Index
Abner of Burgos
255
,
262 –263
Absolutism
326
Abuse
188
,
191 –193
,
195
,
204
Acculturation
262
Adhesion
256
,
262
Aestethic experiences
165 –167
,
173
,
300
,
302
,
312
,
337
Affiliation → Religious, affiliation
Africa
23
,
73
,
176
,
269 –270
Afterlife
281
Age
3
,
58
,
73
,
142
,
154
,
160 –161
,
167
,
169
,
179
,
194
,
221
,
224
,
249
,
269
,
280 –281
,
283 –284
,
294
,
301
,
309
,
328
Age as an Era
75
Age of Reason
72
Hellenistic Age
47
Agents
236
,
308 –309
Agency
105
,
120
,
126
,
234
,
263
,
268
,
302
,
308
Super-human agency
308
Agnostic
181
,
187
,
244 –247
,
268
Agnosticism
1
,
222
,
245 –246
,
268
Alcohol
6
,
121
,
156
,
183
,
201
,
222
,
282 –283
,
299
Alfonso of Valladolid
255
,
262 –263
Algorithm
273
American pragmatist
332
Analysis
3
,
50
,
113 –114
,
132
,
140
,
147
,
177
,
180
,
189
,
191
,
203
,
211 –213
,
217
,
235
,
237
,
242
,
251
,
258
,
260 –261
,
269
,
275
,
278
,
282 –284
,
288
,
295
,
297
,
302
,
324 –333
,
340
,
343 –344
Ambedkar, Bhimrao
99 –114
Ancient
7
,
44 –50
,
53
,
74
,
233
,
256
,
316
Animism
270
Annales school
259
Anthropology, anthropological
99
,
132
,
189
,
194
,
258 –259
,
292n
,
309
,
315 –316
Anthropomorphism
308
Anti-authoritarianism
293
Anticult organisations, anti-cult movement
5
,
232
,
236
,
239
,
296
Anti-gay
309
Anti-Jewish polemic
255
Anti-Muslim rhetoric
201
,
301
Anti-religious
72
,
99
,
191
Antireligious discourses
340
Apostasy
2 –7
,
14
,
28 –30
,
36
,
39
,
67 –77
,
81 –93
,
116
,
118
,
155 –156
,
176
,
183
,
201
,
203
,
206
,
217
,
221
,
225
,
231
,
239
,
255
,
257 –263
,
267
,
278 –289
,
294 –299
,
301 –302
,
341
Ethno-apostasy
142
,
187
Apostasy narrative
212
,
225
,
263
,
301
,
303
Apostate
6
,
15
,
62
,
67
,
69
,
72
,
75
,
77
,
85
,
88
,
90
,
92
,
207
,
217
,
228
,
231
,
255
,
259
,
260
,
262
,
279
,
286
,
298
Apostates
4
,
28
,
32
,
39
,
62
,
72
,
76
,
82 –86
,
90
,
92 –93
,
116
,
127
,
139
,
176
,
201
,
207
,
212 –213
,
216
,
231 –232
,
237
,
258 –261
,
282
,
284
,
297 –302
,
337
,
341
,
344 –345
Arya Samaj
15
,
18
,
22
Asia
17
,
32
,
34
,
88
,
91
,
118
,
269 –270
Assimilation
58
,
71
,
202
,
206
Association of Religion Data Archives
288
Atheism
15
,
47
,
53
,
69 –71
,
76
,
81
,
189
,
222
,
242 –251
,
268
,
270
,
293
,
237
,
340 –342
Atheist
4
,
44
,
46 –47
,
51 –53
,
70 –72
,
76
,
99
,
168
,
180 –181
,
187
,
212
,
221
,
222
,
228
,
242 –249
,
251
,
284
,
286
,
307
,
315
,
338 –343
Attendance → Church attendance
Austria
68
,
83
,
271
Authorities
34
,
56
,
60
,
62 –63
,
69
,
87
,
103
,
116
,
143
,
211
,
214
,
217 –218
,
336
Autobiographical
146
,
263
,
325
,
331
Autobiography
2
,
57
,
59
,
63
,
324
,
329
,
333
Baptism
68
,
154 –155
,
158 –160
,
194 –195
,
210
,
262
Belief
3 –4
,
45
,
49
,
69
,
83
,
86
,
90
,
92
,
107
,
114
,
142
,
150
,
160
,
164
,
167 –168
,
172
,
173
,
179
,
186
,
189 –190
,
193
,
195
,
221 –223
,
225
,
237
,
243
,
246
,
250 –251
,
256 –263
,
267 –268
,
270 –272
,
274
,
279
,
281
,
283
,
288
,
294 –295
,
297
,
300 –302
,
307 –316
,
326n
,
328 –329
belief incompatibility
126
,
179
‘believing in belonging’
73
,
268
‘believing without belonging’
73
,
189
,
268
‘belonging without believing’
73
,
221
,
268
intuitive belief
45
reflective belief
45
Biblical literalism
281
Big data
272
,
287
,
344
Biological
50
,
215
,
310
,
312 –314
,
332
Neurobiological
311
Birth
28n
,
99
,
105
,
142
,
157
,
161
,
221
,
225
,
268 –269
Birth-rate
15
Blog
177
,
338
,
340 –341
Brain
308 –314
,
316
,
332
Brain-imaging
Brainwashing hypothesis
231 –232
,
234 –236
,
239
,
292
,
296
,
301
,
338
Buddhism
6 –7
,
14
,
16
,
19
,
21 –23
,
28 –40
,
58 –59
,
99
,
111 –113
,
117
,
128
,
302
,
338
,
131
,
136
,
139 –140
,
232
,
268
,
270
,
302
,
338
Theravada
116 –128
,
136
,
270
Vipassana meditation
130 –141
Cambodia
31
,
270
Canada
39
,
60
,
144
,
151
,
298 –299
Capital (forms of)
160 –161
,
188
,
269
,
272
Caste
15 –16
,
19 –24
,
100 –102
,
104
,
106 –108
,
110
Castilian
255
Celsus
256
Census
14
,
17n
,
73
,
187
,
