness of
208–209
politics
activism of New Woman
54
Japanese women and
98–99
YWCA involvement in
50, 58
Polk, Margaret
championing medical education for women
28–29
role in medical education of Chinese women
24, 26–27
WFMS encouraging medical education of women missionaries
23
polygamy
challenges to gender norms in Japan
10–11
concubinage and
113
detrimental effects of
121–122
efforts to make monogamy norm in Japan
124–127
WCTU attack on
120–122
professions (career)
challenges to gender norms
12
Christianity impacting women’s roles
6–7
Christianity offering new opportunities to women
201–202
creating a nursing profession
25
cult of domesticity and
178
Ester Park becomes first woman doctor in Korea
172
marriage and
45–46
medical schools in China
15–16
“modern Chinese woman” and
14–15
options for Chinese women who want to be physicians
31
photographic documentation of Korean professional women
209
social reform and
67
training in nursing
197–200
prostitution
in Japanese culture
86, 109
women’s movement in China and
48
promiscuity of Japanese men and
127–128
promoting women’s rights in Japan
116–117
rehabilitating in Japan
120
social reform in Japan
109–110
Protestantism. Christianity
adapting to Japanese history and culture
143–144
challenges to gender norms
9–10
Christian values impacting education
140
factors creating “modern Chinese woman”
14–15
ideals of
145–146
impacting public visibility of Korean women
187–188
impacting women of East Asia
7
impacting women’s roles
8
“Jesus doctrine”
215, 217
male/female relationship in Japan and
83
medical eduction and
9
missionaries as modernizers
196–197
missionaries in China
41
missionaries in Japan
89–90
opening Japan to missionaries (1859)
110
religious imperialism and
151–152
women’s association (“Joyce Chapter”)
220, 228
women’s movement and
194
Pui-Lan, Kwok
5
PUMC (Peking Union Medical College)
31–32, 43, 45
Qian Changben
43, 45
racism
bias encountered by Esther Park
178–179
Christianity and
163
Ramabai, Pandita
92
Reischauer, A. K.
152–153
religious tolerance, Japanese policy on proselytization
111
Republican Era (1912–1949), in China
63, 65–66
Rhee Syngman (Yi Sŭngman)
217
Ricci, Matteo
71
risōshugi (British Idealism)
147
risōtekiware (“ideal self”), in Yasui Tetsu’s writings
147
Robert, Dana L.
2
Rockefeller Foundation, commissions on Western medicine in China
31, 33
Rogaski, Ruth
29
“romantic love”
challenges to gender norms in Japan
10
Kidder inspires idea of
92–97
New Woman in Japan and
83
relationship between Toyoju and Motoe
100–102
Rose, Barbara
5, 136
Rothweiler, Louisa Christina
168–169
Rufus, Maude
219–220
Rui Kohiyama
10, 83
Russo-Japanese War (1905)
30
ryōsai kenbo (good wife, good mother) concept
149
Ryu Dae-young
197
Saikaku Ihara
86
Sakatani Shiroshi
on gender differences
114
relationship with Nobuko
102
on women’s rights
112–113
Salvation Army
1
Sano Yasuto
147
Sasaki Nobuko
affair with Takei Kanazaburö
88
birth of
100
challenges to gender norms in Japan
10
education of
101
example of new woman in Meiji Japan
83
influential example of Western missionaries
104
romantic love in relationships of
102–103
Sasaki Toyojū
challenges to gender norms in Japan
10
education and studies of
91–92, 98–99
influence of Western missionaries on
104
inspired by idea of romantic love
92–97
male/female relationships in Japan and
88–89
new women in Meiji Japan
83
relationship to Motoe and birth of daughter
100–101
romantic love and marriage of
97–98
teaching career interrupted by pregnancy
100
trained in how to run a home
92
upbringing
90–91
Scharpff, Hanna
220
schools. education
founding of mission schools for Korean women
193
medical schools in China
15–16, 30
missionary work in Japan
89–90
social reform and
68
social service of Josephines in
72
science
impact of demands of scientific medicine on medical schools in China
30
social work of YWCA in China uses research and science for support
52
Scott, Marion McCarrell
139
Scranton, Mary Fletcher
founding of mission schools for Korean women
