Abbreviations
| BSOAS |
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. |
| EI2 |
The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition, ed. C.E. Bosworth et al. (Leiden: Brill, 1960â2007), 11 vols. |
| EI3 |
The Encyclopaedia of IslamâThree, ed. Kate Fleet et al. (Leiden: Brill, 2007â¯ff.). |
| EIr |
Encyclopaedia Iranica. Online at |
| EQ |
Encyclopaedia of the QurʾÄn, ed. J. Dammen McAuliffe (Leiden: Brill, 2001â2006), 6 vols. |
| GAL |
Carl Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Literatur (Leiden: Brill, 1936â1944), 2 vols. and 3 supplementary vols. |
| GAS |
Fuat Sezgin, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums (Leiden: Brill, 1967â1984), 9 vols. |
| IJMES |
International Journal of Middle-Eastern Studies. |
| JA |
Journal Asiatique. |
| JAOS |
Journal of the American Oriental Society. |
| JESHO |
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. |
| JRAS |
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. |
| JSAI |
Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam. |
| JSS |
Journal of Semitic Studies. |
| MSR |
Mamlūk Studies Review. |
| OM |
Oriente Moderno. |
| SI |
Studia Islamica. |