195
,
287
,
294
Childhood
170
,
214
,
242
,
244
,
249 –251
,
279
,
282
,
298
China
31
,
234
,
270
Choice
19
,
24
,
63
,
70
,
89
,
105
,
140
,
157
,
224
,
261
,
268
,
297
,
341
,
344
Church
2
,
57
,
64
,
67 –69
,
74 –77
,
86
,
139
,
154 –161
,
170
,
175 –177
,
186 –196
,
200 –207
,
210
,
214 –216
,
218
,
232
,
236 –238
,
248
,
297
,
299 –300
,
309
,
330
,
336 –339
,
345
Church attendance
2
,
68
,
73
,
188
,
206
,
280 –281
,
283 –284
,
286
,
288
,
297n
Christianity
1
,
6 –7
,
14
,
17
,
19
,
21
,
23
,
29
,
35 –36
,
39
,
45 –46
,
48
,
57 –64
,
67 –77
,
113
,
118
,
175
,
183
,
189
,
210 –218
,
232 –233
,
235
,
239
,
256
,
262
,
268
,
270 –272
,
292
,
298
,
323
,
325
,
329
Amish
154 –161
Catholicism
70
,
186 –196
,
250
,
255
,
270
Catholic
2
,
17
,
61
,
63 –64
,
68 –70
,
75 –76
,
186 –196
,
236
,
248
,
271
,
294
,
309
Conservative Protestants
75
,
157 –159
,
167
,
170
,
282
,
340
Evangelicals
32
,
58
,
60
,
63
,
72
,
75
,
77
,
146
,
156
,
159 –160
,
164 –173
,
300
,
327
,
329
,
341
Lutheranism
70
,
74
,
76 –77
,
175 –177
,
214
,
336 –338
,
340
Orthodox
70 –72
Pentecostalism
6
,
72
,
74 –75
,
77
,
175 –183
,
186
,
212 –214
Protestantism
17
,
70
,
72
,
76
,
86
,
118
,
127
,
173
,
188
,
216
,
270
,
282
,
294
Christian mystics
308
Chronology
263
Class→Social class
Cognitive
45
,
125n
,
167
,
176
,
179
,
180
,
270
,
304
,
308 –309
,
311
,
313 –316
,
333
Cognitive dissonance, cognitive discrepancy
119
,
126
,
179 –180
,
183
,
296
,
343
Cognition
179
,
312
,
332
Cohort
190
,
280 –281
,
300
College students
165
,
294
,
300
Colonialism, Colonisation
57
,
70 –71
,
88
,
99
,
117
,
269 –270
,
273
,
323
Commitment
70
,
120
,
131
,
135
,
137
,
140
,
186
,
189
,
202
,
233
,
282
,
293 –294
,
324 –326
,
329
,
337
Communication
205 –206
,
210
,
335
,
343 –345
Communism
32 –33
,
71
,
118
,
120 –121
,
126 –127
,
234
,
269 –270
Community
2
,
4
,
18 –19
,
28 –29
,
36
,
56
,
59
,
60
,
62
,
71
,
75
,
81
,
83 –84
,
86
,
88
,
90
,
92
,
110 –111
,
117
,
119
,
142 –149
,
154 –156
,
161
,
164
,
168
,
170 –171
,
175 –176
,
181
,
187
,
194
,
201 –202
,
211
,
214 –215
,
221 –222
,
256
,
270 –271
,
279
,
295n
,
297
,
300n
,
303
,
310
,
325
,
330
,
338
,
341
,
343
Congregation
29
,
154
,
175 –183
,
210
,
212 –218
Conservatism
139
,
143 –144
,
146
,
157
,
181
,
191 –193
,
195
,
224
,
309
,
336
,
338 –339
Context
1
,
45 –46
,
51
,
58
,
68
,
103
,
109
,
118
,
131
,
136
,
138 –140
,
142 –143
,
173
,
177
,
191
,
210 –212
,
216
,
228
,
234
,
255 –263
,
267 –269
,
271
,
273
,
279
,
285 –286
,
288
,
297
,
302 –303
,
310
,
323 –324
,
327 –328
,
332
,
336 –337
,
342
,
345
Conversion
3 –5
,
14 –15
,
17 –24
,
29
,
35 –36
,
55 –58
,
61 –63
,
71
,
75
,
82
,
99
,
108 –113
,
118 –120
,
124 –128
,
131 –132
,
142
,
145 –146
,
154
,
164 –165
,
167
,
175
,
179
,
181
,
183
,
200
,
210 –217
,
221
,
231 –235
,
239
,
255 –263
,
267
,
271 –275
,
296
,
323
,
326 –328
,
335
,
340
,
342
Convert, converts
17 –18
,
22
,
29
,
35 –36
,
57 –58
,
83
,
86 –87
,
93
,
120
,
124
,
177
,
179
,
183
,
200
,
206
,
210 –218
,
231
,
234
,
255
,
260
,
262
,
267 –268
,
271
,
297
,
309 –310
Coping
6
,
36
,
127
,
222
,
313
,
332
Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain
338
Counterculture
18
,
172
,
232
,
293
Counterintuitive
312
Cult, cults
2
,
16
,
44 –45
,
47
,
49
,
52
,
131
,
158
,
202
,
231
,
234 –235
,
239
,
292
,
296
,
338
,
340
Cultural
2
,
7
,
13
,
17
,
24
,
36
,
67
,
71 –72
,
74
,
76
,
100 –101
,
125
,
140
,
142 –143
,
145 –146
,
155
,
160
,
179 –183
,
186 –195
,
203
,
207
,
220
,
262
,
267
,
271
,
285
,
294
,
297
,
300
,
307 –311
,
316
,
326
,
331 –332
,
336
Cultural capital
160 –161
,
272
Cultural habits
6
Cultural practices
24
,
160
,
194
,
201
,
205 –206
Cultural studies
257
,
316
Cross-cultural
316
Culture
1
,
14
,
17
,
21 –22
,
24
,
71
,
76
,
142 –145
,
156
,
171 –172
,
175
,
179 –183
,
190
,
201
,
217
,
220
,
223
,
225 –226
,
228
,
231
,
234
,
239
,
269
,
293
,
296
,
307
,
309
,
336
Data
5
,
7
,
144 –147
,
149
,
151
