| Figures | ||
| All maps by Phoenix Mapping unless indicated. | ||
| P. 1 | Rome c. 415. | XLIV |
| P. 2 | Rome in the early Middle Ages. | XLVI |
| 1.1 | E. Nash, Photo of S. Stefano Rotondo, 1936â56. Digital image courtesy of the American Academy in Rome, Photographic Archive & Fototeca Unione. Reproduced with kind permission. | 7 |
| 1.2 | Fragment of a papyrus letter in the name of Pope John VIII to the monastery of St-Philibert, Tournus, in 876. Detail of the âBene Valeteâ of the papal signature, and the subscription of Christopher, primicerius of the Holy See. Paris, BnF, Lat. 8840. Reproduced with kind permission. | 15 |
| 1.3 | Plan from Richard Krautheimer, Spencer Corbett, and Wolfgang Frankl, Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romae: The Early Christian Basilicas of Rome (IVâIX Cent.) (Vatican City, 1959), vol. 2, p. 226, fig. 179 (S. Marco. Key plan of excavations). This plan shows the walls revealed in excavation by A. Ferrua, pertaining to churches on the site built in the fourth, fifth, and ninth centuries. Reproduced with kind permission of the Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana. | 18 |
| 1.4 | Drawing of the archaeological deposits in the exedra of the Crypta Balbi, from L. Saguì, âRoma, i centri privilegiati e la lunga durata della tarda antichità . Dati archeologici dal deposito di VII secolo nellâesedra della Crypta Balbi,â Archeologia Medievale 29 (2002), 7â42, fig. 1. Reproduced with kind permission. | 20 |
| 2.1 | Map of routes to Rome within Italy in late antiquity. | 49 |
| 2.2 | Reconstruction of S. Pietro in Vaticano c. 600. Image by L. Wallace, modified from one published in Old Saint Peterâs, eds. McKitterick et al., fig. 1.3. Reproduced with kind permission. | 52 |
| 3.1 | Map of Europe with places mentioned in this chapter, and Ratleigâs journey on behalf of Einhard (the route here is based on the places named in Einhardâs text, assuming the most efficient routes between them on Roman and medieval roads and on rivers). | 58 |
| 3.2 | Sigericâs itinerary from Rome to the north of France, 990. Map by R. Naismith. Reproduced with kind permission. | 69 |
| 3.3 | Italy in the Anglo-Saxon mappa mundi. London, British Library, Cotton Tiberius B. V/I, fol. 56v, detail. Photo: © The British Library Board. Reproduced with kind permission. | 70 |
| The Aurelian Walls near Porta S. Sebastiano. Photo: Lalupa (Wikipedia). Image in public domain. | 85 | |
| 4.2 | Inscription recording Bishop Vigiliusâ repairs at the tomb of Saint Alexander at the Coemeterium Iordanorum (ICUR, IX 24313). Photo: Pontificia Commissione di Archeologia Sacra â Ior, Td, 3. Reproduced with kind permission. | 95 |
| 5.1 | J. H. Parker, photograph of the Porta Salaria between 1864 and 1866, before its destruction in 1870. Photo: British School at Rome Digital Collections, John Henry Parker Photographic Collection. Reproduced with kind permission. | 111 |
| 5.2 | Fresco of the dream of Pope Paschal I, in which he discovers the body of Saint Caecilia. Fresco from the portico entrance of S. Cecilia in Trastevere (now located inside the basilica). Date: twelfth century. Photo: C. Goodson. Reproduced with kind permission. | 113 |
| 5.3 | Map of Leonine City in the ninth century. | 121 |
| 6.1 | Reconstruction of the Circus Maximus in late antiquity. Drawing: J. C. Golvin. Reproduced with kind permission. | 149 |
| 7.1 | S. Maria Antiqua, chapel of Theodotus, detail of child in the family of Theodotus, perhaps the future Pope Hadrian. Image of restored fresco. Date: 741â52. Photo courtesy of G. Bordi. Reproduced with kind permission. | 187 |
| 8.1 | Inscription of Decius Marius Venantius Basilius for the restoration of the Flavian amphitheater, CIL VI 1716b=32094b (+p. 4342). Photo: Ministero della Cultura â Parco Archeologico del Colosseo. Reproduced with kind permission. | 196 |
| 8.2 | Bronze tessera (CIL XV 7116c, recto and verso), Perugia, Museo archeologico nazionale dellâUmbria. Photo: Ministero della Cultura â Musei nazionali di Perugia Direzione Regionale Musei Umbria â Museo archeologico nazionale dellâUmbria. Reproduced with kind permission. | 197 |
