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In: International Environmental Law, Fourth Edition

Author:

Dinah Shelton

Dinah Shelton
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Editors:

Makane Moïse Mbengue

Makane Moïse Mbengue
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Elena Cima

Elena Cima
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, and

Brian McGarry

Brian McGarry
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Dar Hadith al Hassania

Index

Aarhus Convention

,

–

,

abuse of rights

,

Absolute territorial integrity

–

Absolute territorial sovereignty

–

accidents

Bhopal see Bhopal

Chernobyl see Chernobyl

Fukushima

,

,

,

nuclear

–

Sandoz

Seveso

,

Torrey Canyon

,

,

transboundary industrial accidents

acid rain

,

,

Canada importing from United States

action plans and programs

–

Activities in the Area (Advisory Opinion)

,

,

,

Africa

background

biologic diversity, protection of

Commission for the management of the Cuvelai River Basin (CUVECOM)

Convention on Nature

desertification see desertification

Gambia River Agreement

human rights see human rights

independence and

local communities

Niger Basin Agreement

–

Organization of African Unity

protection of flora and fauna

regional economic institutions

,

shared resource management

Treaty Establishing a Common Market for Eastern and Southern

Zambezi Watercourse Commission (ZAMCOM)

,

Africa

African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights

,

,

,

African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

,

,

,

,

details of

–

African Development Bank

,

–

,

,

Agenda

as subhead to other topics

biosafety see biosafety

non-governmental organizations

soil protection

UNCED and

Agreement on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction. see BBNJ Treaty

agriculture

birds useful to

,

,

,

climate change

Food and Agriculture Organization

–

plant breeders and farmers rights

air pollution

acid rain

,

–

BAPMON

Council of Europe

emission controls

see as subhead to other topics

Geneva Convention on Long Rand Transboundary

–

Haze Convention

–

European legislation as to

heavy metals

,

incineration

international efforts to control

–

long range transboundary

,

marine pollution transported by air

–

nitrogen compounds

NOx Protocol

ozone

treaties to control

–

Trail Smelter arbitration see Trail Smelter

VOCs Protocol

,

,

alien species

–

brown tree snake

control over

Ramsar Convention

,

West Nile virus

zebra mussel

Alps

environmental protection

,

–

Amazon Declaration

Amazonia

Amazonian Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO)

Treaty of Amazonian Cooperation

Amazonian Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO)

Amoco Cadiz

,

–

,

,

Amoco Production Co. v. Village of Gambell, Alaska

animals,

biodiversity

bats

cetaceans see cetaceans

common concern of humanity

dolphins

,

habitats

,

inter-species equity

–

seals

–

whales

–

wild

,

Anna Maria Guerra and 39 Others against Italy

Antarctica Treaty

Consultative Meetings

Consultative Parties

illegal catches

nuclear explosions

pollution

Antarctica

Antarctica Treaty System (ATS)

et seq.

common area

common concern of humanity

,

,

conservation

–

ecosystem

–

Convention on Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)

,

environmental protection

seals

Anthropogenic climate change

–

Antigua Convention. Sustainable Development

apartheid

Aquifers

,

arbitration

–

Arctic

ecosystem

,

persistent organic pollutants

polar bears

–

armed conflict

–

Agenda 17

bibliography

–

biological and toxic weapons

chemical weapons

–

cleanup

conflict prevention

–

customary and treaty law

–

damages

–

environmental law during

–

environmental claims and damages

–

environmental modification

Environmental Modification Convention

,

et seq.

environmental refugees

explosive projectiles Declaration

Geneva Convention as to

Gulf War

ICJ advisory opinions

land warfare

law of war

legal instruments governing

et seq.

liability

Lieber Code

Martens Clause

–

mines

peacetime military exercises and

permissible destruction

protection of cultural property in event of

Rio Declaration statement

security and conflict prevention

–

Arrondell v. UK

Asia and the Pacific

Apia Convention

–

ASEAN Convention

biologic diversity, protection of

–

shared resource management

–

Asian Development Bank (ADB)

,

–

,

Aspirana Mahuika et al v. New ‘Zealand

,

assessments, see environmental impact

assessment atmosphere

–

Awas Tingni Mayagna (Sumo) Indigenous Community v. Nicaragua

Baggs v. UK

Bali Roadmap

,

Baltic Sea

,

,

,

,

Conventions on

,

,

,

,

discharging of oil

land-based pollution

port state control

–

banned products

regulation

Barcelona Protocol

Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Co., case of

,

bats

,

,

BBNJ Treaty

Beef Hormones Case

Benthem v. Netherlands

Bering Sea Arbitration (UK v. US). see Fur Seals Arbitration

Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

features of

–

best available technology (BAT)

–

,

,

,

,

,

,

best environmental practice

,

,

,

,

Bhopal

,

,

,

,

Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs). see International Investment Agreements

Arbitral awards

Expropriation, Indirect

Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET)

Regulatory chill

Biodiversity Convention

as subhead to other topics

Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Tech. Advice (SBSTTA)

biological diversity

access to biological resources

–

alien species

–

Asia-Pacific region

bibliography

–

biological resources, access to

–

biosafety see biosafety

concepts and definitions

–

obligations

,

coordination, need for

definition of

development of legal norms

–

driftnet fishing

–

ecosystem diversity

extinction, exploitation, etc.,

–

general international instruments

–

genetic diversity

global instruments

–

habitat protection

–

indigenous peoples role in

–

internet sites

legal norms, development of

–

living modified organisms

loss of

–

marine living resources

–

precautionary approach

proliferation of agreements problem

protection of

–

regional instruments

–

regulation of trade

–

species diversity

extinction, etc.