,
157
,
177 –178
,
187
,
189
,
191
,
203
,
210
,
242
,
244
,
250
,
257
,
261
,
263
,
272 –273
,
278 –288
,
294
,
300
,
308 –309
,
312
,
338
,
344 –345
Cross-sectional data
280 –281
Large-scale data
272
,
274
,
280 –281
,
285
,
288
Secondary data
281
,
287 –288
Datasets
272
,
274
Dawkins’s Convert’s Corner
344
Death
21 –23
,
28n
,
30 –31
,
63
,
75
,
82
,
105
,
112 –113
,
123
,
201
,
212
,
215
,
267
,
307
,
313
Death penalty, sentenced to death, capital punishment
50
,
52
,
69
,
81 –90
,
92 –93
,
222
Declaration of Human Rights
3
,
103
Deconversion
2
,
4
,
102
,
108 –109
,
111 –113
,
118 –119
,
124 –128
,
132
,
137
,
139
,
145 –146
,
150
,
164 –165
,
167 –168
,
172 –174
,
203
,
221
,
232 –233
,
257
,
262
,
267
,
279
,
292
,
295n
,
296
,
309 –310
,
323 –331
Defection → Religious, defection
Defector, defectors
2
,
6
,
59
,
139 –140
,
156
,
231
,
237 –238
,
294 –295
Defrock, disrobe
30
,
32
,
34
,
39
,
117
Dementia
311
Demographic
139
,
144
,
261
,
267 –269
,
272 –273
,
281 –282
,
295
,
300
,
316
Demography
272 –273
Denomination
68
,
143
,
147
Denominational
143 –144
,
147
,
151
,
279
Deprogramming
232
,
234 –236
,
239
,
292
De-ritualisation
262
Desacralise
275
Descriptive analysis
282 –284
Desecularised
1
Desire
58
,
82
,
90
,
121
,
126
,
138
,
159
,
172
,
187 –188
,
297
,
307
Development
6
,
31
,
58
,
72 –73
,
77
,
112n
,
117
,
131
,
140
,
179
,
191
,
211
,
233 –234
,
269
,
272
,
278
,
281
,
292
,
300
,
302
,
311
,
314 –316
,
324n
,
326
,
331
,
336 –337
,
342 –343
Deviant
67
,
69
,
156
,
178 –179
,
222
,
229
,
233 –234
,
256
,
299
,
302
Devil
176
,
178 –180
Digital technology
273
Disaffiliation → Religious, disaffiliation
Disbelief
204
,
224
,
242 –243
,
248
,
259
Discourse
29
,
31
,
36 –37
,
44
,
47
,
125
,
127n
,
128
,
131 –134
,
137
,
140
,
142
,
147
,
165
,
186
,
193
,
212
,
225
,
239
,
257 –259
,
262
,
263
,
267
,
269
,
273 –275
,
296
,
301
,
332
,
335
,
337 –338
,
340
,
343 –345
Discourse analysis
258
,
260 –261
,
326
,
329
Discursive
125
,
133
,
257
,
268
,
326 –327
,
330 –331
Discrepancy
119
,
125 –127
,
179 –180
,
183
,
225
Discrimination
5
,
15
,
19
,
21 –23
,
100 –102
,
310
Disenchantment
294
,
324
Disrobe → defrock
Divergence
23
,
142
,
149
Doctrine
16
,
30
,
36 –37
,
63
,
76 –77
,
116 –117
,
121
,
123 –124
,
126
,
130
,
137
,
139 –140
,
201
,
204 –205
,
228
,
268
,
342
Doubt
2
,
52
,
119
,
121
,
123
,
125 –128
,
133 –135
,
138
,
140
,
144
,
167 –173
,
203 –207
,
220
,
223
,
231
,
236
,
251
,
257
,
262
,
287
,
293
,
295n
,
296
,
310 –311
,
341
Dream narrative
332
Dualism
268
Early modern
63
,
256 –257
Economic
5
,
21
,
45
,
102
,
104
,
107
,
126
,
128
,
140
,
155
,
188
,
191
,
257
,
259
,
267
,
269 –270
,
299 –301
,
304
,
323
Economy
236
,
302
Ecstatic religious experiences
175
,
179
,
307
Education
19
,
34
,
60
,
67
,
91
,
100 –101
,
104
,
113
,
139
,
143
,
147 –148
,
155
,
160 –161
,
178
,
188
,
194 –195
,
269
,
282
,
284
,
294
,
298
,
300 –301
,
309 –310
,
315
Emotion
2
,
45
,
103
,
119
,
125 –126
,
128
,
132
,
134
,
138
,
158 –159
,
170 –172
,
175 –176
,
179 –183
,
224
,
234
,
243
,
272
,
293 –295
,
303
,
309 –311
,
325 –326
,
328
,
331
Empirical
6 –7
,
211 –213
,
217
,
221
,
273
,
279
,
284
,
292
,
314
,
324
Enlightenment
31
,
38
,
44
,
47
,
49
,
57 –58
,
70
,
72
,
75
,
77
,
88
,
131
,
134 –137
,
204
,
257
,
259
Epistemological
138
,
243 –247
,
261
Ethical
31
,
38
,
47
,
108
,
117
,
178
,
293
,
301
Ethnic
17
,
24
,
64
,
71
,
142
,
144 –145
,
150 –151
,
186 –188
,
191
,
193
,
196
,
213
,
221
,
271
Ethnographic
132
,
155
,
165
,
169
,
177
,
260 –261
,
301
,
344
Ethnography
263
,
344
Euripides
44
,
50 –53
Europe
2
,
5
,
48
,
58
,
64
,
69 –70
,
72 –73
,
84
,
91
,
186
,
216
,
257
,
259
,
287 –288
,
338
Eastern Europe
70
,
270
Western Europe
1n
,
5
,
48
,
69 –70
,
187
,
271
,
292
Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Finland → Christianity, Lutheran
Evolutionary
309
,
313
,
316
,
324
Exit
2 –3
,
105
,
127
,
131 –132
,
134
,
138 –140
,