| 8.3 | Drawings of inscription of Probi v(iri) c(larissimi) and small axe, from Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità (1894), p. 142. Image in public domain. | 203 |
| 8.4 | An imperial official of the Annona with a modius, from the cubiculum dei mensores at the Catacombs of Domitilla. Photo: J. Wilpert, Die Malereien der Katakomben Roms (Freiburg i.Br., 1903), Tafel 142.2. Image in public domain. | 206 |
| 8.5 | Sylloge transcription of CIL VI 32038 = EDR114745. Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Ashb. 905, c. 52v (= 98v). Reproduced with kind permission of the Ministero della Cultura. Further reproduction is not permitted by any means. | 214 |
| 9.1 | Inscription of Theodotus primicerius, S. Angelo in Pescheria. Date: probably 755. Reproduced with kind permission. | 224 |
| Inscription of Theodotus, S. Maria Antiqua. Photo: J. Wilpert, Die römischen Mosaiken und Malereien der kirchlichen Bauten vom IV. bis XIII. Jahrhundert 4: Tafeln: Malereien (Freiburg, 1916), Taf. 182. Image in public domain. | 235 | |
| 11.1 | Depiction of the atrium of S. Pietro in Vaticano during the funerary services of Pope Gregory I, from an eleventh-century manuscript of John the Deaconâs Life of Gregory I, Eton College Library, MS 124, fol. 122r. Reproduced with kind permission of the Provost and Fellows of Eton College. | 274 |
| 12.1 | Funerary inscription of the law teacher Floridus, d. 427, from S. Paolo fuori le mura (CIL VI 31992). Reproduced with kind permission of the Rev.mo Padre Abate of the Abbazia di S. Paolo fuori le mura. | 289 |
| 12.2 | Funerary inscription of Ionius or Apollonius, legum peritissimus (d. 471), from S. Paolo fuori le mura (CIL VI 31947). Reproduced with kind permission of the Rev.mo Padre Abate of the Abbazia di S. Paolo fuori le mura. | 299 |
| 12.3 | Diptych of Rufius Probianus, c. 400. Ivory. Reused in the fourteenth century for a book cover. Staatsbibliothek, PreuÃischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Ms. theol. lat. fol. 323. Photo in public domain. | 301 |
| 12.4 | Column depicting the beheading of Saint Achilleus, late fourth century, Catacombs of Domitilla. Photo: Pontificia Commissione di Archeologia Sacra â Dom, B, 40. Reproduced with kind permission. | 303 |
| 13.1 | Epitome Iuliani. Vienna, Ãsterreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 2160, fol. 14v; late ninth century. This manuscript may have been copied in the area of Rome. Reproduced with kind permission. | 316 |
| 13.2 | Institutes of Justinian. Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek, Msc.Jur.1, fol. 4r; third quarter of the tenth century. Reproduced with kind permission of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. | 318 |
| 13.3 | Plan of the Patriarchium in the ninth century: 1. Lateran Basilica; 2 Domus leoniana/Aula Concilii; 3. Macrona; 4. Zachariasâ tower and Triclinium; 5. S. Silvester Oratory; 6. Scala Sancta (entrance to the Patriarchium); 7. Basilica Teodoriana/Zachariae/Panettaria; 8. Basilica Vigilii; 9. Leo IIIâs Triclinium Maius; 10. Aqueduct. Drawing by Rome Transformed: G. Foschi, P. Liverani, J. Baum, I. Peverett. Reproduced with kind permission. | 330 |
| 14.1 | Dressel 20 amphorae in Monte Testaccio. Photo: Ceipac (University of Barcelona). Reproduced with kind permission. | 355 |
| 14.2 | J. H. Parker, Amphorae recovered from excavations of the river docks in the Emporium, 1868. These are Keay 25 (Spatheia 1), C1 (Rue Malaval), Tunisian amphorae of the fifth century. Photo: BSR, Parker Collection, Parker.1049.VP.47.Roma. Digital image courtesy of the American Academy in Rome, Photographic Archive & Fototeca Unione. Reproduced with kind permission. | 359 |
| Plan of the Palatine in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Drawing based on A. Augenti, Il Palatino nel Medioevo (Rome, 1996), fig. 2. | 364 | |
| 15.1 | Inscription from S. Maria in Trevi, currently on an exterior wall of the church. It probably dates from the late eleventh or twelfth century and refers to Belisariusâ foundation of a church: + HANC VIR PATRICIVS VILISARIVS VRBIS AMICVS: OB CVLPE VENIA(M) CONDIDIT ECCLE | SIAMâ¦. Photo: D. Senekovic, reproduced BY-NC-SA 4.0, with thanks to Giorgia Pollio. | 376 |
| 15.2 | Map of the diaconiae. | 378 |