,

invasive or alien species

–

protection of

–

specific threats

–

threats to

biological resources

–

biosafety

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

–

biotechnology

–

birds

ASEAN

bilateral agreements

Bird Directive

–

bustards

CITES

EC directive

eggs

Global Environmental Facility (GEF)

habitats

hunting methods

,

International Convention for the Protection of Birds Useful to Agriculture

,

protected birds

protection of

,

trade

waterbirds

waste oil and

wetlands and

black list

,

Black Sea

discharging of oil

port state control

–

regional seas agreements

–

,

,

Bladet Tromso and Stensaas v. Narway

Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)

,

,

–

Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Arising out of their Utilization

,

Brundtland Commission, see World Commission on Environment and Development

business interests

NGOs and

–

,

Canada

air quality agreement

Smelter arbitration

Canberra Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)

,

,

Caribbean

marine turtles

–

marine environment

regional seas agreements see regional seas agreement

Cartagena Biosafety Protocol

,

Case on the Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Swordfish Stocks in the South Eastern Pacific Ocean (Chile v. EC)

Caspian Sea. see regional seas agreements

catchment areas

CERES/Valdez Principles

Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v Nicaragua)

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

cetaceans

–

,

Chagos Marine Protected Area Arbitration (Mauritius v. UK)

,

Chapman v. UK

Charan Lal Sahu v. Union of India

Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States

,

,

,

responsibility of states

chemicals

chemical emissions

chemical weapons

,

,

,

–

FAO Code of Conduct

International Chemicals Register

pesticides see pesticides

pollution

,

,

prior informed consent

,

,

Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC)

,

Rhine Convention on

Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC)

Chernobyl

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

child labor

chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)

,

–

,

et seq.,

proposed substitute

Chorzow Factory (Indemnity) Case

,

civil society

international institutions and

,

NGOs and

–

climate change

–

atmosphere

,

stratosphere

agriculture, effect on

anthropogenic climate change

–

bibliography

bubble approach

carbon dioxide and

common concern of mankind

conferences on

et seq.

Convention on (UNFCCC)

–

developed and undeveloped nations

,

emission trading

,

global warming

,

greenhouse gas emissions

joint implementation

Kyoto Protocol

,

,

,

–

monitoring

,

precaution

reporting

UNEP and

et seq.

United States policy

,

–

Climate change fund

coastal and marine ecosystems

–

Agenda 21

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)

Jakarta Mandate

–

coastal state jurisdiction

–

Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts

Codex Alimentarius

,

command-and-control

Commission for Environmental Cooperation

,

Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)

common but differentiated responsibility (Principle

)

common concern of humanity

–

common heritage of mankind

–

Common Market

commons areas, see Antarctica , see high seas

commons, tragedy of

Compensation for environmental damage

Scope of

Methodology for valuation

compliance and dispute settlement (CDS)

–

arbitration

–

international compliance mechanisms

–

international compliance mechanisms

International Court of Justice

–

international criminal law

–

international dispute settlement procedures

–

Law of the Sea Tribunal

–

litigation see litigation

mechanisms, international compliance

–

national enforcement of international environmental norms

–

see specific items such as civil liability, etc.

prevention

State responsibility and liability

–

WTO

Conference or Meeting of the Parties (COP or MOP)

–

Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

conservation

Bern Convention

biodiversity, see biological diversity

protection, preservation and

–

wild animals, see migratory species

consumer action

consumer society

continental shelf

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

,

,

–

biological diversity

access to genetic resources and

–

,

–

Article

,

background to

biosafety and liability

biosafety

clearing house

common concern of humanity

,

Conference of the Parties

in situ and ex situ conservation

Nagoya Protocol on Benefit-Sharing

needs of present and future generations

range of activities

–

sovereignty vs state responsibility

Convention on Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources CCAMLR)

,

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

,

,

,

,

,

,

aim

et seq.

Animals threatened with extinction, list of

conferences

effectiveness

elephant

–

experts, use of

export limitations

et seq.

humane treatment

import and export controls

et seq.

ivory

–

national authorities

obligations

pharmaceutical companies

protection of endangered species

reporting

SACIM

trade in wild animals

Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP)

,

,

,

,

,

,

Convention on Nature Protection and Wild Life Preservation in the Western Hemisphere

Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats

cooperation

–

duty of

eradicating poverty

MOX case

,

,

–

notification and consultation

partnership

relocation and transfer

shared resources

watercourses

Cooperative Program for Monitoring and Evaluation of LRTAP in Europe (EMEP)

,

coral reefs

,

–

Corfu Channel case

,

,

corporations

codes of conduct

–

COSIS (Advisory Opinion)

cost/benefit analysis

Council of Europe

–

Bern Convention

,

civil liability for damage to environment

Conservation of European Wildlife and natural Habitats

Conservation of Nature

Convention on Criminal Law

creation of

Declaration on Air Pollution

European Court of Human Rights

European Landscape Convention

,

European Soil Charter

,

European Water Charter

members

regional planning

work of

COVID

pandemic

crimes

Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind

Article

,

criminal law

corporate responsibility

Council of Europe Convention

environmental crimes

gross negligence

international cooperation

international criminal law

–

jurisdiction

penal sanctions

war crimes

critical loads

Cross-border Trucking Services case

cultural and minority rights

–

cultural and natural sites

list of

customary international law

–

,

–

compliance and

general legal principles

–

Principles 21

and

,

regulation of transfrontier pollution

–

transfrontier pollution

damages

–

dams

Danube Convention

Danube River

–

,

conservation

–

Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Case see Hungary

groundwater

debt for nature exchanges

debt, international

Declaration on Environment and Development

degradation, environmental

deposits

desertification

action plans

–

Convention on

,

detergents

European agreement restricting

developing countries (Group of

)

debt for nature swaps

–

debt obligations

priority for needs of

poverty and

et seq.