145 –146
,
157
,
164
,
176 –183
,
186
,
192
,
200
,
202 –207
,
231 –232
,
235 –237
,
239
,
242 –243
,
248
,
250 –251
,
267
,
273
,
292
,
295 –301
,
302
,
309
,
330
,
342
Excommunication
68
,
69
,
75
,
155 –156
Ex-Muslims
5 –6
,
212
,
217
,
224
,
299
,
301
,
303
,
338 –339
,
343
Ex-Pentecostal
6
,
177
Experiment, experimental
37
,
103
,
233
,
309
,
313 –314
Facebook
177
,
203n
,
341
,
342
Faith
15 –18
,
20
,
28 –29
,
35 –36
,
55 –57
,
60
,
64
,
67
,
69
,
72
,
74
,
76 –77
,
81 –83
,
86
,
89
,
103 –104
,
109
,
112
,
142
,
149
,
154
,
156
,
159
,
166
,
170 –172
,
188
,
190
,
194 –195
,
200 –207
,
210 –217
,
220
,
222 –223
,
225
,
227
,
231
,
235
,
239
,
244 –245
,
251
,
256 –258
,
261 –263
,
294
,
295n
,
297 –299
,
323 –333
,
339 –342
,
345
Family
2
,
5
,
28
,
36
,
38 –39
,
46
,
50 –51
,
63
,
84 –85
,
87
,
100
,
122
,
139
,
143 –144
,
154
,
156 –160
,
169
,
176
,
181 –184
,
192
,
194
,
201
,
204 –206
,
211 –213
,
215
,
217
,
222
,
224 –227
,
234
,
238
,
251
,
297
,
299 –300
,
302
,
327 –328
Father figure
307
Female
30
,
34
,
39
,
74
,
84 –85
,
150
,
157
,
160
,
188
,
234
,
274
Fieldwork
5
,
7
,
118
,
132
,
164 –165
,
177
,
211 –213
,
217
,
292
,
301
Finland
3
,
24
,
29
,
68
,
74
,
176
,
183
,
336 –338
,
340
Food
119
,
121
,
143
,
149
,
216
,
299
,
303
,
313
Freedom of Religion
4 –5
,
14
,
70
,
87
,
91
,
113
Gandhi, Mahatma Mohandas
20 –21
,
23
,
102 –108
Gender
5
,
39
,
58
,
74
,
132
,
143
,
149
,
155
,
160 –161
,
221
,
243
,
251
,
269
,
284
,
297
,
300 –302
General Social Survey
279 –280
,
284
Geography
77
,
221
,
238
,
262
,
267 –269
,
271
,
273 –275
,
282
Geographies of religion
273 –274
Human geography
271
Germany
17
,
68
,
71
,
187
,
238
,
279
,
283
, 398
Ghar Wapsis
15
,
18 –19
God
6
,
16
,
20
,
49
,
56
,
59
,
62
,
67
,
71 –72
,
75 –76
,
81
,
90
,
103
,
149
,
156
,
166
,
168
,
176
,
194
,
201
,
205
,
212 –213
,
224 –225
,
232 –233
,
235
,
243 –249
,
282 –283
,
285
,
287 –288
,
307 –310
,
314 –315
,
328
,
339
Greece
43 –44
,
49 –51
,
53
,
85
,
316
Habits
6
,
87
,
183
,
225
,
294
,
302 –303
,
337
Happiness
313
Hate crimes
5
Health
155
,
195
,
282 –283
,
302
,
313
,
315
Hebrew
55 –57
,
60
,
255
,
262
,
275
Heresy
6 –7
,
67
,
69
,
81
,
83
,
90
,
116
,
255
,
257
,
259
Heretics
4
,
6
,
38
,
56
,
67 –69
,
76 –77
,
90 –91
,
116 –118
,
128
,
255
,
263
Hierarchy
19
,
23
,
29
,
38
,
107
,
193
,
238
,
256
,
263
Hinduism
6 –7
,
13 –24
,
99 –113
,
123
,
268
,
302
,
338
Historiography
257 –259
,
262 –263
History
4
,
23
,
48
,
52
,
57
,
59 –60
,
67
,
77
,
82
,
85
,
93
,
102
,
109
,
113
,
117n
,
135
,
167
,
175
,
201 –202
,
204
,
214
,
224
,
236
,
258 –263
,
269
,
307 –308
,
327 –328
,
331
,
333
Holistic
140
,
172
,
274
Holy Spirit
75 –76
Homosexual, homosexuality
223 –227
,
336 –337
Hustler magazine
339
Hybridity
262
Hypocrisy
90
,
148
,
191 –192
,
195
,
325
Hysterical
308
Identity
3
,
5
,
35
,
59
,
70 –71
,
91 –92
,
142
,
146 –147
,
164 –165
,
168 –169
,
171
,
173
,
175
,
177
,
179 –180
,
201
,
203
,
206 –207
,
213
,
220
,
222 –223
,
226 –228
,
231
,
249 –250
,
255
,
262 –263
,
272
,
286
,
296
,
325
,
335
,
338
,
341
Collective identity
16 –17
,
19
,
22
,
61
,
120
,
128
,
148
,
151
,
164
,
168
,
172
,
186 –187
,
190 –191
,
202
,
206
,
212
,
222
,
228
,
255
,
325
,
341
Religious identity
6
,
13 –14
,
23
,
64
,
100
,
186
,
193
,
207
,
215
,
217
,
227 –228
,
256
,
267
,
297
,
301
,
337
Sexual identity
3
Social identity
18
,
23
,
194
Ideology, ideological
16
,
19
,
92
,
102
,
104
,
110
,
119
,
121
,
133
,
140
,
160
,
224
,
236
,
243
,
323
Image (illustration)
67
,
166
,
311
Image (impression)
139
,
212 –217
,
224
,
237
,
258
,
260
,
296
,
301
,
307
,
332
,
337
,
340
Immanent
136
,
268
,
297
,
332
Immigration, immigrant → Migration
India
13
,
16 –24
,
39
,
99
,
101 –102
,
107
,
111 –113
,
135
,
316
Indigenous
71
,
211
,
270
,
323
Individualism
117 –118
,
120
,
126n
,
150
,
201
,
225
,
239
,
293
,
299
,
337
Institution
2
,
13 –14
,
69
,
70
,
91
,
107
,
110
,
113
,
144 –145
,
147
,
176
