1 Unidentified tomb cover stored in the ‘sacristy’ of the Lala Mustapha Pasha Cami. Author’s photograph, 2003 7
2 The tomb cover of Antonio de Lolevanto currently stored in the ‘sacristy’ of the Lala Mustapha Pasha Cami. Author’s photograph, 2003 7
3 Photograph of the author on top of the collapsed minaret of Ss. Peter & Paul / Buğday Cami / Sinan Pasha, c.2002. Zeliha Gül İnanç 8
4 Unidentified Ottoman tomb in the ‘sacristy’ of the Lala Mustapha Pasha Cami. Author’s photograph, 2019 9
5 “Famagusta,” in Beschreibung der Reise von Konstanz nach Jerusalem, 1487. A541, fols. 41v–42r. Forschungsbibliothek Gotha der Universität Erfurt. With kind permission 14
6 “The Siege of Famagusta”, Şehnāme-i Selīm Ĥān, Istanbul, ca. 1571–81, Topkapı Palace Library, A. 3595, fol. 119a. Photo and permission courtesy of the Topkapı Palace Museum, Istanbul 27
7 ‘The elderly, women, and wounded rush to the defence of the city walls of Famagusta’, in Giuseppe Lorenzo Gatteri and Francesco Zanotto, Storia veneta espressa in centocinquanta tavole inventate e disegnate da Giuseppe Gatteri sulla scorta delle cronache e delle storie e secondo i vari costumi del tempo, incise da Antonio Viviani e dai migliori artisti veneziani ed illustrate da Francesco Zanotto. Venice, Giuseppe Grimaldo, 1863 28
8 Massive stone ball embedded in the walls of Famagusta and dating to the siege of 1571. Author’s photograph, 2016 30
9 André Thevet, “Famagusta,” in La Cosmographie universelle d’André Thevet, cosmographe du roy, vol. 1 (1575), 195. Sabin Americana: History of the Americas, 1500–1926 (Gale). Accessed 22 February 2021 33
10 Il vero ritrato della citta di Famagosta et fortezza nobilisima nell’isola di Cipro dove oggi si ritrova il signore Astorre Baglione con molti altri signori christiani assediati dal turcho il anno MDLXXI 1571. Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Cartes et plans, GEDD-2987 (6591) 43
11 Plan de l’île de Chypre et emblème de l’arbre brisé,” in Charles Magius, Les voyages de Charles Magius, 1578. Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Estampes et photographie, Réserve 4-AD-134 44
12 “Lala Mustafa Pasha’s execution of Venetian commanders,” Şehnāme-i Selīm Ĥān, Istanbul, ca. 1571–81. Topkapı Palace Library, A. 3595, fol. 122a. Photo and permission courtesy of the Topkapı Palace Museum, Istanbul 51
13 ‘Martirio di Marc’Antonio Bragadino comandante di Famagosta, 3 Settembre anno 1571’, in Giuseppe Lorenzo Gatteri and Francesco Zanotto, Storia veneta espressa in centocinquanta tavole inventate e disegnate da Giuseppe Gatteri sulla scorta delle cronache e delle storie e secondo i vari costumi del tempo, incise da Antonio Viviani e dai migliori artisti veneziani ed illustrate da Francesco Zanotto. Venice, Giuseppe Grimaldo, 1863 52
14 “Flaying of Venetian commander Bragadino”, Şehnāme-i Selīm Ĥān, Istanbul, ca. 1571–81. Topkapı Palace Library, A. 3595, fol. 125b. Photo and permission courtesy of the Topkapı Palace Museum, Istanbul 56
15 The tomb of Marcantonio Bragadin in the Basilica di San Giovanni e Paolo. Author’s photograph, 2009 57
16 Europa 96 Postage stamp of Caterina Cornaro, Reproduction Licence CC BY-NC 4.0, Caterina Cornaro (1454–1510), EUROPA Issue Famous Women, Republic of Cyprus by Cyprus Post, Republic of Cyprus—Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus 63
17 “Balfe’s Grand Opera, The Daughter of St. Mark,” Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. Wellcome Collection 69
18 “The Port of Famagusta Seen through the Battlements of the Palace” (Act II, Scene 3), in Eric Walter White, The Rise of English Opera (London, 1951), p. 88 70