| 15.3 | Mosaic inscription of Sixtus III, bishop to the people of God (Xystus episcopus plebi dei). Apsidal arch of S. Maria Maggiore, Rome. Date: 432â40. Photo: 2025, Photo Scala, Florence, reproduced with kind permission. | 384 |
| 16.1 | Map of production indicators for textile activities in Rome between late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Map: G. Bordi. | 392 |
| 16.2 | Fragment of silk samite depicting the Annunciation. Syria (?), eighth or early ninth century (?). Silk woven with five colors, from the Sancta Sanctorum, now Musei Vaticani cat. 61231. Dimensions of fragment: 33.6 cm à 68.7 cm (roundels measure 32 cm à 33 cm). Image: H. Grisar, Die rö;mische Kapelle Sancta sanctorum und ihr Schatz: meine Entdeckungen und Studien in der Palastkapelle der mittelalterlichen Päpste (Freiburg, 1908), Taf. VII. Reproduced from a hand-colored photograph. Image in public domain. | 396 |
| 16.3 | Left: S. Maria Antiqua, sanctuary, west wall, velum with parrots, detail. Date: eighth century. Right: Silk damask with green pigeons, eighthâtenth century, Lindau Gospels, Pierpoint Morgan Library, Ms. M1. Left: Photo G. Alfano, courtesy of G. Bordi. Reproduced with kind permission. Right: The Morgan Library & Museum, New York, reproduced with kind permission. | 400 |
| 16.4 | Left: S. Maria Antiqua, sanctuary, west wall, velum, Virgin of the Nativity, detail. Right: Fragment of a band with scenes from the Infancy of Christ, Nativity detail; textile of wool, linen, and silk warp-faced compound twill; fifth or sixth century. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, inv. no. 90.5.11aâe. Left: Photo G. Alfano, courtesy of G. Bordi. Reproduced with kind permission. Right: Metropolitan Museum of Art, Public Domain. Reproduced according to open access policy. | 400 |
| 16.5 | Roundel with scenes of the Annunciation and Visitation, embroidered linen with silk thread, seventh or eighth century. Victoria and Albert Museum, inv. no. 814â1903. Photo: Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Reproduced according to open access policy. | 401 |
| 16.6 | Left: S. Maria Antiqua, sanctuary, east wall, velum with rotae inhabited by doves, detail. Right: Fragment of wool and linen tapestry fabric with a bird within a clipeus, ninth century. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, inv. no. 2015.796.5. Left: Photo G. Alfano, courtesy of G. Bordi. Reproduced with kind permission. Right: Metropolitan Museum of Art, Public Domain. Reproduced according to open access policy. | 403 |
| S. Maria Antiqua, Chapel of the Santi Medici, west wall, velum. Photo: G. Alfano, courtesy of G. Bordi. Reproduced with kind permission. | 404 | |
| 16.8 | From left: S. Maria Antiqua, sanctuary, apsidal wall, John VII, detail (Photo: G. Alfano); S. Maria Antiqua, right aisle, Hadrian I, detail (Photo: G. Alfano); S. Prassede, apse mosaic, Paschal I, detail (Photo: G. Alfano) S. Clemente lower basilica, counter façade, Leo IV, detail (Photo G. Bordi). Photos courtesy of G. Bordi. Reproduced with kind permission. | 409 |
| 16.9 | Linen mappa with wool and silk decorations. Vatican City, Museo sacro, inv. Nr. 1256. Reproduced with kind permission. | 416 |
| 17.1 | J. H. Parker, Photo of inscription of letter of Gregory I, RE, 14.14 (604), recording the donation of olive groves and farms for the lighting of S. Paolo fuori le mura, Date: early seventh century. Now in Monastery of S. Paolo fuori le mura. Photo: Detail of larger photo: BSR Research Collections, John Henry Parker Photographic Collection, jhp-1995, showing Lapidario Paolino, dated 1869â77. Reproduced with kind permission. | 423 |
| 17.2 | Percentages of domestic animal bones recovered in medieval contexts of the Crypta Balbi and S. Cecilia in Trastevere in the Middle Ages. Data from C. Minniti, âLâapprovvigionamento alimentare a Roma nel Medioevo: analisi dei resti faunistici provenienti dalle aree di scavo della Crypta Balbi e di Santa Cecilia,â in Atti 3° Convegno Nazionale di Archeozoologia, eds. G. Malerba, I. Fiore, and S. Chilardi (Rome, 2000), fig. 1. | 427 |
| 17.3 | Reconstruction of two phases of gardens in the Forum of Caesar: vegetables on the right, early ninth century; and on the left, orchard and vineyard of the later ninth century. Drawing by M. Supino, published in R. Meneghini and R. Santangeli Valenzani, Roma nellâAltomedioevo, fig. 99. Reproduced with kind permission. | 434 |