,
194 –195
,
234
,
238 –239
,
284
,
297
,
309
,
323
,
329
,
336 –337
,
343
Institutionalised religion
132
,
140
,
144
,
161
,
186 –191
,
193
,
195
,
201
,
232
,
238
,
294
,
299
,
309
,
332
,
337
International Social Survey Program
279 –280
,
285
Infantile
307 –308
Inferential statistics
283 –284
Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Societies, The
342
Interdisciplinary
113
,
132
,
316
Internalised
190
,
295
Internet
91
,
177
,
237 –239
,
287
,
335
,
340 –343
Intersectionality
161
,
220 –221
,
227
,
302
Interview
5
,
35
,
118
,
126
,
132
,
140
,
142
,
146 –147
,
177
,
190
,
211 –213
,
215
,
221
,
242
,
244 –246
,
248
,
299 –300
,
316
,
324
,
328 –331
,
338
,
342
,
344
Intrinsic estimator models
281
Inquisition
57
,
260
Intuitive
45
,
157
,
159
,
308 –309
,
312
,
314
Iran
4
,
81
,
84
,
86 –87
,
210
,
211
,
213
Iraq
4
,
82
,
214
,
302
Ireland
186 –196
Irreligiosity
1
,
22
,
108
,
220 –221
,
228
,
292 –293
,
297n
,
299
Islam
1
,
4 –7
,
15
,
17
,
19
,
21
,
23
,
36
,
57
,
59
,
63 –64
,
71
,
75
,
77
,
81 –93
,
113
,
118
,
177
,
210 –218
,
220 –228
,
248
,
270
,
272
,
292
,
299
,
301 –303
,
338 –339
,
342 –343
Islamic
4
,
6 –7
,
71
,
81 –86
,
90 –92
,
220 –221
,
224
,
275
,
302
,
342
Islamic State (isis)
4
,
92
Israel
56
,
60 –62
,
145
,
272
,
275
,
298
Jainism
14
,
16
,
113
,
302
Jamaica
270
Judaism
6
,
55 –64
,
69
,
142 –151
,
203
,
255
,
258
,
262 –263
,
292
,
298
,
301
,
338
Ashkenaz
258
Hasidic Jews
299 –300
Orthodox Jews, Judaism
61
,
63
,
142 –151
,
292
,
300n
Khmer Rouge
270
Koran → Quran
Latin
255
Latin America
176
,
186
,
270
Læstadianism
175
,
340 –341
Liberal
1
,
85
,
157
,
190
,
193
,
213
,
297n
,
336
,
339 –340
,
345
Liberalism
72
,
75
,
77
,
297n
Lifecycle
267
,
269
Life events
248
,
267
,
269
,
313
Life stories
299
,
300
,
335
Linguistic identities
271
Linguistic turn
257 –258
,
261
Literary studies
257
Longitudinal
269
,
272
,
280
,
282
,
286
,
302
Longue-durée
259
Macro-level
187
,
269
,
274
Magic
38
,
45
,
49
Male
29 –30
,
34
,
44
,
145
,
157
,
160
,
269
,
284
Manipulation
211
,
272
,
296
,
301
Manipulation in experimental study
314
Maoist era
270
Marijuana
282 –283
Marriage
19
,
21
,
62
,
74
,
117
,
121
,
201
,
204
,
267
,
283
Inter-religious marriage
60 –61
,
269
Marxist philosophy
270
Marxist theory
293
Meaning-making
120
,
313
,
316
,
337
Measuring
238
,
242
,
251
,
278
Media
58
,
86
,
91 –92
,
156
,
177
,
193
,
200
,
203n
,
211
,
234
,
296
,
335 –346
Media culture
336
Media discourse
193
,
335
,
337
,
339 –340
,
343 –345
Media logic
335 –337
,
340
,
343 –345
Television
38 –39
,
91
,
156
,
188
,
234
,
336
,
340
,
345
Mediatisation
336 –337
Medieval
22
,
69
,
255
,
257 –261
Medium theory
345
Membership
14
,
18
,
23
,
67 –68
,
73
,
75
,
142
,
147
,
150
,
175
,
178
,
201 –202
,
206
,
231
,
285
,
287
,
338
Mental representations
308
Me-society
299
Metaphor, metaphorical
134
,
137 –138
,
226 –227
,
247
,
272
,
329
,
331
Metaphysical
117
,
307
,
309
Method, methodology
1 –2
,
6 –7
,
36
,
91
,
108 –110
,
132
,
137
,
146
,
158
,
165
,
168
,
177
,
203
,
210
,
217
,
221
,
255 –257
,
259 –261
,
274
,
278 –281
,
284 –289
,
300
,
302
,
313 –316
,
324
,
326
,
328 –331
,
333
,
343 –345
Microhistory
259
Microlevel
274
Migration
Asylum
89
,
210
,
214 –215
,
217
Asylum seeker
210 –218
Immigrant
212
Immigration
155
,
210
,
214
,
218
,
272
Migration
2
,
132
,
140
,
154
,
210 –211
,
213 –215
,
217
,
225
,
228
,
267
,
269
,
271
,
296
,
302
Mission
15
,
17
,
60
,
205
,
212
,
339
Missionary
21
,
35 –36
,
58
,
60
,
63
,
70
,
200
,
210 –213
,
233
Missionisation
269
,
323
Mixed methods
274
,
286
,
328
,
331
Mobility
2
,
175
,
177
,
183
,
267
,
297
Modernisation
1
,
70
,
117
,
269 –270
Modernist
134
,
136
,
268
Monastery
29 –30
,
34
,
39
,
63
,
131
Moral, morality
2 –3
,
30
,
50 –51
,
70
,
72
,
75 –76
,
103
,
111
,
119
,
125 –128
,
130
,
133
,
139
,
167
,
170
,
175
,
181
,
186 –196
,
245
,
293 –294
,
295n
,
297n
,
310
,
313
,
325
,
328
,
332
