Index
accountability
77, 147, 150, 184, 198, 202–204
activities for purposes not prohibited under this Convention
21
Additional Protocol I
31, 159
Advisory Opinion on Certain Expenses
187
Afghanistan
84, 140–141
Africa
90, 99, 123, 153, 210
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights
167
Algeria
153
American Convention of Human Rights
167
anthrax
140, 146, 154, 225, 228
anti-terrorism
146–147, 150
armed conflict
18, 34, 41–42, 159, 162, 165–166, 173, 175, 177, 210
arms control
1–3, 38–39, 85, 91, 107–108, 111, 114, 124, 132, 139, 156–157, 162, 167, 171, 179–181, 207
arthroviruses
228
Asia
123
assassination
66–68, 70–71, 73–80, 82–83, 86, 90–91, 157, 162–163, 165–167, 174, 181
Assistance Requests
190
attribution
70–71, 77, 90, 184, 191, 193–197, 199–201, 203–204
Aum Shinrikyo
140
Australia
22, 109, 113, 116, 119–120, 122, 124, 130, 197, 230
Australia Group
22, 109
Austria
11, 121, 216
Belgium
175, 209–210, 215
Bellingcat
78–79, 97, 171
Bhopal
109
biochemical
39, 124–125, 164
biological warfare
220–221, 228, 230–231, 233
biological weapons
1, 3, 6–7, 12–13, 21, 29, 31–34, 36–37, 41–45, 47, 64, 67, 140, 205–206, 208–212, 214–223, 227, 229–231, 233
Biological Weapons Convention (bwc)
1, 3, 6, 12–16, 18–20, 22–23, 25, 27, 29–30, 32–39, 41–42, 44–51, 56–57, 61–65, 67, 73, 75, 78, 82–83, 87–88, 90, 94–95, 205, 207–208, 210–212, 214, 217–233
biology
36, 38–39, 41, 56, 58, 61, 64, 234
biosynthesis
40
biotech
38, 40
biotechnology
38, 41, 57
botulinum toxin
58, 72–73
brucellosis
228
Bulgaria
72, 74, 197
Cambodia
212
Canberra Conference
115, 117, 130–131
capacity-building
103–104, 149, 152–153
Carter vs. Russia
157, 165, 167, 173, 176, 180–181
cbw
1, 3, 13, 16–17, 19, 22, 24–25, 33–37, 39–40, 44–45, 47, 57–59, 61–62, 64–80, 82–83, 85–88, 90–92, 114, 117–118, 140
cefic
116, 118–119, 128
Challenge Inspection
119, 190–192
chemical agents
39, 53, 56, 70, 72, 89, 110, 140, 156–158, 160, 162, 164–165, 173, 180–181
Chemical Warfare
85, 111–112
chemical weapons
1, 10, 12, 15, 21, 23, 30, 32, 38, 41–43, 46–47, 51–56, 58, 60–62, 64, 76, 89, 98, 105, 107, 111–112, 114, 116–120, 122, 124, 129–130, 135, 137, 139–140, 145–146, 148–152, 154, 156–160, 162, 164, 166–167, 171, 173, 175, 179, 181–183, 185, 189–194, 200–201, 203–204
Chemical Weapons Convention (cwc)
1–3, 10–25, 27, 30–59, 61–65, 67–68, 75–76, 78, 81–83, 87–90, 93–106, 108–109, 112–124, 126–164, 166, 168, 170–172, 174, 176–185, 188–193, 195–204
Schedules
43–44, 52–53, 56, 113, 118, 132, 178
Verification Annex
51, 54, 118, 124, 128, 132, 148, 190–191, 195, 198, 200–201
chemicals
21, 23, 40–41, 43–44, 46–47, 51–56, 62, 94–96, 98–100, 105–111, 114, 117–119, 124–125, 127–133, 139, 141, 143, 147–148, 150, 154, 156, 160, 173, 178, 180
chemistry
36, 38–40, 54, 56, 58, 61, 63–64, 103, 131, 137, 142
ChemTech Centre
60
Chile
72–74, 150, 217
China
21, 24, 57, 84, 123, 172, 194, 217, 227
chlorine
141
cholera
228
Clarification Requests
190
Cold War
37, 42–43, 46–47, 49, 57, 84–85, 139–140
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
26
compliance
1, 11, 15–16, 49, 51, 57, 64, 82, 85, 94, 100, 110, 114, 129–130, 132, 134, 139, 163–164, 183, 190, 192, 200–202, 208, 212–214, 218, 227, 229–230, 232
Conference of States Parties (csp)
15, 103, 145, 158, 172, 178, 184–185, 190, 194–197
Conference of the States Parties
50, 172, 195, 197, 200
Conference on Disarmament
112, 120–121, 133, 191
confidence building measures
48, 56, 208, 232
Confidentiality Annex
97, 132
Consultative Meeting
220–221, 224–231, 233
Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
110