19 “Scene from ‘Othello’ at the Princess Theatre, the Town and Harbour of Cyprus,” The Illustrated London News, 16 November 1861. With permission of CVAR 76
20 Set design model for Giuseppe Verdi’s Otello, created for a Paris production in 1895 by Marcel Jambon. Wikimedia Commons 78
21 Francis Arundale, Gothic Ruins at Famagusta, c. 1834. Watercolour, 20.6 × 28.7 cm. Victoria and Albert Museum, accession no. SD46. With permission 89
22 James Stoddart, The Town of Famagousti, 1842. Watercolour. © 2025 Sylvia Ioannou Charitable Foundation, Licence B.2224 90
23 “The Ruins of the Governor’s Palace at Famagosta”, The Graphic, 10 August, 1878, p. 145. Author’s collection 97
24 “The Occupation of Cyprus—Ancient Cannon at Famagusta & Church of St. Sophia, Famagusta,” The Graphic, 12 October 1878, p. 380. Author’s collection 98
25 “West Front of the Cathedral of Famagusta, Cyprus”, The Illustrated London News, 5 October 1878, p. 312; and 16 November 1878. Author’s collection 99
26 “Famagouste; Vue des Remparts, Prise de la Mer,” L’illustration: Journal Universel 72 (July–December 1878): 157 100
27 Matthew Gosset (1839–1909) Famagusta, 1889. Watercolour, 13 × 21 cm., PNT-00263. CVAR with permission 100
28 Sidney Vacher (1854–1934), Famagusta, Cyprus, Lusignan Cathedral of St Nicholas, South elevation, 24 November 1882. Photo-lithograph by James Akerman from the Building News, 20 ×30 cm. CVAR, PNT-00729. With permission 106
29 Sidney Vacher, View at Famagousta, the harbour with boats at right and Cathedral at left. Etching printed on thin paper © The Trustees of the British Museum 107
30 Arthur Legge (1859–1942) Famagusta Harbour, 1928. Watercolour. 25 × 35 cm., PNT-00329. CVAR with permission 112
31 “Greens of White Clay with a Sandy Top-Dressing,” original source unknown. Downloaded from “Frozen Cypriots: Wanda Forrest” Facebook page, 21 April 2020 116
32 Saint Nicholas, Famagusta, Postage Stamp, 1928. Europeana 117
33 Citadel (Othello’s Tower), Famagusta, postage stamp, 1928. Europeana 118
34 Douglas Hamilton, “Old Famagusta, the Sea-Port City of Othello: Medieval Monuments of Cyprus in Urgent Need of Repair,” The Illustrated London News, 8 February 1936 119
35 “The Port in Cyprus Where Othello Died: Famagusta and Its Old Buildings, Which Are Being Repaired.” Illustrated London News, 8 Feb. 1936, pp. 236–237 120
36 Drone photograph of Othello Tower and Port. With permission of Rand Eppich 125
37 Léon Bakst, “Le Port de Famagouste”. Set design for La Pisanelle ou la mort parfumee, 1913. With permission and licence 126
38 “The departure of Sir Hugh foot, last British governor of Cyprus, following the Declaration of Independence of the Republic on 16th August, 1960.” CO 1069/708. Colonial Office Photographic Collection, The National Archives 128
39 Don Quixote in the Blue Bungalow, © Photograph by Mete Hatay 130
40 Winston Churchill in Cyprus, 1907. Author’s photograph of a framed photograph stored in Ezel’s house in 2024 131
41 Suphi-i-Ezel’s tomb. Author’s photograph, 2024 132
42 “The occupation of Cyprus—Conveying Turkish convicts back to Turkey on board H.M.S. Black Prince,” The Graphic, 1878. Wellcome Collection 37793i. Public domain 137
43 Parliament, House of Commons, “Correspondence Respecting the Treatment of Prisoners at Famagusta: Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty” (London, 1879). Author’s collection 138
44 “A venerable and benevolent-looking old man.” Portrait of Suphi Ezel, photograph by Captain Arthur Young reproduced in: Harry Charles Lukach, The Fringe of the East, London (MacMillan, 1913), p. 264 146
