Figures
2.1 Merchandise exports surplus, India 1833 to 1919 37
2.2 India’s export surplus and expenditure in England 1837–38 to 1900–01 (in £ million, three-year annual averages) 40
2.3a India’s merchandise trade balance 1900–1913 (million US dollar, three-year annual averages) 53
2.3b India’s merchandise trade balance 1926–1938 (million US dollar, three-year annual averages) 54
4.1 Procurement as a percentage of net production 94
4.2 Y-o-Y inflation in monthly WPI for foodgrains (%) 97
4.3 MSP and cost C2 + 50%: paddy (Rs./quintal) 99
4.4 MSP and cost C2 + 50%: wheat (Rs./quintal) 100
4.5 Y-o-Y inflation in monthly WPI for foodgrains (%) 101
4.6 Share of harvest marketed and marketed produce sold at MSP (%) 102
4.7 Relative role of MSP 103
4.8 Ratio of food distributed through PDS to net availability (%) 110
4.9 Foodgrain stock position 110
6.1 Indexed trends in gross real output and employment (1980 = 1) 143
6.2 Trends in the changes in the employment structure 145
6.3 Indexed trends in labor productivity, wages, profits and emoluments (1980 = 1) 146
6.4 Annual growth of fixed capital and GVA from 1981–82 till 2018–19 (percent) 148
6.5 Trends in the two structural ratios in the organized manufacturing sector 149
6.6 Indexed trends of the fuel consumed 152
6.7 Composition of fuel consumed in organized manufacturing sector 153
6.8 Average installed electricity generation capacity from 2000–2018 153
7.1 Caste-wise share of workers across employment categories, 2017–18 186
7.2 Poverty among social groups in India in 2017–18 (per cent) 187
9.1 India’s new economic structure 225
10.1 BRICS (+) and G7 countries’ share of the world’s GDP in PPP 260
10.2 Intra-group exports and imports among BRICS countries (in tonnes) 260
10.3 Gold reserve of China, Russian Federation and India 264
Tables
1.1 Summary of selected structural adjustment reforms of 1991 6
1.2 A comparative overview of India’s GDP and per capital income 13
2.1 India’s global merchandize export surplus, 1833 to 1940 (three-year annual average in Rs. 10 million) 36
2.2 India’s global export surplus and expenditure in England 1837 to 1901 (three-year annual average in £ million) 39
2.3a India’s trade balance with the world 1900 to 1913 (million US dollars, three-year annual average) 52
2.3b India’s merchandise trade balance with the world, 1924–1938 (million US dollar, three-year annual average) 53
2.4 Balance of payments aggregates 1898 to 1913 (Pandit 1937) (Data reclassified with respect to estimated financial gold, Rs. 10 million) 57
2.5 Balance of payments aggregates, 1921–22 to 1938-39: A.K. Banerjee (1963) Data reclassified by estimated financial gold (Rs. 10 million) 59
4.1 Crop-wise margin of MSP over costs, 2020–21 (Rs/qtl) 100
4.2 Percentage of output of marketing HH s sold under MSP 104
4.3 Proportion of paddy and wheat sold at price below the MSP 105
6.1 CAGR for different indicators in the organized manufacturing sector 144
6.2 Debtors and creditors based on industry’s fair share 156
7.1 Percentage distribution of landholding in India 2015–16 185
8.1 Work status for rural Indian women, 15–64 years 202
8.2 Kinds of allied work as a share of all working age rural non-employed women workers 204
8.3 Reasons for engaging primarily in domestic duties 205
8.4 Women’s work and expenditure by consumption quintile 207
8.5 Variable names and descriptions 212
8.6 Descriptive statistics of relevant variables 214
8.7 Regression results, 2011–12: average marginal effects 215
9.1 Marxian politics 251
10.1 Principal features of BRICS (+) countries, EU and USA 259
10.2 Over-the-counter (OTC) percentage share of average daily turnover of foreign exchange 266