Figures
1.1 Title-page of the first edition of the Syriac New Testament, edited by Johannes Leusden and Carolus Schaaf, 1708 [University Library, Maastricht] 4
1.2 Title-page of the first edition of the Syriac-Latin dictionary of the New Testament, compiled by Carolus Schaaf, 1708 [Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague] 5
1.3 Title-page of the anonymous Ars magna et admirabilis, published by Jordaan Luchtmans in 1695 [Amsterdam University Library] 6
1.4 Stereotype plate of the title-page of the Dutch New Testament, Bible, quarto edition [Leiden Municipal Museum ‘De Lakenhal’] 9
1.5 Stereotype plate of the first page of the Old Testament Book of Hosea, Bible, folio edition [Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague] 10
1.6 Title-page of Johann Habermann, Christelijcke gebeeden ende danckseggingen, Leiden: Gabriel Kloos, 1701 [Leiden University Library] 13
1.7 Stereotype plate of the first page of the Gospel of Matthew in the Syriac New Testament [Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague] 14
1.8 Title-page and engraved frontispiece of the last edition of the Greek New Testament, 1785 [Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague] 15
1.9 Signatures of the partners in the 1709 contract of the company: Johannes Müller, Sara van Musschenbroek, widow of Jordaan Luchtmans, and Cornelis Boutesteyn. Witnesses were the rector of the Leiden Latin School, Hendrik Snakenburg, and the young bookseller Johannes Arnoldus Langerack. [Erfgoed Leiden en Omstreken, Old Notarial Archive, inv. no. 1468, no. 26 (21 March 1709)] 18
1.10 Advertisement, dated 31 March 1716, in the Oprechte Haerlemsche Courant for the sale on 16 April of the stereotype plates, printed books and printing office of the company of Johannes Müller. Mention is made of proofs and catalogues, none of which have survived. 19
2.1 The list of books in Hebrew, Chaldean and Arabic from the library of Harius, compiled by Janus Dousa [UBL AC1_101_ff 30r–31r] 26
2.2 Crispijn van de Passe the Elder, portrait of Janus Dousa, drawing. Ca. 1591. Icones Leidenses 37 [UBL BN 438] 28
2.3 Painted portrait of librarian Janus Dousa filius. Copy after Roelof Willemsz. van Culemborg, ca. 1612. Icones Leidenses 54 29
2.4 Title page of Petrus, Bertius, Nomenclator autorum omnium. Quorum libri Vel manuscripti, vel typis expressi exstant in Bibliotheca-Batava […] (Lugduni Batavorum: Apud Franciscum Raphelengium, 1595) 33
2.5 Four volumes of the Talmud Babylonicum cum commentariis Mos. Maimonidis, Raschi et Tosafot […] (Venetsyah: Daniyel Bombergi, 1520–1530) [UBL 21523 A 1–9] 34
2.6 Title page of Augustinus Justinianus, Psalterium, Hebręum, Gręcū, Arabicū, & Chaldęū, cū tribus latinis īterṕtatōibus & glossis […] (Genova: Pietro Paolo Porro, 1516) [UBL 1368 C 2] 35
3.1 Diagram of the interior of al-Biruni’s instrument with gears for representing the motions of the sun and moon. The central wheel revolves once a week and sets the other wheels in motion. The wheels to the lower right 2 and lower left display the positions of the moon and sun in the zodiac. The upper wheel shows the phases of the moon. [UBL Or. 123(2), f. 19b] 47
3.2 Drawing of an astrolabe plate for geographical latitude 30° [UBL Or. 591, f. 64] 50
3.3 Spider, alidade, little axis with horse, and ring of an astrolabe [UBL Or. 591, f. 78] 51
3.4 The spider, plate axis with horse, and the mother with the outermost circular scale. The alidade is invisible because it rotates on the back side of the astrolabe. Replica by Fuat Sezgin of an astrolabe made ca. 950 AD by Ahmad ibn Khalaf [Collection Institut für Geschichte der arabisch-islamischen Wissenschaften, Frankfurt] 53
3.5 Boat-astrolabe [UBL Or. 123(2), f. 6a] 54
3.6 Numerical table for astrolabe design [UBL Or. 123(2), f. 8b] 55
4.1 Part of the table of contents of ʿUmdat al-kuttab wa-ʿuddat dhawī al-albāb listing the chapters on how to choose and produce one’s writing utensils and several chapters on ink production [UBL, Or. 8511, f. 1v] 60
4.2 The title page with the title ʿUmdat al-kuttab wa-ʿuddat dhawī al-albāb. The name Muḥammad Sīraqī is mentioned but his relation to the manuscript is not clear. [UBL, Or. 8511, f. 1r] 65
4.3 The additional recipe for black ink in the margin of ʿUmdat al-kuttāb wa-ʿuddat dhawī al-albāb [UBL, Or. 8511, f. 5r] 66