166
role in starting Bible Women
214
stepdaughter (Mary Yŏ)
201
as teacher of Esther Park
170–171
working with unmarried girls
172
Scranton, William
215
seclusion of women, gender norms in Korea
11–12
self-perception, women of East Asia
7
Seung Deuk Oak
195
Shemo, Connie
Christianity as means of public action
144
medical education in China
9
missionary role in medical education
168
Southern Methodist commitment to medical education
14
Sherwood, Rosetta. see Hall, Rosetta
Shi, Hu
52–53
shin fujin, Japanese concept of “New Woman”
5
Shinjokai (New Women’s World)
Ebina Miya role in launching
144
influence on Tokyo Woman’s Christian University
153
Yasui Tetsu’s role with
146–148, 157
Shinonome shimbun (Newspaper of the dawn)
124
shinsei no ware (“divine self”), in Yasui Tetsu’s writings
147
Sievers, Sharon
113, 136–137
sin yŏsŏng (New Women), in Korea. kidokkyo sin yŏsŏng (Christian New Women)
Christian New Women as subgroup of
213
criticisms of
224
New Woman Movement
224–227
overview of
5
Sisters of St. Joseph (Josephines)
becoming nun empowers Chinese women in Republican era
81
creating native order of nuns in Republican China
69–72
work of Catholic orders in social reform in Republican China
77
Sisters Servants of the Holy Ghost
68
Smiles, Samuel
98, 140
social change (reform)
Catholic missionaries in Republican China
64–65
Catholic orders working for
66–68
Christianity-related networks in
7–8
collaboration between missionary and local Catholic orders
72–80
Great Revival of 1907 in Korea
218
Josephines work in
71
Sasaki Toyojū’s work in
101
social issues in late 19th century
41
transforming Chinese superstitions
68–69
women participating in
8–10
women’s education in Japan
139–140
Social Gospel
missionary motives
41
modernization in China and
39
YWCA and
47
social mobility, Bible Woman as avenue for
217
social service
of Catholic missionaries in Republican China
64–65
of Josephines in Republican China
72
women’s movement in China and
49–50
YWCA and
42–43, 50–54, 57–58
society, response to the Woman Question
7–8
Sohn Heejeong
ambiguities in relationship with missionaries
12
Christianity as means of public action
144
on medical education in Korea
15
Soma Kokko
102
Southern Methodists
Allen’s support for women missionaries
22
history of WFMS
18–19
offering professional medical education
17, 23
opening medical schools
28–29
role in medical education of Chinese women
15–16, 24
Stark, Rodney
64
Strawn, Lee-Ellen, on Bible Women
12, 177, 213
suffrage
Japanese women activists and
136
women’s movement in China and
48, 50
superstitions
transforming Chinese
79
transforming Chinese superstitions
68–69
Tagliabue, François-Ferdinand
69
taitai (wives of rich/influential)
44–45
Takamine Hideo
139
Takamizawa Junko
136, 155–156
Takei Kanzaburō
103
Tanaka Fujimarō
139
Thomas, R.L.
217, 221
Tipton, Elise
136
Tokugawa Period
Confucian morality and
140
iro tradition and marriage practices in Japan and
84–87
Tokyo Fujin Kyofu Kai (Woman’s Christian Temperance Union)
101
Tōkyō fujin kyōfū zasshi (Tokyo woman’s moral reform magazine)
123–124, 125–127
Tokyo Jogakko (Tokyo Girls’ School)
91, 139
Tokyo Joshi Daigaku (Tokyo Woman’s Christian University)
135, 151–154, 156
Tokyo Normal School
139–141, 150
Tokyo Woman’s Higher School
139–140
Tomiko Okuda
136
tonghak movement, indigenous religion in Korea
221
Toshitomo, Viscount Doi
138
transnationalism
55–56, 58
Treaty of Nanjing (1842)
3–4
Tsuda Mamichi
114
Tsuda Umeko
contributions to women’s rights movement
137
as educator
142
joshi eigaku juku (English School)
144, 154
Tuksun Kim
218
Uchimura Kanzō
94
United States
aid to YWCA fosters spirit of cooperation
55
qualities of American missionaries
196–197
University of Nanking
30
urbanization, social issues in late 19th century
41
Victorian era
concept of domesticity
3, 209
womanhood and
168
Victorious Lives of Early Christians in Korea (Wilcox)
216, 218
Vincentians
64
Wakamatsu Shizuko
176
Walter, Anne. see Fearn, Anne Walter
Wang Xiuhua
64
Washington, Garrett L.
