1 Detail of a full-page miniature, the Utrecht Psalter, ca. 820–835, Utrecht University Library, ms. 32, fol. 1v 2
2 Photographic facsimile of the Utrecht Psalter, Utrecht University Library, ms. 32, fol. 1v. Spencer, Sawyer, Bird&Co 1875 4
3 Screenshot of the digital Utrecht Psalter, Utrecht University Library, ms. 32, fol. 1v 6
4 Full-page decorated initial, the Bury Bible, Parker Library, Corpus Christi College Cambridge, ms. 2I, fol. 1v 32
5 Full-page miniature with stitch holes above, the Bury Bible, CCCC, ms. 2I, fol. 70r 46
6 Screenshot of the digital Bury Bible, CCCC, ms. 002I, fols. 1v–2r 53
7 In-text miniature, the Bury Bible, CCCC, ms. 2III, fol. 281v 62
8 Detail of in-text miniature shot with white paper board, the Bury Bible, CCCC, ms. 2III, fol. 281v 67
9 Page shot in increasing raking light, the Bury Bible, CCCC, ms. 2III, fol. 281v 69
10 Screenshots of the tools available in the digital Bury Bible, CCCC, ms. 2III, fol. 281v 72
11 Screenshots of the tools available in the digital Bury Bible, CCCC, ms. 2III, fol. 281v 73
12 The Bury Bible, ms. 2III, placed in a make-shift cradle with rig and camera during the photography experiment on 21-9-2021 76
13 In-text miniature of an elephant, Der naturen bloeme, National Library of the Netherlands, The Hague, KA16, fol. 54r 92
14 Page spread, Der naturen bloeme, KB, KA16, fols. 110v–111r 92
15 Memes made with the elephant miniature, Der naturen bloeme, KB, KA16, fol. 54r. Twitter, @maskedfly (20-1-2021) (top) and ‘Momidi4all’ (17-05-2019) (bottom) 94
16 In-text miniatures of the Cyclops of Sicily in Der naturen bloeme KB, KA16, fol. 43r (left) and KB, 76E4, fol. 6r (right) 106
17 Detail of a page, Der naturen bloeme, KB, 76E4, fol. 36r 109
18 Sketch of the echinus miniature based on Der naturen bloeme, KB, 76E4. From KB, 74B10, fol. 284r 111
19 Three photolithographs of miniatures in Der naturen bloeme, KB, 76E4 (fols. 24r, 60v, 67v) 112
20 Two line-drawings from miniatures in Der naturen bloeme, KB, KA16, fols. 41r (top) and 41v (bottom) 114
21 Black and white photograph of Der naturen bloeme, KB, KA16, fol. 41v 116
22 Microfilm of detail of Der naturen bloeme, KB, KA16, fol. 54r, as seen on a Microfilm Scanner 800 118
23 A Christmas card and stickers with miniatures from Der naturen bloeme, KB, KA16, fols. 108v and 54r, as made by A Medieval English Translatathon (2019) and the KB 120
24 Screenshot of Der naturen bloeme, KB, KA16 121
25 Screenshot of the digital Der naturen bloeme, KB, KA16, fols. 53v–54r 123
26 In-text miniature of the perna (an oyster), Der naturen bloeme, KB, KA16, fols. 108v 127
27 Page spread with cut-out miniature of the ostrich, Der naturen bloeme, KB, KA16, fols. 99v–100r 130
28 In-text miniature of the ostrich, Der naturen bloeme, KB, 76E4, fol. 160v 133
29 Two screenshots of Wikimedia Commons subcategory ‘miniatures from Der naturen bloeme—KB KA 16’. List of images and ‘File:Castor (Beaver) Biting off His Own Testicles’, Der naturen bloeme, KB, KA16, fol. 49v 137
30 A GIF using the oyster miniature in a game of Pac-Man, Der naturen bloeme, KB, KA16, fol. 108v 144
31 Screenshots of a tweets referencing Angry Birds using the oyster miniature, Der naturen bloeme, KB, KA16, fol. 108v 147
32 Screenshot of a tweet by @FleshAtronach, 25-3-2019, referring to the oyster miniature, Der naturen bloeme, KB, KA16, fol. 108v 148
33 Screenshot of a tweet by @MemesMedieval, 4-5-2021, using the elephant miniature, Der naturen bloeme, KB, KA16, fol. 54r 154
34 Full-page miniature, the prayer book of Mary of Guelders, Staatsbibliothek Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Abteilung Handschriften und Historische Drucke, Berlin, ms. germ. qu. 42, fol. 19v 157
35 In-text miniature with a hole in the inner margin, the prayer book of Mary of Guelders, SBB-PK, ms. germ. qu. 42, fol. 252r 165
36 Two screenshots of the digital Berlin codex, SBB-PK, ms. germ. qu. 42, fol. 15v (top) and in Mirador viewer, fol. 467v (bottom) 179
37 Screenshot of the digital Vienna codex, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna, cod. 1908, fols. 10v–11r 180
38 Screenshot of the ‘bookreader’, the digital Berlin codex, SBB-PK, ms. germ. qu. 42, fols. 289v–290r 193
39 Screenshot of a list of thumbnails in Mirador viewer, the digital Berlin codex, SBB-PK, ms. germ. qu. 42 196