4.4 Or. 14.123 folio 3r showing the same place in the text at the beginning of chapter 3 where Or. 8511 has the additional recipe in the margin [UBL, Or. 14.123, f. 3r] 73
5.1 Beaver in Dioscorides, Kitāb al-Ḥašāʾiš fī hāyūlā al-ʿilāǧ al-ṭibbī (De materia medica) [UBL, Or. 289, f. 61a] 78
5.2 Beaver in ʿAbd Allah ibn Djibrîl ibn Bakhtyaschoûʿ, A treatise on Zoology [BnF arabe 2782 f 30r] 86
6.1 Colophon [University of Michigan Library Isl. MS. 811, p. 27] 95
6.2 Ahmad Khatib, al-Qawl al-tahif, giving comments on his al-Jawahir al-naqiyya and in the margin (p. 37 top left) on its publication [Library of Makkah al-Mukarramah, Taʾrikh 116, pp. 36–37] 97
6.3 Colophon of the printed edition of the al-Jawahir al-naqiyya (p. 19) with colophon on the text itself and the printing process 98
7.1 Lacquer book cover with floral motifs [UBL Or. 8773] 107
7.2 Illuminated heading (sarlawḥ) [UBL Or. 8773, f. 1b] 108
7.3 The Ascent of the Prophet (mirʿāj) [UBL Or. 8773, f. 6a] 113
7.4 Laylī and Majnūn at school [UBL Or. 8773, f 15b] 115
7.5 Majnūn in the wilderness [UBL Or. 8773, f 20b] 117
7.6 Majnūn, disguised in a sheep’s skin, visits Laylī’s tent. [UBL Or. 8773, f. 64b] 118
7.7 Laylī and Majnūn’s death [UBL Or. 8773, f. 98a] 119
8.1 Ferdinand II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, by Justus Sustermans, ca. 1640. Oil on canvas, 64 × 50 cm [Galleria Palatina (Palazzo Pitti), Florence] 127
8.2 Portrait of Francesco Redi by an anonymous engraver. Ca. 1650 [Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, RP-P-2021-6631] 130
8.3 Letter from Wansleben to Redi [Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence MS Redi 203, fo. 163r., su concessione del MiC] 136
9.1 Entry by Jacobus Golius in the Album amicorum of diplomat Cornelis de Montigny de Glarges, f. 141r [Den Haag, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, 75 J 48] 155
9.2 Entry by Jacobus Golius in the Stammbuch of Johann Heinrich Hottinger, f. 189v–190r [Zentralbibliothek Zürich, D 207 ab] 158
10.1 Portrait of Heinrich Friedrich von Diez, anonymous, c.1791 163
10.2 Jazigi Effendi (= Yazıcı Efendi, secretary), Istanbul c.1789. From Costumes turcs, British Museum, London, MS. 1974 0617 012 (1), fol. 29 171
10.3 Diez’s description of coins minted under Orhan (fol. 20b/21a) 175
10.4 Descriptions of silver coins struck under Murad IV (detail from fol. 69b) 177
10.5 Dinar of Mehmed II, minted AH 883, from the collection of Diez 178
12.1 Or. 856 – condition prior to conservation, ff. 43–44, with scattered fragments of the green margins 220
12.2 Or. 856 – the same opening, with the replacement margins applied 221
12.3 Ff. 10v–11r, the miniature inset in marbled paper. The red silk threads that are visible in the middle of the front margins on the left half of the textblock are remnants of fixed page-markers, attached to the folios that have a miniature. These page-markers were used to quickly navigate the manuscript. 221
12.4 Or. 494 – the richly illuminated opening pages prior to the treatment, with the envelope flap erroneously showing on the right side 223
12.5 Or. 494 – the manuscript in the wrongly positioned boards, prior to conservation, with the back cover and envelope flap erroneously attached as a front board 223
12.6 Or. 494 – during the treatment: the repair leather spine was loosened, which also gave access to the textblock spine for stabilisation, after which the binding could be reversed and reattached. 224
12.7 Or. 494 – the double opening painting, that was also displayed in the exhibition, with the traditional envelope flap in its right place on the left side 224
12.8 Or. 27.665 – the worm-eaten front cover before treatment 226
12.9 Or. 27.665 – the interior of the front cover, with the disturbing paper repair that covers the textblock and part of the board’s painting 227
12.10 Or. 27.665 – one of the miniatures (Rustam rescues Bijan from the pit) before conservation, with a clear break in the paper in the vertical frame line adjacent to the gutter 228
12.11 Or. 27.665 – the same miniature, after treatment 229
12.12 Or. 27.665 – the front board, stabilised and retouched, and the new leather spine 230
12.13 Or. 27.665 – the interior of the front cover after treatment, with stabilised edges, retouching, and the western repair paper removed 230