Convention on Psychotropic Substances
110
Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques
31
convergence
38–39, 45, 50, 58, 64
counter-terrorism
146, 148, 212
Court of Justice of the European Union (cjeu)
185–189, 198–199, 201–202
covid
230
Croatia
81
Cuba
21, 121, 153, 220, 225–226
customary international law
10, 14, 17, 25, 31, 35, 166
Czech Republic
81, 123, 211, 214
Czechoslovakia
72, 74
Daesh
141
Declaration Assessment Team
183
declarations
20–21, 24, 51–53, 97–98, 100–102, 113, 126–127, 136, 145
destruction
11, 15, 21, 31, 39, 47, 51, 61, 129, 136, 146–147, 156, 183, 211, 216, 221–222
Diallo
14
Director-General
49, 59, 62, 97, 105, 128, 144, 146–147, 151–153, 184, 190, 192–194, 196
disarmament
1, 18, 23, 36, 42, 48, 61–62, 64–65, 107, 116, 120, 135, 139, 154, 183, 221, 230, 233
disinformation
86, 220, 225, 229–230
dispute resolution
220
dna
41
dual-use
22, 37, 64, 114, 117–118, 233
Effect of Awards
186, 188–189, 201
encephalitis
228
erga omnes
17
erta
187–188, 196
Europe
2, 6, 113, 123, 142, 178, 180
European Commission of Human Rights
165
European Convention of Human Rights (echr)
156–158, 163–169, 171–177, 179, 181–182, 188, 198–199, 201
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
156–158, 163–182
European Union (eu)
2–3, 10–11, 39, 69, 81, 94, 110, 116, 142, 185, 188, 197
Executive Council
15, 34, 56, 59, 105, 125, 128, 145–147, 149, 151, 190–193
Fact-Finding Mission (ffm)
162, 183–184, 192–194
fentanyl
161, 167–168, 180–181
Fifth CWC Review Conference
150
Fifth Review Conference
48, 76, 81, 142
Finogenov vs. Russia
157, 177, 180, 182
fragmentation
14–15, 61, 233
France
18, 72, 74–75, 121, 147, 197
General Assembly
30–31
General Purpose Criterion (gpc)
41–44, 53, 64, 139
Geneva
15, 27–33, 45–46, 48, 75, 78, 87, 96, 115, 121, 135, 139, 159, 206, 220–223, 226–227, 230–231, 233
Geneva Protocol 1925
29
Geneva Protocol
29–30, 33, 45–46, 75, 87, 135, 139
genomics
38
Germany
11, 18, 25, 72, 74, 81, 92, 114, 121, 123, 134, 163, 170, 178, 182, 188, 196, 202, 215
Global Framework on Chemicals
95
Greco-Turkish Agreement
186, 199
Hague Ethical Guidelines
63, 93, 130, 142
hard law
220, 231–232
Herbicides
30
hostile purposes
41–42, 45, 47
Human Rights Council
31, 179, 188
icj
14, 17–18, 22, 24–28, 30, 32, 158, 166, 185–189, 198–199, 201–204
icty
33
implementation
1, 3, 9–11, 15–16, 35–36, 39, 44, 47–50, 53, 56, 59, 61, 64, 97–98, 101–102, 104, 106–107,
113–114, 116–117, 121–124, 126–128, 130, 132–139, 142–146, 148–151, 154–156, 158, 163–164, 205, 211–212, 214, 218–219, 230
Implementation Support Unit (isu)
6, 15, 48, 57, 219, 227
implementing legislation
2, 100, 122, 125, 139, 145, 210, 212
implied powers
185–189, 197–199, 201–203
incapacitants
39, 161, 173, 178
India
14, 95, 109, 113, 121, 194, 196, 212
individual criminal responsibility
202
Industry
11, 62, 82, 92–93, 95, 97–98, 103–105, 107–109, 111–113, 115–116, 118–124, 128–130, 132
inherent powers
184, 187, 189, 196–199, 202
inherently indiscriminate
19
InterAcademy Partnership
40, 61
International Committee of the Red Cross (icrc)
29–30, 32–33, 135, 159, 221, 233
International Council of Chemical Associations
62, 93, 96, 98, 102, 128–130
International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights (iccpr)
166
international humanitarian law
18, 24, 31–35, 177
International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism to Assist in the Investigation and Prosecution of Persons Responsible for the Most Serious Crimes under International Law Committed in the Syrian Arab Republic
202
international law
