Index
accumulation
6–7, 10, 12–13, 18, 19, 22, 33, 35, 41–42, 81, 100, 145, 147, 174–175, 184
African National Congress (ANC)
2–3, 21, 27–28, 34, 36, 41, 49–50, 66–67, 69, 72, 77–79, 95, 98, 138, 147, 173, 179, 182
transformation agenda
2
Amin, S.
180
authoritarianism
59, 61–62, 64, 82, 85, 95, 177
leadership
39
socialism
95
transformative
182, 184
Auxilio maradia
117
Avora Seca
37, 117
Bandung Conference (1955)
135
Basic Income Grant (BIG)
66
Black Atlantic
9–10
Black Consciousness Movement
10
Black Radical Theorists
5, 11–12, 32, 55
Bolsa Escola
29, 83
Bolsa Familia (family allowance/grant programme, renamed Auxílio Brasil)
2, 24, 29–30, 32, 34–37, 66–67, 82, 83, 87, 97, 100, 117–122, 124–127, 129, 156, 158, 160, 161–164, 166–167, 176
Bolsonaro, J.
3, 9, 36, 67, 85–86, 95, 154, 156–159, 166, 184
Bono de Desarrollo Humano (Ecuador)
90
Brazil in Africa
29, 96, 154, 169, 176
Bretton Woods
124, 141, 180, 182
Brookings Institution
181
Caldinho
117–118
Carnegie Corporation
44, 145
Care Dependency Grant
69
cartography (geography) of racialised hunger
90, 100–101, 103, 109, 112, 117, 120, 128
cash transfers
25, 32, 128–129, 176–177
Brazil
86–87, 91, 97, 117–118, 121, 129, 132, 154, 158, 162, 171
South Africa
67, 73–74, 76–77, 129
Castro, F.
136
Child Support Grant (CSG)
25–27, 69, 78
class versus race
11–12
clientelism
32, 34, 90, 95
colonial/apartheid policies/practices
2, 12, 15–17, 19–21, 27, 46–48, 50, 63–64, 68, 73, 75, 77, 103, 105, 112, 137, 146, 152
post-apartheid South Africa
20, 22, 27–28, 48, 50–51, 68, 71–73, 75, 77, 103, 105, 112, 137, 146, 152
post-apartheid social policy
28, 39, 78–79
colonial domination characteristics of, Brazil and South Africa
13–14
commodification
18, 23, 28, 43, 63, 67, 71, 75, 78, 89, 110, 137–138, 175
agriculture
137–138
finance
138
healthcare
138
life insurance
138
Constitution
Brazil
40, 61, 80–81, 82–83
South Africa
40, 73–74
Cordoso, F.H. (FHC)
29
COVID-19 pandemic, effects of
3, 25–26, 30–31, 36, 69–70, 86, 90–92, 102, 104, 109–111, 115, 118, 138–141, 143, 154, 156–158, 178, 181–182, 184
Brazil
3, 30–31, 86, 90–92, 118, 154, 156–158, 178
South Africa
25–26, 36, 69–70, 102, 104, 109–111, 115, 138–143, 178
cultural capital
115, 132
cumulative advantages and disadvantages
99
advantages
2, 3, 6–7, 31–33, 35, 40, 42, 62–63, 89, 93, 99–101, 128, 135
disadvantages
2, 3, 27, 40, 42, 62, 94, 99–101, 103, 107, 174
distribution in Brazil and South Africa
38–65
Da Silva, L.I.L. (Lula)
23, 67, 81, 83–87, 155, 157–158
deregulation
3, 28, 78
Disability Grant
69
dispossession
7, 12, 18–19, 23, 33, 35, 41–42, 48–49, 100–101, 103, 105–108, 112, 125, 128, 144, 146
distribution
2, 6, 9–10, 13–14, 17, 19, 22, 25, 29–32, 38, 40, 66–67, 71–72, 84, 86, 89–90, 92, 94, 127, 135, 140, 143–160, 162–167, 167–168, 172, 174, 177
embedded liberalism
5, 13, 37, 135, 142
employment/work
precariat/precarious
113–115, 125, 130, 139, 143
vulnerable
113–114, 126–127, 130
enslavement
64, 114, 129, 173–174
Expanded Public Work Programme (EPW)
22, 25
FHC regime
29, 82 154
Fome Zero
87
Foster Care Grant
69
FRELIMO
182
Garvey, M.
174
GDP
141–143, 153, 158–160
Brazil
84, 89–90, 155, 157–160
debt-to-GDP ratio
141, 157
deflator
110
Ecuador
90
El Salvador
90
per capita growth
139, 155
South Africa
69, 109–110, 139, 141–143, 153
genocide
5, 12, 14–15, 172
Global Economic Crisis
69, 140, 148, 154
global political economy
4, 8, 141
Global Racial Empire
136, 172
GNI per capita
Brazil
159
South Africa
140–144
Goulart, J.