12.14 Or. 289 – before treatment, opening ff. 33v–34r, showing the tidelines of a water calamity on the right (photograph by Godelieva van der Randen), while the facing page does not show any marks of this incident 234
12.15 Or. 289 – detail of f. 80v, showing the paper degradation caused by the copper-containing pigments 234
12.16 Or. 289 – opening page before treatment, with a large paper lamination covering the original paper, and text. The image also shows the added western flyleaves, and the western marbled paper lining the envelope flap. 235
12.17 Or. 289 – the opening page after treatment, with the laminated paper and western flyleaves removed, and after the removal of the western marbled doublures. The original marbled paper is now visible again. 236
12.18 Or. 289 – f. 133v–f. 134r (f. 133v was formerly f. 33v, see Fig. 12.14), after treatment and reversing the page order, to restore the original text and, as a result, also the flow in the physical traces and appearance of the volume, including the tideline pattern (formerly f. 34r is now f. 24r) 237
13.1 Muhammad Ali al-munajjim’s ownership note with the seal impression [UBL Or. 51, 1r] 242
13.2 Mosaic of the Great Palace in Istanbul, north-eastern hall (detail) 244
13.3 British Museum, registration number 1814,0704.2029, provenance Peregrine Edward Towneley; catalogued as Roman, 1st century BCE–3rd century CE 245
13.4 Musée du Louvre, Antiquités égyptiennes, MG 8766 246
13.5 Silver drachm, Akragas (Sicily), ca. 425–406 BCE [SMB Münzkabinett Ident. Nr. 18226976] 247
13.6 A marginal note reporting on the production of seals in Egypt in the seventeenth century [Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Damat İbrahim Paşa 921, fol. 118r] 253
13.7 Falcon and snake on a stele above the tomb of Djet found in Abydos [Paris, Musée du Louvre, E11007] 256
13.8 The ownership note of Husayn, the raʾis al-munajjimīn, with the impression of his zoomorphic seal [Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Laleli 1636, fol. 1r] 258
13.9 Seal on a quittance for a sacrificial calf, Roman Egypt, March 25, 102 CE [Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, Ident. Nr. P 7882] 259
14.1 Cartoons are a typical example of ephemera created for a short moment of fun related to current affairs. They do not always speak to an audience in a different setting, because without the background information most of the joke is lost on the observer. This example from circa 1867–1869 held in the Leiden collection making fun of administrators is pretty timeless however. [KITLV 36A211] 264
14.2 Hotz Album 1, p. 32 [Leiden University Library] 266
14.3 Greetings from Shiraz. Lost picture postcard, Hotz Collection, formerly in Box ‘Travelling D–K’. This illustration was taken from the article ‘Greetings from Shiraz, the city of the purest air and clearest sky in the world’: Ordinary Pictorial Delights from the Collections of Leiden University Library’ by Corien Vuurman. [UBL] 267
14.4 Example of an Egyptian film poster in Westernized style from a film that translates as “Me, him, her” + collection information: Or 27.532.7 269
14.5 Cover of the booklet Duistere Machten. Gestalten van het kwaad in de wereld van de Islam written by Arnoud Vrolijk and Jan Just Witkam 271
14.6 The Middle Eastern department at Leiden with help of amongst others LUCIS and the Babtain Foundation have organized an impressive number of events over the past years, many of them were advertised through posters. Sometimes these posters were designed by staff-members or students and some of the most impressive ones were made by graphic designer Paul Oram. If a systematic attempt to collect and preserve these digitally born posters, which sometimes do not make it beyond the Leiden website, would be made, in the future they would provide a rich source of information on the topics of interest of the Middle Eastern department in this specific time-frame. 274
15.1 Leiden University Library, Print Room, A. Hotz album [UBL PK-F-73.151 – photo 22] 278
15.2 In 1899: voor de pui van mijn huis te Teheran in den zomer, vermoedelijk. Europeanen, van links naar rechts: A. Houtum Schindler, employé, P.P. ter Meulen, employé, F.W. Emmerson, employé (per procuratie), H. Dunlop 280