diplomatic protection

directive recommendations

,

–

discrimination

Stockholm Conference and

dispute settlement see compliance and dispute settlement

Doe v. Unocal

domestic climate change litigation

driftnets

,

–

due diligence

dumping

definition

–

in general

London Convention

plastics and garbage

Earth Charter

Earthwatch

,

Ecocide

eco-labeling

economic analysis

–

,

–

specific entries such as World Trade Organization

Aesthetic enjoyment

Agenda 21

bibliography

competitive disadvantage

–

cost-benefit analysis

,

deposits

–

development

economic activities

–

economic instruments defined

–

economic measures

–

environmental management and audits

–

fisheries and aquaculture

grants and subsidies

–

“Green investments”,

incentives

insurance

labeling

–

loans

,

industrialized and developing countries

international debt

market failure

–

monitoring and surveillance

–

negotiable permits and joint implementation

–

North-South disparity

OECD

polluter pays

,

–

poverty reduction

–

see poverty

private economic enterprises

–

public goods

regional economic institutions in Africa and elsewhere

–

Rio Declaration

short term advantage

supportive and open economic system (Principle

)

taxation

–

tragedy of the commons

unregulated fishing

world economic order and Principle

economic instruments

auditing

–

deposits

grants

–

insurance

labeling

–

loans

monitoring and surveillance

–

negotiable permits

–

OECD

subsidies

–

taxes

–

ecosystems

Alps

,

coastal and marine

–

coral reefs

integrated approach

mountain ecosystems

–

polar regions

–

transboundary protected areas and landscapes

–

education, role of

Stockholm Action Plan and

Edward I 1306 ordinance of

El Nino

elephants

,

–

emergencies

–

accidents

assistance in

–

financing assistance

London Convention

mutual assistance

preventive actions

–

responsive action

–

emissions

standards

–

Emission Control Areas (ECAs)

endangered species

polar bears

–

sea turtles

–

vicuii.a

–

whales

–

energy

Energy Charter Treaty

sustainable energy production

WSSD and

Enewetak, In re People of

–

enforcement

–

adjudicative jurisdiction

–

administrative

civil liability

–

criminal law

–

European Union

extraterritorial

–

international proceedings

–

remedies

sanctions

UNCLOS

environment

definition

–

legal definition of

right to safe or healthy

constitutions guaranteeing

environmental harm

harm

customary international law

non-discrimination

polluter pays principle

–

environmental impact assessment (EIA)

–

,

–

Aarhus Convention

activities subject to

Antarctic activities

bank-financed projects

Biodiversity Convention

Climate Change Convention

–

Comprehensive Environmental Evaluation (CEE)

criteria and procedure

–

equal access

Espoo Convention

–

,

European Community law

–

fact-finding missions

history of

International Finance Corporation

–

Lome IV

minimum documentation

post-project analysis

–

public participation

regional banks

–

Rio Declaration Principle

,

seabed activities

–

UNCLOS

World Bank requirements

–

environmental justice see human rights

environmental management and audits

–

Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)

environmental principles

environmental rights,

human rights

equal access

non-discrimination

public participation in decision-making

,

environmental security

equal access

customary international law

principle

equity

–

equitable sharing of resources

inter-generational

–

intra-generational

–

inter-species

–

erosion

Escazú Agreement

Ethyl Corp v. Canada et al

EU Emission Trading System (ETS)

Europe

biological diversity, protection of

–

Danube

–

Oder

Rhine river

–

shared resource management

–

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)

–

environmental impact statements

–

European Bank of lnvestment (EIB)

,

European Community, see European Union

European Court of Justice (EC])

precautionary principle

European Energy Charter

,

European Green Deal

,

European Landscape Convention

,

European Union

–

air pollution control

–

aquatic environment

biotechnology

Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)

Commission

Committee of the Regions

Common Market

Corporate due diligence

–

Council

directives

economic and political integration

Economic and Social Committee

environmental impact assessment (EIA)

–

,

environmental policy

et seq

EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030

European Community (EC)

European Convention if Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

European Court of Human Rights

European Court of Justice

,

Commission v. Italy

Court of First Instance

waste and

European Economic Community

et seq.

European Green Deal

European Parliament

forests

climate change and

Helsinki Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

Maastrict Treaty on European Union (TEU)

–

member states

party to major treaties on nature and biological diversity

pollution

see, in general, pollution

Program of action

regulations

,

Single European Act (SEA)

Soil Strategy 2030,

Treaty on European Union

UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)

,

–

gasoline emissions and

transboundary air pollution

transboundary industrial accidents

work of

European Water Charter

,

E-waste

exclusive economic zone

,

coastal state jurisdiction

–

creation of

fisheries see fisheries

sea bed activities

Exxon Valdez, grounding of

,

FAO

Soil regulation

Farmers’ rights

–

financial assistance

plant genetic resources

–

Ramsar Small Grants Fund World Heritage Fund

financial institutions

African Development Bank

–

Asian Development Bank

–

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)

–

European Bank of lnvestment

–

Global Environment Facility (GEF)

,

–

Global Environment Fund

Inter-American Development Bank

International Finance Corporation (IFC)

–

Pelosi Amendment

regional banks

Multilateral Fund

–

UN Compensation Commission World Bank

–

fisheries,

marine living resources

cases

catch

coastal state jurisdiction

–

conventions

,

criminal proceedings

European Community

enforcement of limits

grants and subsidies

–

high seas

–

management of fish stock

migratory fish stock

North-East

–

straddling stocks

,

sustainable development

UNCLOS

unregulated

flora and fauna

,

,

Convention on

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

–

codes of conduct

Convention on Prior Informed Consent

environmental concerns

–

fisheries management

food security

legislative source

pesticides

Plant Genetic Resources Commission

,

working methods of

World Soil Charter

forests

–

African

climate change and

categories of

EC and

,

ecological role

forest fire

Kyoto Protocol

loss of

paper, production of

products from

sinks, as

sustainable development

,

tropical timber

,

,

UN Forum on Forests (UNFF)

UNCED declaration on

Warsaw Framework for REDD+

forum non conveniens

Foster v. Nielson

framework agreements

Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

,

,

,

,

–

COP

NGOs and

France

Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)

,

Environment Chapters

fresh waters

–

international watercourses

basic needs supplied by

bibliography

boundary waters case study

Danube

–

dams and

demand for

exporting of by Canada

global norms

–

overview

–

pollution

pollution treaties

protection of

regional regulation

–

Rhine

,

–

safe drinking water

sewage disposal

shared resource management

–

shared river basins

sustainable development crisis

Water Framework Directive (WFD)

Fundo publico v. May of Bugalagrande et al

Fukushima

,

,

,

future generations

et seq.

Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Case see Hungary

Ganges

gasoline

Reformulated Gasoline Case

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

,

–

,

–

environmental norms

et seq.

Process and production methods (PPM)

et seq.

trade restrictions

et seq.