| 17.4 | Scenes from the passion and martyrdom of Saints Chrysanthus and Daria, west wall of the transept of S. Prassede, early ninth century. Image: J. Wilpert, Die römischen Mosaiken und Malereien der kirchlichen Bauten vom IV. bis XIII. Jahrhundert, 4: Tafeln: Malereien (Freiburg, 1916), Taf. 203. Image in public domain. Bottom: Schematic drawing of the paintings. Drawing: C. Goodson. | 441 |
| 17.5 | Detail image of the surface of the early medieval road, Vicus ad Carinas, tenth century. Photo: R. Santangelo Valenzani. Reproduced with kind permission. | 444 |
| 18.1 | Detail of a sheet from Giovanni Battista Cingolani, Topografia geometrica dellâAgro Romano (Rome, 1704). Photo: New Haven, Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Yale University. Reproduced with kind permission. | 452 |
| Tiber Valley Project, settlement sites (top) in the late antique 1 period (250â450) and (bottom) the late antique 2 period (450â550). Map prepared by R. Witcher, reproduced from The Changing Landscapes of Romeâs Northern Hinterland, eds. H. Patterson, R. Witcher, and H. Di Giuseppe (Oxford, 2020), figs 5.3, 5.7. Reproduced through CC BY 4.0, with thanks to Robert Witcher. | 462 | |
| 18.3 | Top: Graph showing weighted average numbers of ceramica a vetrina pesante sherds per decade collected by the South Etruria Survey, prepared by R. Witcher, reproduced from The Changing Landscapes of Romeâs Northern Hinterland, eds. H. Patterson, R. Witcher, and H. Di Giuseppe (Oxford, 2020), fig. 7.5. Bottom: photo of vetrina pesante (Forum Ware) pitcher, ninth century. Findspot: S. Cornelia, now Museo dellâalto Medioevo, inv. no. 2032. Top: Reproduced through CC BY 4.0, with thanks to Robert Witcher. Bottom: Reproduced with kind permission of the Museo delle Civiltà â Roma. | 463 |
| 19.1 | Mithraeum under S. Prisca. General photo of the site during restoration, c. 1955. Digital image courtesy of the American Academy in Rome, Photographic Archive & Fototeca Unione. Reproduced with kind permission. | 483 |
| 19.2 | Bronze statuette from the sanctuary on the Janiculum, recovered from the latest phase and dated to the fourth century. Rome, Museo Nazionale Romano, Inv. no. 60919. Reproduced with kind permission of the Ministero della Cultura. | 485 |
| 19.3 | Greek funerary epitaph of Sabeina, featuring two menorahs, from the Vigna Randanini. Date: fourth century. Wilshere collection, Ashmolean Museum, AN 2007.53. Reproduced with kind permission. | 501 |
| 20.1 | A ninth-century manuscript of the Catalog of 807, the donations of Leo III to the churches of Rome. The Catalog starts in the line indicated by an arrow. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Lat. 5516, fol. 85v. Reproduced with kind permission. | 518 |
| 20.2 | Inscriptions reporting the saints, male (left) and female (right), whose relics were translated to S. Silvestro by Pope Paul I (757â67). S. Silvestro in Capite. Photo: C. Goodson. Reproduced with kind permission. | 529 |
| 21.1 | The lid of the Projecta Casket, showing Projecta heading to the baths with attendants. Silver and gold. 28.6 cm high, 33.2 cm long, 48.8 cm wide. Date: c. 380. London, The British Museum. Reproduced through CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, license 305f. | 543 |
| 21.2 | Statue base for posthumous statue of Thermantia, mother of Theodosius I, from the Forum Romanum. Photo: Antiquario Palatino (Sopr. Foro e Palatino, inv. 10861). Reproduced with kind permission of the Ministero della Cultura â Parco archeologico del Colosseo. | 546 |
| Scene of liberalitas of Marcus Aurelius, modified to depict Constantine. Originally carved c. 176â180, recut c. 320. Arch of Constantine. Photo: D. Castor. Reproduced through CC BY-SA 4.0. | 547 | |
| 21.4 | Gregoryâs laetania septiformis in 590. | 553 |
| 21.5 | Gregoryâs laetania septiformis in 603. | 553 |
| 21.6 | Fresco of Virgin Mary and child over a font, located in a small chapel outside the liturgical barrier, S. Maria Antiqua, dated to the eighth century. Photo courtesy of G. Bordi. Reproduced with kind permission. | 555 |