45 “‘We ascended to an upper room …’ – Edward Granville Browne.” Suphi-i-Ezel’s house as it is today. Author’s photograph, 2023 148
46 Suphi-i-Ezel’s room with collections of artefacts and objects associated with the spiritual leader. Author’s photograph, 2023 149
47 Suphi-i-Ezel’s funeral in 1912, Harry Charles Lukach, The Fringe of the East (MacMillan, 1913), n.p. 151
48 A framed and glazed lineage or genealogy in Suphi-i-Ezel’s room in Famagusta. Author’s photograph, 2023 152
49 Bust of Namık Kemal, the central square in Famagusta. Author’s photograph, 2024 153
50 George Polyviou Georghiou, Aegean Racket. Oil on canvas. With permission of the artist’s estate 158
51 The same location as Georghiou’s Aegean Racket photographed from Famagusta’s walls. Author’s photograph, 2023 159
52 Interior of the artist’s studio with hand-painted frieze above the door. Author’s photograph, 2023 160
53 Interior of Santa Silenzio. Author’s photograph, 2023 162
54 Interior decoration of Santa Silenzio. Author’s photograph, 2023 165
55 The Blue Bungalow, Varosha. Author’s photograph, 2024 166
56 The grave of William Dreghorn. Author’s photograph, 2022 168
57 Photographic Portrait of William Dreghorn. With thanks to Müge Şevketoğlu, n.d. 171
58 William Dreghorn, Peace in Cyprus: 1978. Watercolour, n.d. 172
59 The grave of James Inglis, close to that of William Dreghorn. Author’s photograph, 2022 172
60 Francis Milverton Drake, The Sea Gate (Harbour side) Famagusta., c.1934. Watercolour, 27 × 22 cm. CVAR, Cat. 00183. With permission 174
61 Louis de Clercq, Vue générale de Famagouste, 1859. Photograph, 22.3 × 28.7 cm (neg.). Bibliothèque nationale de France, Réserve EI-91-Boîte Fol B, no. 5, IFN-6939973 179
62 Louis de Clercq, Cathédrale de Famagouste: Façade, 1859. Photograph, 29 × 22.5 cm (neg.). Bibliothèque nationale de France, Réserve EI-91-Boîte Fol B, no. 7, IFN-6939975 180
63 Pascal Sébah, Studio Portrait of Models Wearing Traditional Clothing from the Province of Îles d’Archipel (Islands of the Archipelago), Ottoman Empire, 1873. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZC4-11832 181
64 John Thomson, Famagusta, Cyprus, 1878. Glass photonegative, wet collodion. Wellcome Collection, 19002i 184
65 John Thomson, Famagusta Port. Oil on canvas, 30 × 50 cm. MutualArt auction record 184
66 Photograph of architectural fragments in the collection of the Famagusta Museum, Cyprus. Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 3033-1934 188
67 Photograph of a sculptured fragment depicting a military saint in the collection of the Famagusta Museum, Cyprus. Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 3084-1934 190
68 The same military saint photographed by the author, 2007. Author’s collection 191
69 Friedrich Seeßelberg, Hl.-Nikolaus-Kathedrale, Famagusta, in Mittelalterliche Bauten auf der Insel Cypern. Aufnahmen und Rekonstruktionen. Ansicht 50.7 × 40.2 cm. Architekturmuseum der TU Berlin, B 3171,23. With permission 192
70 Charles Diehl, Jerusalem, 1897. Photograph, from the album De Marseille à Jérusalem, au pays des croisés (Septembre–Octobre 1897). Institut national d’histoire de l’art, Paris 194
71 Lucien Roy, Débarquement de l’Île-de-France à bord de chaloupes, 1911. Negative no. 10L03086. © Dépôt de la Société française d’archéologie, Ministère de la Culture (France), Médiathèque du patrimoine et de la photographie 195
72 Proposal for online presentation of the Mogabgab Archive. Author’s model 203
73 Paul Kohl, Burnt Room , 2015. With permission 208
74 Monica Bardswell, Market outside S. Peter & S. Paul. Photographic collections, Famagusta, Conway Library, Courtauld Institute of Art, London 209