WTO

–

General Assembly, see United Nations

genetically modified organisms, see living modified organisms

genetic resources

–

Geneva Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution

,

Global Commons harm to

–

Global Environment Facility (GEF)

–

Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS)

,

Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)

,

Global Pact for the Environment

,

Global stocktake

global warming

climate change

Golder v. UK

Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD)

,

Grand Paradiso National Park

Grand Prince Case (Belize v. France)

grants and subsidies

–

FAO and

gray list

,

Great Lakes

greenhouse gases

climate change

leading producers of

uncertainty as to

Greenpeace

GuerTa and Other v. Italy

Gulf region

Gulf War

et seq.

habitats

ASEAN Convention

birds

Bonn Convention

definition

endangered species see endangered species

habitat protection

–

migratory species see migratory species

polar bears

–

protected areas,

protected areas

Ramsar Convention

–

World Heritage Convention

–

Hague Convention

Handelskwkerij. v. Mines de Potasse d’Alsace

Handelskwekerij, v, Nubes de Oitasse d’Alsace

harm

concept of

regulation to control

–

Harmon Doctrine

Hatton and Others v. UK

hazardous substances

–

Basel Convention

bibliography

control of transboundary movements of

European Community and

European legislation as to

,

,

FAO and

human health, effect on

industries, regulating hazardous

Seveso directive

International Chemicals Register

Inter-Organizational Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC)

international instruments controlling

et seq.

Lead acid batteries

Lists of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes

–

long-term consequences unknown

OECD and

pesticides, pharmaceuticals, etc

,

plastic

POPs and

–

prior informed consent (PIC)

,

,

–

,

–

,

production and use

–

regional regulations

relocation and transfer

transfrontier movements

transfrontier movements

world trade in

hazardous waste

as subtopic

Bamako Convention

,

,

,

–

Basel Convention

,

–

,

,

–

,

Cairo Guidelines

civil liability

–

definition

damages

developing countries

dumping at sea

export of

incineration

Illegal shipments

liability

–

prior informed consent

,

,

radioactive waste

regulation

–

trade and transport

–

health

right to

–

Helsinki Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

Helsinki Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area

High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development, see Commission on Sustainable Development

high seas

,

,

–

,

–

common space

Convention on

intervention on

,

UNCLOS

Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships

human environment see Stockholm Conference on human rights

–

specific rights such as health

access to justice

,

African Charter

,

bibliography

–

child, rights of

complaints to the Human Rights Commission

et seq.

constitutional provisions

cultural and minority rights

–

declarations of human rights

ecologically-balanced

environmental agreements and

environmental information, right to

–

environmental protection and

–

farmers and plant breeders, of

fumes from tannery

–

indigenous peoples, of

–

international environmental law and

–

international human rights law and

–

physical security

public participation in decision-making

–

public right to know

–

remedy for environmental harm

–

safe and healthy environment right to

–

Stockholm Declaration to

basic needs

–

food

,

freedom of association

–

freedom of information and expression

–

health

–

life

–

participation

–

privacy and family life

–

property

–

remedy, right to

–

standard of living

–

toxic and dangerous wastes

,

water

UN Human Rights committee

et seq.

women

,

,

humanitarian law

Human Rights

Clean, healthy and sustainable environment, right to. see safe and healthy environment, right to

Human Rights Council

Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)

,

Respect for private and family life, right to

,

hunting

Hungary

Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Case

,

,

,

,

–

,

,

,

–

ICJ

Chamber for Environmental Matters

Iced water resources

Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing

impact assessment, see environmental impact assessment

implementation

–

national law

import/export restrictions

incineration

indigenous peoples

–

industry

codes of conduct

–

contracts with government

–

insurance

standardization

,

,

Indus Waters. see Kishenganga/Neelum River

Indus Waters Kishenganga Arbitration (Pakistan v. India)

information and expression, freedom of

–

insurance

Environmental Impairment Liability (EIL)

integrated approach to environmental protection

–

conclusions

–

ecosystem protection and manage ment

–

coastal and marine ecosystems

–

mountain ecosystems

–

polar regions

–

shared resource management

–

transboundary protected areas and landscapes

–

intellectual property

biosafety

plant breeders rights

TRIPS

Inter-American Court of Human Rights

Inter-American Development Bank

,

–

Committee on Environment and Social Impact (CESI)

–

inter-generational equity

–

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

,

,

,

,

,

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

–

,

,

–

,

–

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes

–

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

International Code for the Safe Carriage of Packaged irradiated nuclear Fuel, Plutonium, High Level Radioactive Waste on Board Ships

–

International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters. see Polar Code

International Committee of the Red Cross

armed conflicts and

international compliance mechanisms

–

chemical weapons

reporting obligations

–

states and

verification and non-compliance procedures

–

United Nations and

withdrawing benefits for non-compliance

World Bank Inspection Panels

–

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil

topics beginning with marine

International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

international conventions

source of international environmental law

International Convention on Salvage. see Salvage Convention

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

,

,

,

,

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)

,

,

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

advisory opinions

armed conflict or weapon testing

Article

,

conflict resolving

dispute settlement

–

genocide advisory opinion

nuclear weapons

International Criminal Court

International Development Association

international environmental law

action plans and programs

–

Agenda

,

codes of conduct

–

dispute settlement see compliance and dispute settlement

economic measures

–

environmental impact statements

–

environmental management and audits

–

foundations of

–

general principles of law

–

global instruments

–

,

–

human rights and humanitarian law

international conventions

–

adaptation and evolution of obligations

–

compliance procedures

–

framework agreements

mechanisms and organs of cooperation

–

international organizations resolutions and decisions of

–

judicial decisions and doctrine

–

licensing and permitting

–

obligations, nature of

–

origin and evolution of

–

parties

Conference of the Parties (COP)

Meeting of the Parties (MOP)

prior informed consent

–

regional instruments

–

,

–

regulatory measures

–

religion and philosophy

–

restrictions and prohibitions

–

Rio to Johannesburg

–

,

risk assessment

–

role of UNEP

sources of

–

standard-setting

–

standardization

state/private contracts

Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment

–

,

prior to

–

Stockholm to Rio

–

strategic environmental evaluation

–

sustainable development and

techniques and procedures

–

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

–

World Summit on Sustainable Development

–

,

International Finance Corporation (IFC)