| 21.7 | Reconstruction of the choir and episcopal throne at S. Maria Maggiore as reorganized by Pope Paschal I (r. 817â24) Drawing by J. Emerick, after S. Corbett. Reproduced with kind permission. | 561 |
| 22.1 | Reconstructions of the fastigium of the Lateran Basilica, drawing from S. de Blaauw, Cultus et Decor (Rome, 1994), fig. 3. Reproduced with kind permission. | 569 |
| 22.2 | Depiction of apse of S. Pietro with altar and ciborium. Ivory casket discovered in Samagher (Pula, Croatia). Made probably in Rome, c. 420â30. Height: 18.5 cm, length: 20.5 cm, width 16.1 cm. Venice, Museo Archeologico. Photo: Art Resource. Reproduced with kind permission. | 573 |
| 22.3 | S. Pietro, reconstruction of sanctuary and entrance to ring-shaped crypt, built under Gregory I (r. 590â604) with later additions. Image by L. Wallace, modified from one published in Old Saint Peterâs, eds. McKitterick et al., fig. 11.2. Reproduced with kind permission. | 574 |
| 22.4 | Triumphal arch and apse mosaics, S. Prassede, early ninth century. Photo: 2025, Photo Scala, Florence, reproduced with kind permission. | 582 |
| 22.5 | Map of the distribution of titular churches in Rome | 584 |
| 22.6 | Domine deus noster qui cum patribus based on BAV, Vat. lat. 5319, fol. 101. | 589 |
| 23.1 | Vatican necropolis underneath the apse of S. Pietro with the Tropaion of Peter, axonometry. Based on P. Liverani, G. Spinola, P. Zanker (eds.), Die Nekropolen im Vatikan (Stuttgart, 2010), fig. 27. | 597 |
| 23.2A | Reconstruction of the Tropaion of Peter. Photo: Fabbrica di San Pietro in Vaticano. Reproduced with kind permission. | 598 |
| 23.2B | Left column of the Tropaion of Peter; in the left corner a small part of the âred wallâ covered by a slab of marble. Photo: Fabbrica di San Pietro in Vaticano. Reproduced with kind permission. | 598 |
| 23.3 | Reconstruction of the memoria apostolorum (triclia) on Via Appia, second half of the third century. Drawing based on P. Styger, Die Märtyrergrüfte, 2 (Berlin, 1935), fig. 16. | 600 |
| 23.4 | Collection of graffiti with invocations of Peter and Paul found at the memoria apostolorum. Photo: Pontificia Commissione di Archeologia Sacra â Seb TI 31. Reproduced with kind permission. | 600 |
| Reconstruction of the various buildings superimposed by the Basilica in catacumbas, now S. Sebastiano. Based on F. Tolotti, Memorie degli apostoli in Catacumbas (Vatican City, 1953), fig. 5. | 604 | |
| 23.6 | Map showing the proportional distribution of the Damasian epigrams that marked the tombs of one or more martyrs. Based on J. Guyon, Le cimitière aux deux lauriers. Recherches sur les catacombes romaines (Rome, 1987) p. 412, fig. 242. | 608 |
| 23.7 | Reconstruction of the tomb of Saints Marcellinus and Peter, showing elements typical of Damasian embellishment of a martyrâs tomb: inscription, arch, and transenna. Image: V. Fiocchi Nicolai. Reproduced with kind permission. | 610 |
| 23.8 | SS. Giovanni e Paolo. Section through the courtyard of the domus, with stairway leading to the private martyrsâ chapel. Based on B. Brenk, Die Christianisierung der spätrömischen Welt. Stadt, Land, Haus, Kirche und Kloster in frühchristlicher Zeit (Wiesbaden, 2003), fig. 167. | 618 |
| 23.9 | SS. Giovanni e Paolo. Frescoes in the domestic âconfessioâ under SS. Giovanni e Paolo. Early fifth century. Photo reproduced from www.caseromanedelcelio.it, with kind permission. | 619 |
| 23.10 | S. Maria in Cosmedin, crypt built at time of Hadrian I (r. 772â75). Photo: F. A. Bauer. Reproduced with kind permission. | 622 |
| 23.11 | S. Maria in Cosmedin, plan of crypt built at time of Hadrian I (r. 772â75). Drawing: F. A. Bauer, modified from Das Bild der Stadt Rom im Frühmittelalter: Papststiftungen im Spiegel des Liber Pontificalis von Gregor dem Dritten bis zu Leo dem Dritten (Wiesbaden, 2004), fig. 6. Reproduced with kind permission. | 623 |
| 24.1 | Virgin and child, flanked by Saints Peter, Paul, and two female saints (Saints Sabina and Serapia?), accompanied by three donors (archpresbyter Theodore, presbyter George, and Pope Constantine?). Fresco in narthex, S. Sabina. Courtesy of the Polo Museale del Lazio, Archivio fotografico. Reproduced with kind permission. | 631 |