75 From on board HMY Britannia showing Famagusta’s walls. Royal Collection Trust, RCIN 2309008, Picture Library, York House, St. James’s Palace 210
76 HMY Britannia dressed and moored at Famagusta, 3 March 1962. Royal Collection Trust, RCIN 2309006, Picture Library, York House, St. James’s Palace 211
77 Interior of deserted cinema projection room with film reel. Author’s photograph, 2023 213
78 A deserted open air cinema in Famagusta, looking back towards the projection room. Author’s photograph, 2023 214
79 “Jewish Refugees Detained in Cyprus: Conditions in the Famagusta Camp,” The Illustrated London News, 26 October 1946, 455. The Illustrated London News Historical Archive, 1842–2003 216
80 Paul Newman and Eva Marie Saint filming Exodus in Famagusta harbour in 1960. In Famagusta News, “When Paul Newman visited Famagusta with a Joan Woodward,” 27 November 2022. https://en.famagusta.news/local/ammochostos/otan-o-pol-niouman-episkefthike-tin-ammochosto-me-tin-tzoan-gountgouornt-eikones 219
81 Front cover of the DVD The Stones of Famagusta: The Story of a Forgotten City. Design by Matt Wilde. With permission 225
82 Ian Shepherd, “Filming a Remarkable City,” Cyprus Today, 23–29 June 2007, pp. 20–21. Author’s collection 225
83 Screening of The Stones of Famagusta at the Europa Nostra-led event in Paris, 4 April 2008. With permission of Johann Pillai 230
84 “Famagusta Week” at Sidestreets, Lefkoşa, January 2008. Design by Johann Pillai. Author’s collection. With permission 230
85 Front cover of the DVD Against the Clock: Saving the Endangered Heritage of Famagusta. Design by Matt Wilde. With permission 233
86 Front cover of The Forty: Saving the Forgotten Frescos of Famagusta. With permission 234
87 A close-up of Werner Schmid as he works on the conservation of The Forty Martyrs of Sebaste. Still from the film The Forty: Saving the Forgotten Frescos of Famagusta. With permission 236
88 Covering the preserved Forty Martyrs of Sebaste with flags to allow reusage of the space as a mosque. Author’s photograph, 2024 237
89 Dan Frodsham (seated) and Michael Walsh (standing) at the screening of Prayers Long Silent at the Home4Co-operation, 2016. With permission of Mehmet Erginel 240
90 Dan Frodsham filming from the minaret of the Lala Mustapha Pasha Cami / St. Nicholas Cathedral, January 2019. Author’s photograph 242
91 What lies behind entrances and walls like these? Author’s photograph, 2023 245
92 Historic homestead in central Famagusta. Author’s photograph, 2023 246
93 Candlestick from St. Nicholas Cathedral. Lusignan House Museum in Lefkoşa. Author’s photograph, 2024 248
94 Detail. Candlestick from St. Nicholas Cathedral. Lusignan House Museum in Lefkoşa. Author’s photograph, 2024 249
95 Werner Schmid, Planned search for remaining murals in areas beneath plaster and limewash in St. Nicholas Cathedral, 2018. Diagram based on fig. 12 in E. L’Anson and S. Vacher, Mediæval and Other Buildings in the Island of Cyprus: A Paper Read at a Meeting of the Royal Institute of British Architects. London, 1883 252
96 Werner Schmid clearing a small area of limewash in the nave. Author’s photograph, 2018 253
97 Coloured pigments still visible in Chapel B on corbels and ribs. Author’s photograph, 2019 255
98 Chapel A. The author close to the fragile remains of The Crucifixion and St. Jean. With permission of Dan Frodsham, 2019 256
99 St. Jean and Crucifixion. Author’s photograph, 2022 257
100 Painted remnants of a tomb dating to 1383 in the side chapel of “Squazarficus filius quondam D. Ricardi”. Author’s photograph, 2022 258
101 Graffiti dating to the 16th century inside chapel. Author’s photograph, 2022 258