,

–

environmental impact statements

international institutions

civil society and

–

divisions of tasks

–

exchange of information

functions

–

geographic criterion

global organizations

–

in Agenda

,

institutions established by multilat eral environmental conventions

–

international financial institutions

–

specific financial institutions

International Seabed Authority

,

management of natural resources

NGO and civil society

–

non-governmental organizations and other headings

regional organizations

–

specific organizations

regulation by

research

role of

et seq.

subregional and bilateral organizations

–

specific organizations

supervision by

treaty bodies

UN and

–

specific organizations

International Investment Agreements (IIAs). see Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs)

International investment law

International Labor Organization

–

international law

–

Agenda 21

and

common concern of humanity

–

common heritage of mankind

–

compliance

compliance

concept of

cooperation

–

crimes see crimes, criminal law

dispute settlement

compliance and dispute settlement

necessity of

–

non-binding norms

opinio juris

principles common to all legal systems

reciprocity in

–

sovereignty

–

International Law Association

International Law Commission (ILC)

–

criminal law

–

international liability project

liability for injurious consequences of lawful acts

–

non-navigational uses of water-courses see international watercourses

state responsibility

,

work of

–

International Maritime Organization (IMO)

,

–

civil responsibility for oil pollution

compensation for victims of pollution

Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (OILPOL)

disposal of engine room waste

Global Program of Action (GPA)

International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)

International Mobile Satellite Organization (INMARSAT)

international organizations, see inter national institutions

International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC)

,

International Sea-bed Authority

et seq.

International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)

,

–

International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

international watercourses

Agenda

,

alien or new species

Artificial flow

basins

,

,

beneficial use principle

best available technology

boundary waters

see, in general, fresh waters

catchment areas

chemical emissions

consultation

Convention on the Law of the Non Navigations Uses of International Watercourses

costs of water services

Danube

–

,

–

Convention

,

definition

pollution of waterway

disease

eco-regions for rivers and lakes

ecosystem approach

Elbe River

emission limits

equitable and reasonable utilization

–

European Community

European Water Charter

evolution of handling

Harmon Doctrine

Helsinki Conference

Helsinki Convention

–

,

Helsinki Rules

,

human health

International Law Commission on

lack of cooperative management framework

lakes

,

,

marine pollution by

Mekong

Meuse and Schedlt

Mosel

Niger

non-binding texts as to

notification

–

OECD and

oil and oil products, protection against

polluter pays

pollution of

,

,

–

prevention of harm

public participation

regional regulation

–

Rhine

,

–

Rio Grande

sewage

shared management

,

,

specific areas

shared resource

–

transboundary impact

transfrontier pollution

,

UN Convention on

,

UNCLOS

UNECE Committee on Water Problems

U.S. Canada joint commission

Water Directive (EC)

Zambesi River system

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

International Whaling Commission

–

internet

Basel Convention

biological diversity

civil society and

internet sites

climate change

free trade agreements

HIPC initiative

IAEA

IMF

OPIC

protection of biological diversity

protection of marine environment

regulating threats to the environment

soil

transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database

WTO

intra-generational equity

Iraq

Gulf War

et seq.

Irazu Margarita v. Copetro

Ireland v. UK

Iron Rhine Arbitration (Belgium v. The Netherlands)

irreversibility

Israel

shared resource management

,

ITLOS. see Law of the Sea Tribunal

Japan

subsidies and

Jordan

Jota v. Texaco

judicial decisions

as source of law

equality of access to procedures

–

,

human rights and environment see human rights

jurisdiction

as subhead to other topics

adjudicative jurisdiction

–

extraterritorial application to national laws

–

jurisprudence

–

justice

distributive

Kasilili/Sedudu Island (Botswana v. Namibia), case concerning

Koster v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co.,

Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF)

,

Kuwait

,

et seq.

Kuwait Protocol

–

Kyoto Protocol

,

,

,

labeling

–

Lake Lanoux decision

,

,

Lancang-Mekong Cooperation (LMC)

,

land-based marine pollution

landscapes

European Convention

land use

–

Lansmann et al. v. Finland

law of the sea, see UNCLOS

League of Nations

Leander v. Sweden

liability,

litigation

adjudicative jurisdiction

–

characteristics

choice of law

civil liability

–

damages

–

definition

foreign judgments

Gulf War

et seq.

hazardous wastes

–

Lugano Convention

–

nuclear operations

–

oil spills

–

treaty regimes of liability and compensation

licensing and permitting

–

criteria

dumping

export and import

fishing

hazardous wastes

negotiable permits

–

purpose and goals

–

procedures

–

tradable permits

listing

specially protected areas

World Heritage

litigation

assessment of harm

–

choice of law

evidence in

execution of judgment

forum shopping

jurisdiction

–

Lugano Convention

–

remedies

risks of

living modified organisms (LMO)

et seq.

biosafety

EC and

pest control

risk assessment

–

,

living resources,

animals, biodiversity

marine living resources

loans

–

Lome agreements

London Convention for the Prevention of the Pollution of the Sea by Oil

,

,

,

Lopez-Ostra v. Spain

Lugano Convention

civil liability

–

M.C. Mehta v. Union of India

Maori

Macedo v. Boeing Co.

Madrid Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

common interest

management see as subhead to other topics

shared management

,

,

,

–

specific areas

Marie-Jeanne Chassagnou et al v. France

marine environment

Agenda 21

on marine degradation

–

Baltic Sea

bibliography

Black Sea

,

Caribbean

coastal state jurisdiction

–

contamination of fish

coral reefs

depletion of

et seq.