3, 6–11, 13–14, 16–19, 21–23, 25–32, 34–35, 45, 89, 135–136, 143, 154, 159, 166, 180, 185–186, 189, 194, 205, 215–216, 221–222, 227, 231, 234
International Law Commission (ilc)
15–16, 18, 26–27, 88
International Law Commission’s Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts
16
arsiwa
16–18
International Monetary Fund
69
international organizations
6–7, 98, 137, 150, 185–189, 204
international relations
3–4, 7, 10, 68, 70, 230
International Standard Organization
92
International Standardization Organization
8
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
61, 93
Interpol
91, 100, 109
intra vires
189, 195, 199, 202
Investigation and Identification Team (iit)
162, 183–185, 188, 192, 194–204
Iran
21, 24, 72, 74, 76, 84, 172, 194, 196, 226, 230
Iraq
72–74, 84, 97, 140–141, 148, 152, 184
isil
141, 148, 203
Israel
72, 74, 76, 83, 90–91, 121
Italy
18, 81, 109, 167
Japan
18, 113, 121, 123–124, 211
Joint Investigative Mechanism (jim)
141, 148, 162, 183, 192–194, 197–198, 203
Jordan
79
jurisdiction
4, 44, 90, 157, 165, 174–176, 181, 207, 209
jus cogens
18
Kampala
209
Kim Jong-nam
66, 80, 86
Kosovo
84
Kupreškić
19
Latin America
123, 153
Latvia
81, 211
law enforcement
39, 91, 100, 160–161, 164, 172, 177
Legality of Use of Nuclear Weapons
188, 198–199, 201
legally binding norms
8
legitimacy
4–12, 84, 128, 135, 203
lex specialis
200
Liechtenstein
215
life sciences
37–38
lipidomics
38
Lithuania
81, 167
Litvinienko
167, 169, 174–175
Meeting of Experts
48
Meeting of State Parties
48
Mexico
152, 214
microbial or other biological agents
19, 41–42, 46, 209, 222
Missile Technology Control Regime
109
multi-level governance
1–3, 10–12
multi-normativity
2–3, 6, 8, 10, 12
nanomimics
45–47
nanotechnology
39, 45, 55, 58, 64, 70
National Authorities
97–98, 100–102, 104, 124, 128
National Authority
2, 104, 139
National implementation
1–2, 114
national law
1, 3, 91, 210
Navalny
79–82, 86, 162–163, 170, 178, 180
Navalnyy
157, 162, 164–165, 167, 170, 172–173, 175–176, 178–180, 182
Navalnyy vs. Russia
157, 165, 167, 172–173, 176–177, 180, 182
necessary measures
143, 148–149, 207
nerve agent
80–81, 170, 177–178, 182
Ninth Review Conference
57, 65
non-compliance
11, 51, 139, 179, 191, 193, 200, 202
non-proliferation
17, 41, 52, 61–62, 64–65, 116, 120, 139, 230
non-state actors
12, 33–34, 56, 135–136, 139–140, 147, 149–150, 154, 173, 205, 233
normativity
1–2, 4, 6, 10, 137, 142, 233
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (nato)
69
North Korea
72, 74, 76, 83, 90
North Sea Continental Shelf
25–28, 30, 32
Norway
81, 214, 216, 231
Novichok
53, 80, 97, 170, 178, 181
Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion
18
object and purpose
3, 20, 22, 37, 47, 49, 52–54, 149, 187, 192, 195, 201, 222
occupation
84, 160, 175
Office for Disarmament Affairs
15, 48, 221
opinio iuris
10
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (opcw)
6, 11–12, 15, 17, 22, 34, 36–38, 49–62, 64, 76, 81, 87, 93–94, 96–98, 100, 103–105, 113–114, 118, 120–123, 125–130, 132–135, 137, 139, 141–156, 158, 161–163, 170, 172, 177–180, 182–185, 188, 190–203
other peaceful purposes
41–43, 222, 228
Pakistan
21, 24, 216
Paris Agreement
9
pathogens
41, 67, 162, 228
pepper spray
160, 164
Permanent Court for International Justice (pcij)
18, 185–186
poison or poisonous weapons
19
poisonous and asphyxiating gases
46
politically binding norms
8
Potassium
72
Preparatory Commission
96, 113, 118, 120–124, 133
prophylactic
41–42, 222
protective
41–42, 46, 58, 222, 228
proteomics
38
Pugwash
113–114
Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf (Nicaragua v Colombia)
26
radioactive
157, 165, 167, 175, 181
