Cuneiform signs functioning as Akkadian syllables are transliterated in italicized lowercase letters (e.g., sa-kik-ka), while those functioning as logograms (word signs) of Akkadian words appear in non-italicized uppercase letters (e.g., KA, INIM, KIR4). Transliterations of vocabulary and grammar in the Sumerian language are expressed with expanded character spacing (e.g., šà erin2–na-ka-ni). Cuneiform signs, whose functions or language are not narrowly defined, whether by intention of the ancient or modern scribe or due to the uncertainty of context, are presented in non-italicized lowercase letters (e.g., ka) as part of cuneiform editions, or in non-italicized, small capital letters (e.g.,
Authors’ quotations from Hebrew texts are transliterated using Latin script in accordance with Brill’s scholarly style, which is loosely based on Encyclopedia Judaica rules.