60
Government Employee Pension Fund (GEPF)
153
Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF)
140, 142–143, 159–160
Brazil
160
South Africa
142–143
Gross National Income (GNI)
140, 142–143, 159
hierarchical social citizenship
99
historical sociology
14–19
humanity
and South Africa’s social policy
112–115
hunger
30, 58, 70, 90, 100–109, 111–112, 117–120, 128, 130
geography of
30
and malnutrition
58
racialised
90, 100–101, 103, 109, 112, 117, 120, 128
imperial violence, European
4–8, 11, 100, 103, 146, 179–180
income distribution
South Africa
137–143
income inequality
134–171, 154–161
Brazil
154–161
inequality
3, 25–31
Brazil
25–31
income and wealth
134–171
of opportunity and outcomes
167–171
and progressive reforms
87–94
racial strivings and divergent experiences
19–25
South Africa
25–31
inequality of opportunity and outcomes
Brazil
167–171
South Africa
167–171
inequality and wealth
Brazil
19–24
South Africa
19–24
racial strivings and divergent experiences
19–25
international currency unit
180–182
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
81, 84, 98, 135, 138, 141–142, 158, 181
Just Energy Transition Investment Plan
141
liberal internationalism
34–35, 135–136, 141, 151, 157, 180
liberal social contract
9, 178
abandonment
178
‘Lula moment for South Africa’
67, 159, 172–173
Luthuli, A.
49
macroeconomic uncertainties/shocks
Brazil
154–161
South Africa
137–143
Mandela, N.
27
Marxism
100, 106, 108, 140, 179
Black
10
Matthews, Z.K.
49
Modi N.
184
Moore, A.
174–175
Republic of New Africa
174
National Democratic Revolution (NDR)
49
National Development Plan (2012)
139
Nationalist Party
16, 39
Native Urban Areas Act (1923)
46
neo-liberal(ism)
34, 63, 65–66, 75–76 81, 83–84, 86–87, 97–98, 100, 114, 136, 140, 159, 178, 180, 184
economic policy
82, 86, 138, 144, 151, 153, 159, 175, 179
racialised
151–152
social policy
34, 74–75, 97, 107, 114–116, 168, 175, 179
New Development Bank (NDB)
139, 141
nondomination
6, 8, 33, 136
nutrition
22, 24–25, 35, 58–60, 66, 76, 88, 109, 112, 130
Old Age Grant
22
Pan African Congress (PAC)
2–3, 23, 29, 36, 49, 67, 81–86, 95, 97–98, 122–123, 156–157, 179, 182
Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT)
social assistance programmes
2
pension
16, 25–26, 39, 43, 46, 48, 58, 67, 71, 73, 75–77, 86, 91, 142, 144
peonage
33, 38, 43, 142, 167, 169, 172
philanthropy
South Africa
40–47
Plano Real
82, 154
political economy
6, 8, 12, 16, 63, 93, 97, 119, 130, 144, 175
of racialised social welfare
8, 10, 27, 34, 66, 72, 79–86, 138, 141, 144, 156, 174, 180
of violence
93, 97, 144
white supremacy
12, 68
poverty
25–31, 129
Brazil
25–31
and progressive reforms
87–94
South Africa
25–31
‘poverty grave’ (ithuna lendlala)
104–105, 108–109, 111, 115
power relations
7, 25, 33, 44, 118, 127, 131–132
precarious employment
113–115, 125, 139, 143
‘pro-poor’
29, 82, 100, 147, 157
race
versus class
11–12
and political economy of social assistance
67–72
and poverty in Brazil and South Africa
128–133
racial capitalism
5, 8, 9–10, 12, 15–17, 33, 38, 40, 46, 62, 77, 100, 111, 115–116, 130, 172, 179
and anti-Black racism
9–13
defined
10
and social policies
38–65
racial inequality
69, 90– 92, 147, 154
racial stratification
and progressive reforms
87–94
racialisation
8, 9, 15, 24, 33, 41, 50, 64–65, 70, 73, 90, 100, 128, 131, 135, 137, 156, 167, 174
racialised hunger
90, 100–101, 103, 109, 112, 117, 120, 128
in Brazil
116–121
cartography of
101–111
in South Africa
101–111
racialised poor
24, 86, 89, 95–96, 113–114, 119, 126, 144–145, 153, 157, 159
racialised welfare
Brazil
66–95, 79–86
South Africa
66–95
racism
5, 7–12, 14–15, 17–18, 24, 33–35, 37–38, 40, 47, 51–52, 54–55, 62, 64–65, 70, 72, 80, 90–92, 96–97, 101, 106, 113, 115, 121, 124, 127–128, 135–137, 143, 146, 151–152, 154, 156, 167–169, 172, 174–175, 178, 182
anti-Black
5, 7–11, 14, 18, 32, 35, 37–38, 47, 51–52, 55, 64–65, 70, 80, 90–92, 96–97, 101, 113, 115, 121, 124, 127–128, 135–137, 143, 146, 152, 154, 156–157
Ramaphosa, C.