rcas
86, 160, 173
Reparations for Injuries
188
responsibility
15–17, 19, 34, 67, 77, 102, 139, 174, 192–194, 196, 198, 201, 232
Review Conferences
15, 22, 29, 48, 61, 82, 103–104, 205, 221
RevCon
205, 208
Rhodesia
72–74, 76
Ricin
58, 72, 125, 140
riot control
39, 43, 86, 138, 160, 178, 180
riot control agents
39, 86, 138, 178
Romania
81, 212–214
Rome Statute
19, 209–210, 214–215, 217–218
Russia
57, 72, 74–76, 79–81, 83–84, 87–88, 90, 106, 121, 157, 161–182, 194, 204, 211, 215–216, 220–221, 224, 226–232
sarin
72, 140
Saxitoxin
125, 128
Schedule 1
52–53, 118–119, 125, 128, 133
Schedule 2
52, 119, 124, 127
Schedule 3
52, 118, 125
science and technology
36–37, 43–44, 50, 52–56, 58–60, 63–64
Scientific Advisory Board (sab)
36, 38, 49–51, 56, 58–59, 61, 64, 104, 125, 128, 161, 172
Second Review Conference
56, 224
Security Council
34, 82, 109, 136–137, 139, 141, 143, 146–147, 150, 154, 183, 193, 205, 207–208, 213, 218, 223
Security Council Resolution 1540
34, 109, 136, 139, 143, 205, 207–208, 218
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
110
Sixth Review Conference
15, 48, 207
Skripal
77, 79–81, 86
soft law
7–9, 220, 231–233
South Africa
72–74, 76, 90, 99, 121, 152, 194, 215
South Korea
121, 211
Soviet Union
46, 57, 72–73, 75, 90, 140, 228
state practice
10, 26, 30, 33, 35, 88
state responsibility
16–18, 35
States Parties
15, 17, 21, 24, 29, 36–38, 42, 44, 47–54, 56–60, 62–64, 81–82, 87, 103–104, 118, 121, 124–127, 129, 144–145, 148–149, 152–153, 156, 158, 161, 163, 165–166, 170, 172, 176, 180–181, 192, 194–197, 200, 202, 207, 209, 221, 225, 227–233
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (sipri)
52, 113–114, 117–118
Subsequent agreement
22
subsequent practice
22, 221
superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering
19
Sweden
81, 114, 197, 214, 217
Switzerland
11, 81, 123, 166, 214
Syria
37, 87, 98, 141, 148, 172, 184–185, 192–194, 200, 202–203
tear gas
160, 164
Technical Secretariat
15, 22, 24, 51–52, 54–56, 58, 60, 96, 101, 113, 120, 123, 126–128, 133, 139, 143, 145, 148–154, 162–163, 178, 184, 192, 194–195
terrorism
33, 63, 86, 100, 111, 135–137, 140, 142, 145–151, 153–155, 157, 208, 210, 212–213, 215, 218
terrorist
41, 89, 135–137, 139–140, 143, 146, 149, 151, 154, 193, 208, 213–214
Thallium
72
The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade
8
Third Review Conference
55, 57, 59, 224–225
thrips palmi
225
toxins
19, 22, 38, 41–42, 45–47, 55, 58, 67, 70, 72–73, 207, 209, 221–222, 230
travaux préparatoires
22
tularemia
228
Ukraine
84, 86, 88, 121, 180, 216, 220–221, 225–232
ultra vires
187–188, 197, 201–202
unidir
1, 50, 82, 91, 205, 219, 225
unitad
141
United Kingdom
18, 38, 72, 75, 81, 174–175, 188, 194, 215, 226
United Nations (UN )
1, 3, 5–6, 9, 15, 20, 23–24, 30–31, 33–34, 48, 50–51, 69, 82, 88, 90, 93, 95, 109–110, 116, 136, 139, 141, 143, 146–148, 150, 154, 162, 179, 183, 186–187, 189, 193, 205, 208, 210, 212–213, 217–218, 220, 222–223, 225, 230
United States (US )
11, 19–20, 22, 24–25, 32, 46, 57, 67, 71, 73, 75, 78, 81–82, 84–87, 89, 108–113, 124–126, 140, 146, 154, 156, 160, 166, 172, 188, 200, 215, 220–221, 225–231
VEREX
57
verification
15, 24, 36, 39, 43, 49, 51–56, 60, 62, 64, 94–96, 105, 113–115, 117, 119–120, 124–129, 132–133, 139, 148, 156
vertic
219
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (vclt)
9, 16, 19–23, 28, 47, 163, 222
Vietnam
30, 112
war crime
19, 209, 215
Westphalian
4, 6
wmd
56, 64, 82, 91, 136–137, 139–140, 150, 154, 207–208
World Bank
69
World Health Organization
188, 223
World Trade Organization
9
World War I
85, 112
Yugoslavia
73, 75