dumping in see dumping

emergencies

–

Endangered species and fragile ecosystems

fishing pressures

statistics on exploitation

–

flag state jurisdiction

harm, damages for

high seas, intervention on the

–

historical evolution

–

IMO regulations

incineration

Indian Ocean

land-based pollution

–

living resources, marine

MARPOL

,

Mediterranean

,

North-East Atlantic

,

–

overview

–

pollution

–

marine pollution

port state jurisdiction

–

protection of

–

radioactive waste

Red Sea

regional seas agreements

–

Resolution 2414 (UN)

sea-bed activities

–

specially protected areas

states in maritime areas rights and duties

–

UNEP programs

marine living resources

,

–

Agenda 21

–

Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies

anadromous species

biodiversity see as subhead to other topics

catadromous species

cetaceans

–

coastal state jurisdiction

–

continental shelf

,

coral reefs

drift nets see driftnets

exclusive economic zone

fisheries

–

fisheries

flag state jurisdiction

Geneva Convention

highly migratory species

marine mammals

marine turtles

–

over-fishing

polar bears

–

port state jurisdiction

–

regional instruments

seals

–

seals

straddling stocks

,

,

whales

–

UNCLOS

–

,

–

marine pollution

–

,

–

accidents see accidents

air, transported by

–

Baltic Sea

bibliography

Bunker Convention

civil liability conventions

–

coastal state jurisdiction

–

dumping at sea

–

emergency notification

–

harm, responsibility for

international fund for compensation

–

intervention on the high seas

land-based

–

MARPOL agreement

Mediterranean see Mediterranean

prevention

et seq.

radioactive materials

regional seas agreements

sea bed activities, from

–

sewage

strict liability

UNCLOS

vessel source

–

wastes, dumping of

–

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

Establishment of

,

,

,

Marine Strategy Framework

MARPOL Convention

vessel source pollution

–

Mavrommatis Case

Maya Indigenous Communities and their members v. Belize

Mediterranean

discharging of oil

pollution control

protected areas

regional seas agreements

Mekong River

Metaclad case

Methanex v. U.S. et al

Mexico

U.S.-Mexico boundary dispute

migratory species

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

military activity

armed conflict see armed conflict

environmental modification convention

nuclear weapons

–

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Minamata Mercury Convention

,

Minimum flow requirement

mines

minority and cultural rights

–

Minors Oposa v. Secretary of the Dept of Env. And Natural Resources

Missouri v. Illinois

monitoring and surveillance

–

EMEP

Montreal Protocol

ozone-depleting substances and

,

moon

nuclear arms forbidden

–

motor vehicles

damage to environment

ozone pollution by

mountain ecosystems

–

Sustainable mountain development

MOX (mixed oxide fuel) Plant Case (Ireland v. UK)

–

multilateral environmental agreement (MEA)

,

,

,

multilateral environmental conventions institutions established by

–

Multilateral Fund

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency

multinational enterprises guidelines for

influence on environment and economy

national law

state responsibility

Agenda 21

and

environmental impact assessment (EIA)

–

,

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

national parks

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

natural resources

common interest and

Plan on Protecting and Managing the Natural Resource Base of Economic and Social Development

preservation of

nature

intrinsic value of

protected areas

World Charter for see World Charter

Naura v. Australia (phosphate lands case)

New York v. New jersey

Niger River

–

nitrogen oxides

No-harm principle

noise

–

,

–

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

night flights

–

regulation of

non-binding instruments

UNEP and

non-discrimination

non-governmental organizations (NGO) activities

Agenda 21

aims

business interests and

,

civil society and

–

compliance complaints

dispute settlement procedures

draft or develop norms

environmental impact statements

formal role of

IUCN

–

monitoring and compliance

participation by role of

,

,

–

WWF

non-legally binding instruments

North America

shared resource management

–

treaty regimes on boundary waters

–

North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC)

,

,

,

,

,

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

,

,

,

,

,

,

choice of law provisions

,

Commission on Environmental Cooperation (CEC)

,

compliance procedures

–

environmental side agreement

–

,

–

treaty

SPS and

–

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

air campaign against Yugoslavia

North-East Atlantic

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

North Sea

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

Nottebohm Case (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala)

nuclear accidents

–

Chernobyl

,

–

civil liability

–

compensation

Conventions on

–

,

Fukushima

,

,

,

insurance

limits of liability

notification

–

nuclear arms

operator liability

reimbursement of costs for assistance

state responsibility

U.S. nuclear test

nuclear safety

–

attacks on nuclear facilities

code of good practice

Convention on

–

design and construction

emergencies see emergencies

installations

,

instruments governing

international code on

physical protection of materials

–

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

obligations of states see state responsibility

sabotage

stolen material

terrorism

transport code

nuclear weapons

–

,

ICJ Advisory Opinion

on-site inspection

O.S. et al v. Finland

obligations

adaption and evolution of

–

nature of

–

oceans

climate change and

–

Oerlemans v. Netherlands

Ogoni case (SERAC et al v. Nigeria)

oil pollution

pollution and other topics

accidental see accidents

Amoco Cadiz see Amoco Cadiz

Black Sea

black tides

,

civil liability

enforcement and compliance

–

flag state jurisdiction

IMO

–

,

London Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals

,

MARPOL

oil rigs

port state control

–

SOLAS

Torrey Canyon, grounding of

,

,

United States-Canada agreement on

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

,

,

–

,

air pollution controls

,

biotechnology

coastal management principles

economic instruments

environmental protection

equal access and non-discrimination

Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises

,

membership

monitoring

polluter pays principle

–

,

recommendations

regional efforts

research

responsible business conduct

,

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)

,

–

Organization of African Unity/African Union

–

Organization of American States (OAS)

–

OSPAR Convention

–

outer space

absolute liability

damage caused by space objects

liability

Treaty on Principles Governing the Exploration and Use of

,

ozone layer

,

atmospheric pollution

Convention for the Protection of

–

CFC production limits

control measures

positive effect of

depletion of

et seq.

harmful effect of depletion

Montreal Protocol

,

,

et seq.

ozone depleting substances (ODS)

,

,

protection of

–

reporting

Tropospheric Ozone Management (TOMAS)

Palestine Liberation Organization

shared resource management

,

Paris Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment … ,

,

Paris Agreement

,

,

,

,

,

–

,

Persian Gulf

,

,

,

–

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP)

,

Stockholm Convention on

,

,

pesticides,

chemicals

banned

FAQ Code of Conduct

prior informed consent

,

,

pharmaceutical companies trade in wild plants and animals

Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno

plants

plant genetic resources

–

polar bears

–

conservation

–

Polar Code

,

,

Polar Regions

–

Pollutant Release and Transfer Register

pollutants

origins of

polluter pays principle

–

pollution

adaption and evolution of obligations

–

air pollution, see air pollution

attributing the pollution

definition

export of

international transfer of

marine pollution, see marine pollution

mercury

,

,

restrictions and prohibitions

transfrontier pollution

–

transfrontier pollution

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)

,

polychlorinated terphenyls (PCT)

polymetallic Nodules

,

,

,

Polymetallic sulphides

Pope and Talbot v. Canada

Pope Paul John

Poro v. HouiUeres du Bassin de Lorraine

port state jurisdiction

–

poverty

development tied to environment

et seq.

eradication of

,

exportation of pollution

harm from environment borne by poor

poverty reduction and environmental protection

Lome IV agreement

statistics on poverty

Stockholm Declaration and

et seq.

sustainable development and

et seq.