| 24.2 | Maria Regina, painted panel from S. Maria in Trastevere, with kneeling Pope John VII (r. 705â07). Photo: Gabinetto Fotografico Nazionale, E045446. Reproduced with kind permission. | 633 |
| 24.3 | Codex Einsidlensis 326, fols. 79vâ80r. Virtual Manuscript Library of Switzerland (www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/sbe/0326). Reproduced with kind permission. | 638 |
| 24.4 | Map of Einsiedeln itineraries. | 640 |
| 24.5 | S. Maria Antiqua, detail of apse wall frescoes of John VII (r. 705â07). Photo courtesy of G. Bordi. Reproduced with kind permission. | 643 |
| 24.6 | S. Maria Antiqua, Chapel of the Physicians, fresco on south wall, eighth century. Photo courtesy of G. Bordi. Reproduced with kind permission. | 644 |
| The compital shrine of the Vicus Acilii, Rome. Photo from excavations in 1932. Digital image courtesy of the American Academy in Rome, Photographic Archive & Fototeca Unione. Reproduced with kind permission. | 653 | |
| 25.2 | Balneum in the area of Vicus Stablarius, Forma Urbis, Fragment 37 f, inv. AntCom 01107 â Roma, Musei Capitolini, Museo della Forma Urbis. Reproduced with kind permission of the Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali, Roma. | 664 |
| 25.3 | Area of the Porticus of Livia showing the tripartite Lacus Orphei, Forma Urbis, Fragment 10 a (inv. AntCom00853 â Roma, Musei Capitolini, Museo della Forma Urbis. Reproduced with kind permission of the Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali, Roma. | 667 |
| 25.4 | Map of titular churches, indicating which are in/on residential structures. | 671 |
| 25.5 | The Titulus Vestinae, now S. Vitale, early fifth century. Photo: Don Elio Lops. Reproduced with kind permission. | 672 |
| 26.1 | Map of the Augustan regions of Rome. | 682 |
| 26.2 | Map of the seven late antique ecclesiastical regions of Rome. | 683 |
| 26.3 | Map of the Forum of Trajan and neighboring areas, with occupation in the 10th century. Based on: R. Meneghini, âIl Foro di Traiano nel Medioevo, MEFRM 113 (2001), pp. 149â72; R. Santangeli Valenzani, âLâinsediamento aristocratico a Roma nel IXâX secolo,â in Rome des Quartiers: des vici aux rioni, ed. A. Bérenger, E. Hubert, M. Royo (Paris, 2008), pp. 229â45. | 686 |
| 26.4 | Map of aristocratic residences, 500â1000. Based on R. Coates-Stephens, âHousing in early medieval Rome, 500â1000,â PBSR 64 (1996), figs 1, 2.). | 691 |
| 26.5 | Map of the processions of the Feast of the Assumption (15 August). | 703 |
| 26.6 | Acheiropoieta, image of Christ painted originally in the sixth or seventh century, subsequently restored and partially covered by silver panels in the Middle Ages and early modern periods. Dimensions: 1.42 x 0.68 m. Chapel of the Sancta Sanctorum, Lateran. Photo: Fototeca of the Musei Vaticani. Reproduced with kind permission. | 704 |
| 26.7 | Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, known in the early Middle Ages as Constantine. Bronze. Height: 424 cm. 161â80 A.D., Museo capitolino, inv. MC3247. Photo: Sovraintendenza di Roma Capitale-Foto in Comune. Reproduced with kind permission. | 707 |
| 27.1 | Fourth-century domus/basilica of SS. Quattro Coronati (right) and insula (left). Plan from C. Pavolini, âNuovi contributi alla topografia del Celio da rinvenimenti casuali di scavo,â BCACR 96 (1994), p. 176. Reproduced with kind permission. | 712 |
| The domus of Gaudentius. Plan from C. Pavolini et al., âLa topografia antica della sommità del Celio: Gli scavi nellâOspedale Militare (1987â1992),â MDAI.R 100 (1993), 443. Reproduced with kind permission. | 715 | |
| 27.3 | The domus on the Sette Sale cistern. Based on K. De Fine Licht, Untersuchungen an den Trajansthermen zu Rom, 2: Sette Sale (Rome, 1990), Abb. 107. | 718 |
| 27.4 | The domestic shrine of Via Giovanni Lanza. Image from C. L. Visconti, âDel larario e del mitreo scoperti nellâEsquilino presso la chiesa di S. Martino ai Monti,â BCACR (1885), Tav. 3. Image in public domain. | 723 |
| 27.5 | The church of S. Balbina, at the domus of Fabius Cilo. Photo: C. Machado. Reproduced with kind permission. | 726 |
| 28.1 | House on the Vicus ad Carinas. The pit in the center is a later intervention; in the top left corner is a hearth. Photo: R. Santangeli Valenzani. Reproduced with kind permission. | 732 |