102 The original wooden door into the sacristy. Author’s photograph, 2022 259
103 St. Mary of Bethlehem / Church of the Nativity. Author’s photograph, 2019 262
104 Glazed ceramics unearthed in the clearance work at Agia Fotou, St. Clare and the Clarian Nunnery. Author’s photograph, 2011 263
105 Tomb unearthed in clearance work. Author’s photograph, 2011 264
106 The underground church of St. Thecla. Author’s photograph, 2023 267
107 Extant heraldic devices in the underground church of St. Thecla. Author’s photograph, 2023 267
108 Conservation of the large fragment of Archangel Michael in Agia Zoni. Author’s photograph, 2015 270
109 Miscellaneous objects collected in the old British goal, now the warehouse of the Department of Antiquities. Author’s photograph, 2019 271
110 Fragment with the letters ‘… usta’ beneath claws or talons. Author’s photograph, 2019 272
111 A damaged sculpture of a bishop, possibly St. Nicholas, in the Chimneyed Mansion. Author’s photograph, 2014 273
112 A page from J.II.9 Torino Codex dating to the early 15th century and originating in Cyprus. With permission 283
113 Undated, and unidentified press release for choral evening following the opening of the Buğday Cami as a safe public space 292
114 Rand Eppich, Digital model of St. George of the Greeks, 2019 292
115 Rand Eppich, Model of St. George of the Greeks, 2019 293
116 Developing the concept of the 4D interactive model of the Armenian Church, Timescape / Hiverlab. 2016. With permission 295
117 Gül İnanç and Heather Liew, A classroom exercise from The Rich History of My Beautiful City: Cultural Heritage and Art Conservation in Famagusta, 2013 299
118 Rachele Bernardello, A speculative reconstruction of St. Anne’s Church using HBIM, 2018 300
119 The “Credo” from the J.II.9 Torino Codex. With permission 302
120 Digital reconstruction and re-colouring of the 14th century frescoes of St. Anne’s Church, Famagusta 304
121 Visual layering exercise to reconstruct both definitive line and colour in composite images 305
122 Crucifixion on the interior of the west wall of St. George of the Greeks, drone image. With permission of Rand Eppich 309
123 Kate Wojtczak, Schematic depiction of the southeastern apse of St. George of the Greeks. With permission 310
124 Descent from the Cross, drone image. With permission of Rand Eppich 311
125 Monica Bardswell, Descent from the Cross, watercolour. On display in Lemesos Castle, Cyprus Medieval Museum (Author’s photograph, 2024). Compare Fig. 124 311
126 St. George of the Greeks and St. Symeon, drone image. With permission of Rand Eppich 312
127 President Makarios ΙΙΙ at Othello’s Tower Famagusta watching the play prepared by Red Cross and produced by Mr. Sharpe of Ord. Dept. Famagusta by Press and Information Office, Republic of Cyprus—Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus 318
128 Othello, performance at Othello Tower/Citadel, Famagusta, July 2015. In collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme, the Technical Committee on Cultural Heritage, and the European Commission 319
129 Rima Outram viewing her uncle’s work at the In Culture We Trust exhibition. Sent by Rima Outram to the author 321
130 Nafia Akdeniz, Sound-Walking. Poster designed by Andriana Lagoudes and Jason Winn 327
131 The funerals of earthquake victim in front of the Lala Mustapha Pasha Mosque 328
132 A memorial to the Türk Maarif Koleji volley ball team. Author’s photograph, 2025 329
133 “Make War, Not Love,” Varosha. Author’s photograph, 2024 330
134 The diagram of the proposed Mağusa Kent Müzesi located within the walls close to, and including, the Diocare Bastion 331