Mormonism (Church of Latter Day Saints)
139
,
200 –207
,
248
,
297
,
330
,
341
Motivation
30
,
58
,
92
,
113
,
119
,
127
,
155
,
159 –160
,
190 –191
,
205
,
269
,
285
,
296
,
298
,
308
,
315
,
335
,
340
Motive
109 –110
,
119
,
126 –127
,
156
,
159
,
223
,
259
,
261 –262
Multiple religious belonging
248
,
303
,
326
Multireligious
274
Muslim
1
,
4
,
13
,
15 –23
,
32
,
36
,
55
,
71
,
81
,
83 –86
,
88
,
90 –91
,
93
,
127
,
149
,
210 –213
,
215 –217
,
221 –226
,
228
,
271
,
299
,
309
,
340
,
343
Sunni Muslims
4
Shia Muslims
4
,
221
Myanmar
31
,
118
Mystery cults
45
,
49
Mysticism
259
Narrative
2
,
13
,
47
,
99
,
116
,
118 –119
,
124 –126
,
130 –140
,
145 –146
,
148 –149
,
151
,
155
,
158
,
177
,
192 –193
,
203 –205
,
212 –213
,
215 –217
,
223
,
225 –227
,
232
,
234
,
248
,
258 –260
,
263
,
298
,
300 –303
,
324 –333
,
337 –341
,
344
Narrative analysis
132
,
260
,
325 –333
,
343
National Longitudinal
282
Netnography
344
Neurological
307
,
310
New religious movements
5
,
17
,
120
,
231 –239
,
292
,
323
,
338
Nondenominational
274
Nones
2n
,
292
,
315
,
338
Non-heterosexual
298
Non-religion
2
,
191
,
242 –251
,
271
,
274
,
294
,
299
,
316
,
337
Normative
49
,
143 –144
,
149 –150
,
220 –221
,
223
,
226 –228
,
257
,
268
,
273 –274
,
286
Norway
17
,
210
,
212 –216
Objective
7
,
195
,
256
Objectivist fallacy
293 –294
Online
76
,
195
,
203
,
237 –238
,
288
,
325
,
335
,
340 –345
Openness to experience
310
,
326
Organisation
7
,
15
,
18 –19
,
22 –23
,
58
,
60
,
63
,
106
,
125
,
130
,
132
,
139 –140
,
147
,
176
,
179
,
200 –203
,
206 –207
,
210
,
231
,
237
,
293
,
296 –297
Organisational exit
202
,
205 –206
Oregon Extension
164 –173
Orthodoxy
6
,
15
,
143
,
236
,
258
Unorthodoxy
135
,
257
Pagan
256
Pagodas
270
Pakistan
13
,
15 –16
,
19
,
86
,
88 –89
,
91
,
222
Palestinian
275
Panel studies
282
Paradigm
45
,
48
,
53
,
91
,
125
,
138
,
256
,
262
,
271
,
297
,
313
,
323
,
325
,
330
Parkinson’s disease
311 –312
Patriarchy
37
,
188
,
269
Pedophilia
2
Performance
164
,
168
,
330
,
333
Performative, performativity
105
,
149
,
164 –165
,
167
,
172
,
331
Pew Research Center
1 –2
,
73
,
143
,
186n
,
200
,
202
,
243
,
271
,
287 –288
Philippines
270
Pietistic
263
Piety
142
,
144
,
147
,
149
,
188
,
233
,
256
Political
3
,
5
,
17
,
32
,
73
,
83 –87
,
91 –92
,
99
,
101
,
104
,
109
,
113
,
121
,
131
,
140
,
216
,
227
,
267
,
270 –271
,
274 –275
,
281 –282
,
284
,
297n
,
323
,
342
Political scientists
157
,
273
Polyconfessional
274
Pope, the
64
,
76
,
287
Popular culture
156
,
234
,
296
,
309
Population
1 –2
,
15
,
17
,
31
,
71
,
73
,
139
,
144
,
148
,
154
,
177 –178
,
186 –187
,
191
,
233
,
243
,
269
,
271 –272
,
275
,
283 –288
,
299
Porn
339
Positivist
259
,
324 –326
,
328 –331
,
333
Postcolonial
273
Post-secularisation
271
Postmodern
274
Poststructuralist
220
,
271
Power
4
,
17
,
33
,
37 –39
,
51
,
70 –73
,
75
,
77
,
88
,
93
,
104 –105
,
110
,
142
,
177 –179
,
188
,
200
,
212
,
221
,
224
,
228
,
232
,
234
,
244
,
247
,
249
,
272 –273
,
294
,
302
,
336
,
343
Prayer
56 –57
,
170
,
213
,
281
Prejudice
118
,
137
,
296
,
301
,
310
Premarital sex
282 –283
Pre-modern societies
269
Procreation
267
Psychic
135
,
308
,
327
Psychological
5
,
31
,
164
,
179
,
181
,
191
,
234
,
307 –315
,
326 –327
,
331
,
335
Psychologists
110
,
139 –140
,
178
,
235
,
294
,
298
,
310
,
312
,
315
Psychology
36
,
103
,
132
,
140
,
145
,
179
,
189
,
292n
,
307
,
313
,
315 –316
,
324
,
335
Psychotherapy
332
Public opinion polls
300
Qualitative
145
,
187
,
242
,
274
,
278 –279
,
286
,
312
,
343
Quantitative
144
,
155
,
157
,
159
,
242
,
272
,
274
,
278 –280
,
284
,
286 –288
,
343
Questionnaire
177
,
285
,
328
,
331
Quran
81
,
84 –85
,
89
,
90
,
92 –93
,
223
Rational
5
,
72
,
117
,
126
,
131
,
135
,
138
,
140
,
205
,
235
,
263
,
270
,
293 –294
Rational choice theory
235
,
297
,
325
Rebellion
67
,
69
,
75
,
83
,
224
,
293 –294
Regression
283 –284
,
308
Religious
Activity
13
,
36
,
38
,
58
,
60
,
63
,
91
,
101
,
120n
,
124
,
201
,
204
,
212
,