36
Recife
117
Reconstruction and Development Plan houses
22
redistributive policy
99
reparations
constructivist view of
62–63, 136, 153, 174
land
34, 129
social policy as
3, 5–8, 25, 27–28, 33–34, 37, 51, 65, 78, 94, 99, 112, 167, 173, 175, 184
after South African War
41
Republicanism
Brazil, and social policy
56–62
Rhodes, C.J.
145
Rio de Janeiro
23, 37, 116
Roussef, Dilma
3, 85, 98
rudimentary welfare and slavery
Brazil
51–55
São Paulo
22–23, 36–37, 84, 86, 116, 121
schools
23
Stock Exchange
22
University of
23
slave labour
South Africa
40–47
slavery
2, 10–11, 13–14, 17–18, 24, 32–33, 38, 42, 44, 51–53, 56, 63, 65, 83, 90, 100, 112–113, 130, 136–137, 151, 154, 167–168, 172, 174, 180
trans-Atlantic
5, 7, 15, 39
slavery and rudimentary welfare
Brazil
51–56
trans-Atlantic
5–8
social and power relations
34, 44, 63, 66, 130, 132–133, 134, 161, 167, 176
poverty and
130, 134
social assistance
25–31, 67–72
Brazil
25–31, 122–127, 154–166
political economy of
67–72
programmes
129
race and
67–72
South Africa
25–31, 67–72, 144–153
and wealth distribution
162–166
social citizenship
17, 28, 38, 46–47, 49–51, 56–57, 60, 62, 64–65, 78–80, 86, 89, 93, 135
Brazil
14–18
South Africa
14–18
social exclusion
cartography of
101–111
and progressive reforms
87–94
social policy
4–5
architecture
15, 25, 28, 34, 36, 40, 62, 66, 129–130, 172, 176
black radicalised underclass
4
Brazil
38–40, 56–62, 89, 91, 93, 99–133
historical foundations in Brazil and South Africa compared
62–65
minimalist
129
race and poverty in Brazil and South Africa
128–133
racialised designs and ideas
73–78
as reparations
3, 5, 6–8, 25, 27–28, 33–34, 37, 51, 65, 78, 94, 99, 112, 167, 173, 175, 184
South Africa
38–40, 40–48, 48–51, 73–78, 99–133, 112–115, 144–153
towards repair
99–133
transformative
5–66
Social Relief of Distress Grant
25, 36, 69–70
social welfare, unequal
in Brazil
79–86
political economy of
79–86
racialised
79–86
in South Africa
15, 24–25, 28–29, 34, 36, 44, 56–57, 62, 66, 69, 72–73, 75, 77, 79, 80–84, 89–91, 94–95, 97–98, 118, 129, 172
South African Communist Party (SACP)
49
South African Native National Congress (SANNC)
41
sovereign internationalism
35, 135–136, 141, 157, 168, 170
State Maintenance Grant
78
State Old Age Pension (SOAP)
25–26, 69
state-sanctioned violence
24, 121
Stokvels
145, 147
structural reform
Brazil
155, 165
South Africa
136, 140
Tambo, O.R.
49
Temer, M.
3, 85, 159
Third World Internationalism
136, 156, 170
transformation
2, 6, 31, 38, 46, 54, 61, 63, 91, 95–96, 100, 110–111, 115, 122, 130, 136, 156, 173, 176, 183, 184
trickle-down economy
4, 8, 141
unemployment
16, 35, 39, 43, 46–47, 73, 75, 77, 101–102, 104, 109, 113–115, 117, 125–130, 139, 148, 158, 165
benefits
16, 39, 43, 117
insurance
73, 75, 81
structural
73, 109, 115, 129
Universal Basic Income Grant (UBIG)
35–36, 136, 152
Universal Wealth Bond (UWB)
35, 137, 152, 171
Vargas, G.
39, 51, 56–61, 94
and Brazilian republicanism, social policy
56–62
violence
imperial
4–8, 11, 100, 103, 146, 179–180
vulnerable employment/work
113–114, 126–127, 130
wealth distribution
Brazil
162–166
and social assistance
162–166
South Africa
19, 137, 148
wealth and inequality
Brazil
19–24, 134–171
racial strivings and divergent experiences
19–25
South Africa
19–24, 134–171
welfare
benefits
39
differentiated
47, 49–50, 180
dis-welfares
5, 43, 46, 50
racialised
6, 49–50, 66
tokenistic
74
welfare lifeworld
33
welfare regime approach
5, 15, 25, 27, 61–62, 96
welfare state
7, 13, 15–16, 31, 43, 45, 85, 142, 156, 176
White supremacy
5, 7, 9, 12, 18, 21, 24, 32–33, 37–38, 40–41, 45, 64, 71, 89, 105–106, 173
work
and South Africa’s social policy
112–115
World Bank
2, 32, 69, 71, 89, 95, 135, 138–139, 141–142, 158
World Congress Against Racism (WCAR)
173–174
World Trade Organization (formerly GATT)
135
worldmaking
6, 7–8, 33, 62, 136, 174
Xuma, A.B.
49