15.3 H. Dunlop, travel album, photographer unknown. Subtitle: Bushire, Perzische Golf, mei 1897. V.l.n.r. F.W. Emmerson, H.C. van der Zee, H. van Pouderoijen / Bushire, Persian Gulf, May 1897. From left to right. F.W. Emmerson, H.C. van der Zee, H. van Pouderoijen, developing gelatin silver print, 10.8 × 8.5 cm [Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, RP-F-F01048-BJ] 284
15.4 Photographer unknown, subtitle: Het huis met binnenplaats te Shiraz, waarin ons kantoor en verpakkingen waren ± 1892. De drie Europeanen (van l naar r) zijn: H. Dunlop, Alex Houtum Schindler en F.W. Emmerson. / The house with courtyard in Shiraz, where our office and packaging were ± 1892. The three Europeans (from l to r) are: H. Dunlop. Alex Houtum Schindler and F.W. Emmerson. Albumen print, 27.4 × 22.5 cm [RCA, 400 Dunop Family Archives, No. 248] 286
15.5 Photographer unknown, subtitle: Tennisclub te Sjiraz. H.D. 28 j. 1896. Ir. Fahie uit Ierland, superintendant v/d Eng. Telegraaf. / Tennis club in Shiraz. H.D. 28 y. 1896. Ir. Fahie from Ireland, superintendent of the Eng. Telegraph. At the back of the photograph: Shiraz 1896. H.D. oud 28 jaar. / Shiraz 1896. H.D. 28 years old. Albumen print, 23 × 19 cm [RCA, 400 Dunlop Family Archives, No. 248] 288
15.6 Photographer unknown, subtitle: Shiraz, Februari 1892. H.D. oud 24 jaar en de heer Cornelis uit Deli, die op bezoek was. Dit is de ruïne van een lustslot genaamd Bagh-i Takht, waar Comte de Gobineau in 1855 onthaald werd. / Shiraz, February 1892. H.D. old 24 years and Mr Cornelis from Deli, who was visiting. These are the ruins of a pleasure castle called Bah-I Takht, where Comte de Gobineau was entertained in 1855. Albumen print, 21.4 × 14.9 cm [RCA, 400 Dunlop Family Archives, No. 248] 289
15.7 Photographer unknown, subtitle: Shiraz, Perzië, april 1891, H.D. oud 23 jaar, met breedgeranden hoed, tegen den muur geleund. Staande de heer Muller, mijn chef. Het huis is dat van Hadji Mirza Hassan, een oud koopman, zittend, Om hem heen zijne vijf zonen. / Shiraz, Persia, April 1891, H.D. 23 years old, with a wide-brimmed hat, leaning against the wall. Standing Mr. Muller, my boss. The house is that of Hadji Mirza Hassan, an old merchant, sitting, around him his five sons, albumen print 21.0 × 15.4 cm [RCA, 400 Dunlop Family Archives, No. 248] 291
16.1 Abd al-Ghaffar al-Baghdadi, portrait of a Turkish officer dressed up as a bedouin, identified with his rank as captain, yüzbashi arkan harb, 1885–1888 [KITLV 46634] 299
16.2 Abd al-Ghaffar al-Baghdadi, portrait of a Turkish officer in Arab dress in between two sidetables, 1885–1888 [UBL Or. 26.368 128] 300
16.3 Abd al-Ghaffar al-Baghdadi, portrait of Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje in Arab dress, 1885 [UBL Or. 8952] 303
16.4 Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, portrait of the Dutch colony in the Dutch Consulate in Jeddah, late 1884–early 1885 [UBL Or. 26.404 2] 304
16.5 Abd al-Ghaffar al-Baghdadi, woman from Mecca in her bridal dress, published in Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, Bilder-Atlas zu Mekka (Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1888), pl. 25-3 306
16.6 Abd al-Ghaffar al-Baghdadi, the Meccan bridegroom in the throne seat where normally the Meccan bride would sit during one of the wedding ceremonies, published in Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, Bilder aus Mekka. Mit kurzem erläuterendem Texte (Leiden: Brill, 1889), pl. 18B 307
16.7 Siegfried Langer, ca. 1881–1882, ladies in indoor and outdoor wear, Jeddah, published in Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, Bilder-Atlas zu Mekka (Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1888), pl. 25-4 310
17.1 Jacob Houbraken after Hendrik Pothoven, portrait of Johannes Nomsz working on his novel Abdallah, 1768 [UBL PK Singer 22177] 317
17.2 Jacob Houbraken, portrait of the Prophet Muhammad, in Johannes Nomsz, Mohammed, of de hervorming der Arabieren (Amsterdam: Erven David Klippink, 1780) [UBL 1212 G 12] 320
18.1 Photographs by the author of a bindir (front and back with two strings), a wooden-framed frame drum, bought in the city of Taroudant, South Morocco. A sieve maker often makes the instrument. 339
18.2 Walid Ben Selim playing the gembri 341
18.3 The shaftatalli rhythmical pattern 344
Tables
2.1 List by Janus Dousa of August 1594 with the Libri Haebraici, Chaldaici et Arabici from the library of the Court of Holland [UBL AC1 101, ff. 30r–31r] 36
9.1 The alba amicorum to which Jacobus Golius contributed 149