271
,
295
Affiliation
59
,
132
,
142 –143
,
147 –148
,
154 –155
,
157 –159
,
161
,
186
,
193
,
195
,
217 –218
,
221
,
231
,
258
,
269
,
279
,
281 –282
,
287 –288
,
292
,
301
,
307
,
323
,
338
Bricolage
293
Change
2
,
143
,
151
,
212
,
213
,
215
,
217 –218
,
233
,
256 –259
,
263
,
267
,
270 –274
,
281
,
284
,
286
,
292
,
301 –302
,
323
,
329
,
331
Commitment
120
,
131
,
135
,
137
,
140
,
186 –187
,
189
,
202
,
233
,
293 –294
,
324
,
329
,
337
Decline
1
,
70
,
73
,
77
,
190
,
280 –288
,
292
Defection
28
,
118
,
145
,
157 –159
,
234
,
294 –296
Disaffiliation
2
,
67
,
74
,
118 –119
,
130 –134
,
138
,
140
,
142
,
145
,
147
,
187
,
220 –221
,
231
,
239
,
279 –285
,
292 –297
,
301
,
310
,
323
,
325
Disengagement
131 –133
,
138
,
140
,
278 –279
,
282
,
296 –297
Experience
122
,
126 –128
,
135 –138
,
155
,
159
,
176
,
179 –180
,
251
,
256 –257
,
278
,
293
,
295n
,
307 –308
,
335
Fundamentalism
310
,
326
Marketplace
111
,
189 –190
,
273
,
297
,
324
Monopoly
72
,
299
Multiple belief systems
248
,
268
,
303
Pluralism
118
,
271
,
324
Rejection
67
,
69
,
76
,
132
,
140
,
187
,
191
,
201
,
224 –225
,
258
,
262
,
267
,
285
,
293 –294
,
297
,
307
,
309 –310
Switching
1 –2
,
69
,
73
,
142
,
144
,
146
,
187
,
235
,
271
,
282
,
297 –298
Syncretism
17
,
70
,
262
,
268
Topography
269 –270
Upbringing
157
,
190
,
224 –225
,
243 –244
,
250 –251
,
268
,
297 –299
,
301
,
309
Religulous (movie)
342
Renouncing religion
55
,
142
,
267
,
335 –336
Retirement
35
,
39
,
267
Right-wing authoritarianism
310
,
326
Ritual
6
,
15
,
18
,
48 –49
,
56
,
110
,
142
,
145
,
173
,
175
,
189
,
260
,
262
,
269 –270
,
288
,
300
,
309
,
312
Ritual participation
189
,
288
Role
4 –5
,
23
,
31
,
33
,
38
,
48
,
73
,
127
,
132
,
138 –140
,
146
,
149
,
157 –158
,
165 –167
,
172 –174
,
187
,
189
,
206 –207
,
231 –232
,
236
,
258
,
268
,
270 –271
,
273 –274
,
286
,
295 –296
,
298
,
303
,
309 –312
,
326
,
329 –331
,
333
,
335 –337
,
341
,
343 –345
Russia
71
,
73
,
83
,
270
Sacred
24
,
107
,
111
,
175
,
188
,
201
,
261
Sacred canopy
188
,
337
Sangha
29 –39
,
117
Satisfaction
243
,
313 –314
Saudi Arabia
4
,
81
,
84
,
91
,
224
Scandinavia
285
,
299
Scepticism
50
,
187 –188
,
257
,
261
School
21
,
31
,
37
,
91
,
100
,
103
,
143
,
148
,
157
,
159
,
164
,
194 –195
,
214
,
225
,
237
,
259
,
267
,
282
Science
1n
,
45
,
47
,
99
,
109
,
117
,
168
,
224
,
258 –259
,
273
,
278
,
281
,
284
,
293
,
309 –310
,
313 –314
,
316
,
324 –325
,
340
,
342
Scientology
232
,
236 –239
Scripture-based religions
270
Secular
1
,
14
,
19
,
59
,
61
,
72
,
87
,
117 –118
,
120
,
125 –126
,
137
,
143
,
192 –193
,
235
,
245
,
251
,
261
,
268
,
272
,
284 –288
,
293n
,
294
,
299
,
309
,
313
,
336
,
341
Secular drift
299
Secularisation
1
,
47 –48
,
58
,
70
,
72
,
186 –191
,
193 –195
,
257
,
262
,
269 –275
,
280
,
287 –288
,
292 –295
,
299
,
309
,
329
,
336
Secularisation thesis
251
,
270
Secularism
77
,
186
,
190
,
194 –196
,
257
,
268
,
316
Sect
1
,
5
,
38
,
113
,
131
,
292
,
295 –296
,
338
Self-report measures
313 –314
Semiotic
258
Sexual identity → Identity, sexual identity
Sexual orientations
3
,
221
,
227
Sharia
81
,
84 –87
,
93
Sikhism
14
,
19
,
113
,
302
Singapore
270
Snapping
292
Social class
5
,
58
,
103 –104
,
108
,
161
,
179
,
188
,
221
,
294
Social differentiation
270
Social psychology
313
,
324
Social sciences
1n
,
258 –259
,
273
,
278
,
281
,
284
Socialisation
119
,
143
,
145
,
179
,
181
,
183
,
188
,
202
,
207
,
268
,
297 –298
Society
1
,
3
,
15 –17
,
22
,
46 –48
,
58
,
62
,
64
,
69
,
71 –72
,
74
,
76
,
86
,
88
,
92
,
102 –111
,
116
,
125
,
127
,
139
,
155
,
161
,
175
,
186
,
188
,
191 –196
,
211
,
213 –215
,
220
,
225 –228
,
231 –232
,
235
,
251
,
261
,
269
,
271
,
293n
,
295 –296
,
298 –299
,
343 –344
Socio-economical
45
,
267
,
269 –270
Socio-economic mobility
267
Socio-economic status
269
Socio-emotional
310
Sociologists
1
,
48
,
101
,
110
,
187
,
190
,
232
,
239
,
273
,
293
,
312
Sociology
47 –48
,
132
,
258 –259
,
292n
,
293 –294
,
297
,