| 28.2 | Hut in the Forum of Caesar. Photo: R. Santangeli Valenzani. Reproduced with kind permission. | 733 |
| 28.3 | Reconstruction of the complex of houses in the Forum of Caesar. Drawing by Inklink. Reproduced from R. Santangeli Valenzani, Edilizia residenziale in Italia nellâAltomedioevo (Rome, 2011), fig. 3.14. Reproduced with kind permission. | 735 |
| 28.4 | Plan of the complex of tenth-century houses in the Forum of Trajan. In the plan, 1 represents preparation for pavement, 2 is preserved stratigraphic contexts, 3 is structures, and 4 is pebbled road surface. Plan: R. Meneghini. Reproduced from R. Santangeli Valenzani, Edilizia residenziale in Italia nellâAltomedioevo (Rome, 2011), fig. 6.1, Reproduced with kind permission. | 737 |
| 28.5 | Reconstruction of the domus solarata from the Forum of Nerva. Drawing by Inklink. Reproduced from R. Santangeli Valenzani, Edilizia residenziale in Italia nellâAltomedioevo (Rome, 2011), fig. 5.4. | 738 |
| 29.1 | Fresco image conventionally identified as Saint Augustine, from an area beneath the Scala Sancta. Image from J. Wilpert, Die römischen Mosaiken und Malereien der kirchlichen Bauten vom IV. bis XIII. Jahrhundert, vol. 4: Tafeln: Malereien (Freiburg, 1916), fig. 140. Image in public domain. | 760 |
| 29.2 | Subscription of Turcius Rufius Apronianus Asterius in the Codex Mediceus, Vergil, Eclogues. Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Plut. 39.1, fol. 8r. Date: late fifth century. Reproduced with kind permission of Ministero della Cultura. Further reproduction by any means is prohibited. | 762 |
| 29.3 | Vatican Vergil, illustration of Aen. 2.673-91: Creusa restrains Aeneas as flames appear above the head of Ascanius, and Anchises recognizes the omen. BAV, Vat. lat. 3225, fol. 22r. Date: fourth century. @ 2025 BAV. Reproduced with permission of BAV, with all rights reserved. | 763 |
| Detail of subscriptions on document. Bertaâs signature is marked with an arrow. Vatican City, BAV, S. Maria in via Lata, Perg. 312, 9. Date: 1012. @ 2025 BAV. Reproduced with permission of BAV, with all rights reserved. | 774 | |
| 30.2 | Detail of subscriptions on document. Eufrosinaâs and Annaâs signatures are marked by arrows. Vatican City, BAV, Vat. lat. 11391, f. 19r. Date: 986. @ 2025 BAV. Reproduced with permission of BAV, with all rights reserved. | 774 |
| 30.3 | Dower charter of Otto II and Theophanu. Date: 972. Ink and gold leaf on parchment, dimensions: 39.5 à 144.5 cm Niedersächsisches LandesarchivâAbteilung Wolfenbüttel, 6 Urk Nr. 11. | 777 |
| 30.4 | Silver cover of an evangeliary given by Berta to S. Maria in Via Lata (BAV, S. Maria in Via Lata, I.45). Inscribed: SUSCIPE XP[ist]e et s[an]c[ta]e cyriace atq[ue] nicolae hoc opvs q[uo]d ego berta ancilla d[e]I FIERI IVSSI. @ 2025 BAV. Reproduced with permission of BAV, with all rights reserved. | 780 |
| 30.5 | Iuvenianus offering the evangeliary to Saint Laurence, Rome, Biblioteca Vallicelliana, Manoscritti, ms.B 25II, f. 2r. Reproduced with kind permission. | 788 |
| 31.1 | Distribution of cemeteries outside the city, fourthâseventh centuries. | 800 |
| 31.2 | The circiform basilica on the Via Ardeatina (Basilica Marci). Birdâs eye view integrated with the reconstruction of the ground plan. Reproduced with kind permission of V. Fiocchi Nicolai. | 805 |
| 31.3 | Map showing distribution of tombs of individuals with provenance from outside Rome. | 819 |
| 31.4 | Sarcophagus from the Via Famagosta, c. 400. Photo: Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione, MPI6128485. Reproduced with kind permission. | 824 |
| 31.5 | Locations of excavated intramural burials of the late antique and early medieval period. | 829 |
| 32.1 | Distribution of cemeteries outside the city, fourthâtenth centuries. | 841 |
| 32.2 | The cemetery near S. Sebastiano (Vigna Barberini). The area excavated is marked in grey. Based on F. Villedieu, âLa Vigna Barberini (Palatino): nuove acquisizioni,â Archeologia Laziale XII (1995), 33â39, fig. 5. | 844 |
| 32.3 | Section and plan of a burial âa pozzettoâ in the atrium of S. Maria Antiqua. Based on G. Rushforth, âThe Church of S. Maria Antiqua,â PBSR 1 (1902), fig. 7. Image in public domain. | 846 |