UN Millennium Declaration

–

UNCED and poverty reduction

Powell and Rayner v. UK

precautionary approach or principle

adoption of

application of

preservation, protection and conservation

–

Presidente de la Sociedad v. Municipalidad de Tibas

Prestige, tanger disaster

prevention

–

prior informed consent (PIC)

,

–

private enterprise

–

fundamental human rights and

privacy, right to

–

human rights

process standards

property, right to

protected areas

buffer zones

purpose

regional seas agreements see regional seas agreements

transboundary

–

wetlands

–

World Heritage

–

protection, preservation and conservation

–

public

global grass roots

information

–

opinion, influence of

,

,

participation (Principles

,

–

)

,

,

participation in governance

environmental decision-making by

–

Pulp Mills on the Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay)

quality standards

–

radioactive substances

–

nuclear energy

dumping

,

radioactive waste,

disposal

–

dumping

London Dumping Convention

–

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance

,

,

,

,

Bureau

–

coordination

meeting of the parties

purpose

–

Ramsar Strategic Plan 2016–2025

wetlands

–

wise use

–

recycling

,

,

REDD+

Red Sea

discharging of oil

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) (under forests). see REDD ; see REDD+ ; see Warsaw Framework for REDD+

refugees

,

regional seas agreements

Barcelona Convention

,

Baltic Sea

,

biological diversity

Black Sea

,

,

Caribbean Sea

,

,

Caspian Sea

,

East Africa

Indian Ocean

Mediterranean

,

North-East Atlantic

,

,

North Sea

Pacific

–

,

protocols of

–

Red Sea

specially-protected areas (SPAMI)

regulation

biotechnology

–

hazardous industries

–

noise

–

potential sources of environmental harm

radioactive wastes

–

radioactivity

–

threats to the environment

–

toxic and hazardous products

–

wastes

–

regulatory measures

–

land use regulation

–

limits or bans

–

restrictions and prohibitions

–

standard-setting

–

taking or trade measures

–

remedy, public right to

–

reparations

state responsibility

religion

Buddhism

Christianity

–

Judaism

Islam

Muslim

,

philosophy and

–

sources of

–

Summa Theologica (Aquinas)

–

remedies

reporting

as subhead to other topics

Danube Commission

–

Mediterranean

North-East Atlantic

,

,

Rhine Commission

–

sea turtles

–

World Heritage Convention

–

resolutions

directive recommendations

Resolution

,

UN Security Council

restrictions and prohibitions

–

Rhine River

,

–

,

right to, see human rights

Rio+20

,

Rio Conference, see UNCED

Rio Declaration

internationalization of environmental costs

Principle 2

Principle 10

Principle 15

Principle 18

Principle 24

risk

–

S.D. Myers v. Canada

,

Salvage Convention

Salvaging of Ships

,

sanctions

Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreements (SPS)

,

,

–

,

,

,

San Juan River

,

,

science

role of

–

uncertainty

–

sea-bed

–

seals

,

,

secretariats

listing of banned products

,

sectoral approach

–

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction

Serbian Loans case

settlement of disputes

compliance and dispute settlement (CDS)

–

sewage

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

,

,

shared resource management

–

as subhead to other topics

shrimp/turtle case

,

–

Siberian Crane

,

,

,

Sierra Club v. Adams

Silala River

–

Silala River Dispute (Chile v. Bolivia). see Chile v. Bolivia

Social and Economic Rights Action Center .. v. Nigeria

soft law

role in environmental law

,

soil

–

South Africa

Treaty Establishing the South African Development Community

South America

shared resource management

South China Sea Arbitration (Philippines v. China)

,

South Pacific

–

,

–

Southern Bluefin Tuna Case (SBT)

,

,

,

,

,

,

sovereignty

–

,

absolute, claims of

balancing with common concern of humanity

limitations as to effect on other states

over natural resources

species,

animals, biodiversity, plants

marine living resources

–

protection of species or groups of species

–

terrestrial species

–

standards

–

emission

–

International Organization for Standardization

quality

–

process

product

Standley Case

State of Georgia v. Tennessee Copper..,

state reporting, see reporting

state responsibility

abandonment of traditional rights

air pollution

attributing the pollution

causation

Charter of Economic rights

customary international law

extraterritorial application of national laws

–

fault

–

Gulf War

harm to the Global Commons

–

implementation of

–

injurious consequences of lawful acts

–

jurisprudence

–

liability and

–

implementation of

–

injurious consequences of lawful acts

–

overview

–

maritime areas

–

negligent acts

nuclear accidents

–

Principle

and

procedural issues

–

reparations

Stockholm Declaration and

,

three categories of states

UNCLOS and

–

waste

,

–

Stockholm Action Plan

Stockholm Conference

–

Action Plan for the Human Environment

division of duties among agencies

environment law before

–

environmental management

information and public education

international environmental norms

poverty and

et seq.