challenges to gender norms in Japan
11
on Yasui Tetsu
134
WCTU (Woman’s Christian Temperance Union)
efforts to make monogamy norm in Japan
124–127
role in nation building in Japan
129
Sasaki Toyojū support for
92
campaign for monogamy in Japan
118–127
social reform in Japan
109–110
Westernization
appearance (fashion) of New Woman and Modern Girl and
46–47
Chinese reformers and
20
complexities in understanding
13
education in Japan
139–140
modernity and
173–174
New Woman and
5–6
opening of East Asia to
3–4
WFMS (Woman’s Foreign Missionary Society)
encouraging medical education of women missionaries
23
history of
18–19
missionary medical enterprise of
199
new opportunities for Korean women
202
opening hospitals
20–21
opening medical schools
28–29
reports on medical education in China
29
role in medical education of Chinese women
15–16
support for women missionaries
22–23
Woman’s Medical College of Suzhou
30–32
wife, domestic roles of women
2
wijong ch’oksa (defend orthodoxy and reject heterodoxy), Korean values
217
Woman Question
Christianity impacting
6–8
women’s movement in Japan and
135–138
in Yasui Tetsu’s writings
146–147
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union. see WCTU (Woman’s Christian Temperance Union)
Woman’s Foreign Missionary Society. see WFMS (Woman’s Foreign Missionary Society)
Woman’s Medical College of Suzhou
30–32
Woman’s Missionary Advocate
23
Woman’s Rights’ League
50
Woman’s Suffrage Association
50
women. see females/women
Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania
21–22
Women’s Medical College of Suzhou
15–16
women’s rights movement
194
xin nuxing (New Woman), in China
5
Xing Wenjun
41
Yamakawa Kikue
136, 154–155
Yang Mi-kang
214
yangban (male upper class)
191, 215–216
Yasui Tetsu
advocates modern woman based on Christian morality
137–138
attitudes to Christianity
140–144
education of
138–140
idealism in approach to women’s education
151–156
photograph
134
promoting modern womanhood
11, 148–151
publications and writings of
146–148
role in women’s movement
135–137
traditional upbringing
138
Ye, Dora
217
Yenching University
43
Yi Kyŏngsŏn
197–201
Yi Yun-mu
224
YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association)
Social Gospel and
41
social service in Republican China
65–66
Yŏgwŏn t’ongmun (Manifesto on Women)
194
yŏja kwan (women’s centers)
222
Yoshiwara
86
Young Christian Workers Movement (Jeunesse Ouvrière Chrétienne)
66–67
Young Men’s Christian Association. see YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association)
Young Women’s Christian Association. see YWCA (Young Women’s Christian Association), in China
Yu, Dora
26–27
Yu Op-jin
222
Yuasa Hatsuko
127
Yui Sing Tsu
26–27
yujo (women of play)
idea of romantic love undermines
92
types of women in Japanese culture
86–87
Yukichi Fukuzawa
114–115
Yun Seon-ja
165
YWCA (Young Women’s Christian Association)
modernizing influence of
9
Social Gospel and
41
YWCA (Young Women’s Christian Association), in China
cooperation and
54–58
debate regarding New Woman as Western ideological import
38–39
history of
41–43
representative of Chinese Christian New Women
40–41
social work
50–54
women’s movement in China and
47–50
YWCA (Young Women’s Christian Association), in Korea
example of New Woman movement
230–231
formation of
227–230
Kim Pillye organizer of
226
overview of
12
teaching han’gŭl to women
229
Zak Foh-me (or Zoh Fo-me)
26–27
Zhou dynasty
67