315 –316
,
324
Socrates
46
,
52
,
307
Somali
338
Space
217
,
225
,
267 –269
,
271
,
274 –275
,
337
,
339 –340
,
342
Spirits
116 –117
,
122
,
126n
,
309
Spiritual
17 –18
,
24
,
61
,
118
,
120
,
123 –127
,
135
,
137
,
142 –143
,
155
,
160
,
166
,
170 –172
,
188 –189
,
233
,
238 –239
,
256
,
262
,
274
,
324
,
329
Spirituality
59
,
73
,
222
,
262
,
271
,
287
,
312
,
314
Sri Lanka
17
,
31 –32
,
34 –35
,
39
,
111
,
268
Statistical analysis
278
,
282
Statistics
1
,
144
,
157
,
210
,
236
,
272
,
278 –289
,
338
,
345
Stereotype
49
Stereotypical
296
,
301
Stories
45
,
77
,
135 –137
,
145
,
160
,
177 –181
,
203
,
212 –217
,
259 –260
,
299 –300
,
325 –327
,
330 –332
,
335
,
337 –339
,
341 –343
,
345
Story
39
,
71
,
75
,
137
,
160
,
203
,
214
,
216
,
257
,
299
,
325
,
330 –331
,
337 –338
Structural differentiation
155
,
270
Study of Adolescent to Adult Health
282
Sudan
4
Śuddhi ritual
15
,
18
,
22
Supernatural
38
,
103
,
110 –111
,
114
,
190
,
307
,
309
,
314
Supernatural agents
117
,
308 –309
Superstition
58
,
263
,
269 –270
Survey
37
,
59
,
144
,
177 –178
,
187
,
189 –192
,
202
,
232
,
242
,
244
,
250
,
279 –281
,
284 –288
,
294
,
299n
,
300
,
314 –316
,
344
Sweden
68
,
73 –74
,
221 –222
,
225 –226
,
280
,
299
Switching → religious switching
Switzerland
68
,
89
,
238
,
299
Symbolic
56
,
104
,
212
,
234
,
258
,
272
,
274
,
328
,
330
,
333
Symbolic interaction
295
Symbols
117
,
193
,
206
,
258
,
263
,
337
Symptom
308
Syria
4
,
17
,
221
,
223
,
302
Temples
16
,
18
,
22
,
31 –39
,
102 –104
,
201
,
204
,
270
Testimony
70
,
89
,
194
,
203
,
205
,
231 –232
,
238
,
258
,
262
,
339
,
342
,
344 –345
Thailand
29
,
31 –40
,
268
Theologians
4
,
6
,
44
,
57
,
76 –77
,
81 –85
,
91 –93
,
310
Theological
51
,
67
,
72
,
85
,
92 –93
,
133n
,
135
,
143
,
164
,
211
,
298
,
325
Theology
53
,
67
,
76
,
85
,
104
,
193
Theoretical
2
,
6 –7
,
47 –48
,
51 –52
,
113
,
118
,
130
,
132
,
165
,
220
,
228
,
247
,
256 –257
,
261
,
279 –280
,
292
,
295
,
298 –302
,
313
,
323
,
326
,
328
,
331
,
336
Theory
13
,
48
,
62
,
100 –101
,
110 –111
,
114
,
137
,
189
,
203
,
220
,
235
,
279
,
293
,
296n
,
297 –298
,
311
,
345
Theory of mind
311
Theresa of Avila
308
Torah
56
,
62
,
143
,
148 –149
Tradition
1
,
4 –7
,
13
,
16 –19
,
23 –24
,
28 –40
,
46 –47
,
50 –52
,
58 –60
,
71
,
73 –74
,
77
,
81 –85
,
90
,
92 –93
,
130 –131
,
133n
,
134 –137
,
139 –140
,
142 –143
,
147 –151
,
160
,
173
,
176
,
183
,
188
,
192
,
194
,
207
,
222
,
232
,
235
,
239
,
256 –260
,
269
,
272
,
279
,
292
,
297n
,
301 –302
,
310
,
323
,
325 –326
,
329
,
337
,
340
Transcendent
134 –136
,
232
Transmission
2
,
176 –177
,
186
,
189 –190
,
196
Trauma
138
,
175
,
204
Traumatic
18
,
182
,
204
Traumatised
121
,
148
Tribe
5
,
43
,
268
Typology, typologies
139 –140
,
180
,
203
,
295
,
314
Unaffiliated
73
,
200
,
271
,
284
,
287 –288
Unbelief
46
,
75 –76
,
81
,
83
,
87 –88
,
148
,
190
,
220 –222
,
259
,
263
,
292 –293
,
297
,
299 –300
,
307 –316
Unemployment
296
,
302
Unitarian Church
300
United Kingdom
60
,
190
,
272
,
299
,
339
United Nations
3
United States
18
,
144
,
187
,
273 –274
,
279 –280
,
286
,
288
,
294
,
299
,
310
Unorthodox
135
,
257
Value
5
,
21 –22
,
36
,
38
,
50
,
61
,
106
,
109 –110
,
119
,
139
,
157
,
160
,
185
,
189 –190
,
194
,
201 –202
,
206 –207
,
211
,
220
,
224 –227
,
235 –236
,
250
,
256
,
263
,
272 –273
,
279 –280
,
284 –287
,
294
,
297n
,
302 –303
,
313
,
326
,
330 –331
,
339
Variables
147
,
249
,
251
,
269
,
279
,
281 –282
,
284
,
288
,
297
,
312
,
315
Violence
5
,
28
,
39
,
43
,
93
,
101n
,
177
,
204
,
237
Vipassana → Buddhism, Vipassana meditation
Western societies
131
,
270
,
293
,
298
WikiIslam
338
,
340
,
344
Witchcraft
69
,
259
Work (Job)
58
,
87
,
99
,
101
,
122
,
157
,
159
,
236
,
267
World Religions
6
,
13
,
246
,
270
World Values Survey
280
,
284 –285
World War ii
3
,
111
Worldview
47
,
120
,
126
,
175 –176
,
232
,
242
,
248
,
251
,
258 –259
,
262
Youth-Parent Socialization Panel Study
282
YouTube
340
,
342
Zemi
270