Stockholm Declaration the Human Environment

,

–

Principle 1

Principle 21

,

,

,

,

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

Principle 24

,

Principle 25

Principles 2 to 7

Principles 8 to 25

Principles 13 to 15

state responsibility

–

Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM)

Strategic Environmental Evaluation (SEE)

–

stratosphere

–

sub-regional and bilateral organizations

–

Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar

subsidiarity

subsidies, grants and

–

sulfur emissions

–

sulfur dioxide

superfund

U.S. Superfund Case

sustainable development

,

–

,

Agenda 21

,

Brundtland Commission

Commission on (CSD)

definition

environmental services

,

,

eradicating poverty

High Level Advisory Board on Sustainable Development

Inter-Agency Committee on Sustainable Development

inter-generational equity

–

rights based approach avoided

Rio Conference

,

UNCED and

,

war and

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

,

,

,

,

tankers

,

taxation

–

terrestrial species

–

Territorial Jurisdiction of the International Commission of River Oder (UK v. Poland)

The Future We Want. see Rio+20

Thoma v. Luxembourg

Tokyo Convention for the High Seas Fisheries of the North Pacific Ocean

Torrey Canyon

,

,

,

,

,

tourism

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

Sustainable tourism

,

trade

biological diversity and

–

CITES

–

see CITES

competitive disadvantage environment and

–

free trade, goal of

NAFTA

,

,

–

ozone layer

precaution and

–

regulation of

–

restrictions

reviews of trade negotiations

risk assessment

tragedy of the commons

,

,

Trail Smelter arbitration

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

transboundary pollution

abuse of rights

Geneva Convention on

,

transfrontier movements

–

transfrontier pollution

–

transoceanic liners

treaties

characteristics of environmental

comprehensive regional treaties

–

cross-referencing

interim application

non-self-executing

reciprocity

self-executing

soft law texts

UNEP role in

turtles, marine

endangered specie

–

Urgenda v. The Netherlands

UNCED ((UNCED) UN Conference on Environment and Development)

,

–

Agenda 21

,

,

,

,

customary international law

–

High Level Advisory Board on Sustainable Development

poverty reduction

preparatory committee (PREPCOM)

Rio Conference

–

,

,

uncertainty

–

UNCLOS (UN Convention on the Law of the Sea)

as subhead to other topics

cooperation

customary international law

dispute settlement see compliance and dispute settlement

exclusive economic zone

flag state jurisdiction

highly migratory species see migratory species

port state jurisdiction

–

purpose of

–

sovereignty

vessel source pollution

–

UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights

Union Carbide .. At Bhopal

,

,

Bhopal

United Nations

Economic Commission for Europe

environmental issues

–

General Assembly

marine pollution and

United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC)

Gulf War

et seq.

United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio)

umbrella group to protect species

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

as subhead to other topics

air pollution

–

Article

Article

land-based pollution

–

Law of the Sea Tribunal

–

United Nations Development Program (UNDP)

,

–

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

,

,

,

Man and Biosphere Program (MAB)

underwater cultural heritage

World Cultural and Natural Heritage Convention

World Heritage Convention

,

,

–

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)

,

,

–

,

achievements

drafting laws and training judges

environmental security

–

funding

Governing Council

,

guidelines on compliance with MEA

human activities, regulation of

international environmental law role

international information system

liability and compensation for environmental damage

Montevideo Programs

Montevideo II

Montevideo III

non-binding instruments

Principle on Shared Resources

projects

regional seas programs

,

,

,

shared resources principles

structure and procedures

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)

United Nations Millennium Declaration

,

United States

agreements with Canada

,

,

,

agreements with Mexico

,

,

,

boundary waters

–

Clean Air Act

Export-Import Bank

GATT and

–

Great Lakes Water Quality

,

greenhouse gases and

human rights at Stockholm

–

Kyoto

non ratification of

NAFTA see NAFTA

National Environmental Protection Act

Overseas Investment Corporation (OPIC)

Pelosi Amendment

policy on climate change

salmon dispute

shrimp-turtle dispute

,

tuna-dolphin dispute

,

utilitarianism

–

Vearncombe v. UK and FRG

vessel source pollution

–

Amoco Cadiz see Amoco Cadiz

flag state jurisdiction

–

UNCLOS regulation

victim

complaint by victim in international setting

vicuna

–

endangered species

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

Virtual water

,

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)

,

,

,

,

,

,

war,

armed conflict

sustainable development and

waste

–

Basel Convention

beverage containers and waste paper

Cairo Guidelines

,

chemicals and contaminants

civil liability Convention

,

dangerous activity

definition

,

dumping

–

dumping

European Community and

,

hazardous, see hazardous waste

ILO and

liability, see liability

major concern today

management

–

OECD and

,

,

prevention

radioactive, see radioactive waste recycling

sewage

transboundary movements

,

–

UNEP and

–

water,

international water courses

exporting of

–

fresh water

–

fresh water

international water agreements

right to

–

water agreements

watercourses, see international watercourses

chemical

conventional

land mines

,

,

nuclear

stockpiling

–

wetlands, see as subhead to other topics

wildlife

–

animals, biodiversity

crossing with domestic

Stockholm Declaration, Principle

,

wise use

,

,

–

Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Petroleum

,

Women see human rights

World Bank

–

creation of

environmental impact assessment

environmental projects

Global Environment Facility implementing agency

Inspection Panel

–

,

–

operating procedures

Safeguard Policies

World Charter for Nature

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission)

,

–

,

World Conservation Union (IUCN)

action plans

Conventions, role in

international legal measures

members

renewable natural resources

,

work and activities of

World conservation Strategy

World Health Organization (WHO)

–

World Heritage Convention

–

,

,

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

,

,

–

,

stratospheric ozone layer

,

,

,

World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)

,

–

,

Declaration on Sustainable Development

poverty eradication

Program of Action

–

World Trade Organization (WTO)

–

,

–

Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies

agreements

background to

Committee on Trade and Environment (CTE)

Dispute Settlement Body

Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU)

Doha Declaration

,

environment and

free trade vs environment

–

Global Economic Policymaking

protection of the environment

Sanitary and Phytosantiary Agreement (SPS)

Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)

trade restrictions

World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF)

,

,

,

–

debt reduction of developing countries

environmental protection through a global campaign

legal actions

Zander v. Sweden

,

,

Zimmerman and Steiner v. Switzerland

,

zoning

,

,

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International Environmental Law, Fourth Edition

Series: International Environmental Law, Volume: 22

Cover International Environmental Law, Fourth Edition

E-Book ISBN:: 9789047440802

Publisher:: Brill | Nijhoff

Print Publication Date:: 25 Nov 2025

Subjects
- Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
  - Human Rights
- International Law
  - Environmental & Energy Law

Front Matter

Back Matter

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