| 32.4 | S. Lorenzo in Damaso, Tomb 9, which has 2 phases of burial: 600â775 and 775â985. Reproduced from Lâantica basilica di San Lorenzo in Damaso: indagini archeologiche nel Palazzo della Cancelleria, 1988â1993, eds. C. Frommel and M. Pentirizzi, 1 (Rome, 2009), Fig. 44. Photo: M. Pentirizzi. | 847 |
| Plan of tombs in a medieval cemetery in Via Marmorata. Based on plan from Alle pendici dellâ Aventino. Gli scavi di via Marmorata 2, eds. A. Capodiferro and P. Quaranta (Milan, 2011), p. 65, fig. 7. | 849 | |
| 32.6 | Inscription from S. Lorenzo in Damaso mentioning a mansionarius, seventh or eighth century. Photo: G. Annoscia. Reproduced with kind permission. | 850 |
| 32.7 | Epitaph of John XIII, from S. Paolo fuori le mura, dated 972. Photo: C. Goodson. Reproduced with kind permission of the Rev.mo Padre Abate of the Abbazia di S. Paolo fuori le mura. | 852 |
| 32.8 | Loculus, S. Cesareo al Palatino. Photo: L. Spera. Reproduced with kind permission. | 853 |
| 32.9 | Arcosolium, S. Cesareo al Palatino. Photo: L. Spera. Reproduced with kind permission. | 854 |
| 32.10 | Earthen grave with brick-lined walls, dated second half of the ninth century to tenth century, tomb IV, Via Marmorata. Image: Alle pendici dellâ Aventino: gli scavi di via Marmorata 2, eds. A. Capodiferro and P. Quaranta (Milan, 2011), p. 95, rilievo archeologico di A. Pintucci e F. C. Sabbatini, revisione documentazione grafica Studio MCM. Reproduced with kind permission. | 857 |
| 32.11 | Mosaic vault of the S. Zeno chapel, S. Prassede (c. 820). Photo by Livioandronico2013 (Wikipedia). Reproduced by CC BY-SA 4.0. | 858 |
| 32.12 | Secondary altar, left aisle of S. Crisogono. Date: eighth century. Photo: C. Goodson. Reproduced with kind permission. | 860 |
| 32.13 | Plan of S. Maria Antiqua with the locations of secondary liturgical spaces. Plan: F. A. Bauer. Reproduced with kind permission. | 865 |
| 32.14 | Inscription recording the gift of an estate by Theophylact and Theodora on behalf of the souls of their infant children, from S. Maria de Secundicerio. Photo: R. Santangeli Valenzani, from R. Santangeli Valenzani, âLe molte vite di unâepigrafe: lâiscrizione di Teofilatto e Teodora da S. Maria Egiziaca,â in Una lezione di archeologia globale. Studi in onore di Daniele Manacorda, eds. M. Modolo, S. Pallecchi, G. Volpe, E. Zanini (Bari, 2019), p. 367, fig. 1. Reproduced with kind permission. | 868 |
| 33.1 | E. Nash, Photo of the Column of Phocas, 1952. Digital image courtesy of the American Academy in Rome, Photographic Archive & Fototeca Unione. Reproduced with kind permission. | 878 |
| 33.2 | Inscription of âpat(rici) Deciâ of the late fifth or first half of the sixth century; AE 1996, 244. Photo R. Meneghini, reproduced with kind permission. | 879 |
| 33.3 | Map of the imperial fora and Forum Romanum in late antiquity. | 882 |
| 33.4 | Map of horti in Imperial and late antique periods. | 885 |
| Visualization of the Lateran Patriarchate in the ninth century. Image by the Rome Transformed Project (G. Foschi and P. Liverani [Patriarchium], E. Santucci [Aqueduct], F. Carboni, M. Franco and I. Haynes [Aurelian Walls], I. Peverett and J. Baum [visualization]). Reproduced with kind permission. | 886 | |
| 33.6 | Reconstruction of the diaconia of S. Angelo in Foro Piscium. Drawing: Studio InkLink, reproduced from Roma dallâantichità al medioevo, 1, eds. Arena et al., p. 30. | 896 |
| 33.7 | Entrance to the church of SS. Cosma e Damiano from the so-called Temple of Romulus. Photo: Anthony M. (Wikipedia) Reproduced by CC BY 2.0. | 900 |
| Tables | ||
| 9.1 | Table of 0ffices (based on Noble, The Republic of St. Peter, p. 227). | 231 |
| 14.1 | Quantified distribution of public water fountains (lacus) within each of the 14 regions of the city, based on the regionary catalog of the Notitia Urbis Romae. | 368 |
| 22.1 | Annual processions at Rome in the Middle Ages. | 578 |
| 22.2 | Stational basilicas and churches of LentâEasterâPentecost. | 585 |
| 22.3 | Roman Titular Churches and Basilicas by Region. | 586 |
| 33.1 | Xenodochia in Rome. | 893 |
In: A Companion to Rome (c. 400âc. 1050)
Editors:
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Caroline Goodson
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