Index
actor-network theory
103–104, 107
Afghanistan
21, 526n26
Africa
7, 12, 15, 17–18, 20–22, 38, 44–46, 48, 50, 55, 58, 62, 73, 77, 84, 87, 90, 109, 203, 239–240, 251, 307, 311, 325, 328–329, 342, 344, 351, 488, 494, 525, 547, 551
age
5, 21n6, 36, 48, 65, 78, 128, 133, 167n16, 198, 208, 214, 221, 258, 340, 371, 391–392, 397, 398, 404, 406–407, 434, 449, 547, 558, 561, 567
Algeria
195, 551
aloofness
11, 131n9, 393–394
Alvaredo, Facundo
74, 77, 83–84
agriculture
40, 50, 62, 201, 221, 233, 240n2, 245, 257, 309, 320, 322, 324, 326, 341–345, 349–355, 358, 364, 384, 389, 419, 487–488, 549,
farmers
antisemitism
39, 258
Arab Spring
550–553, 557
Argentina
26, 152, 156–157, 164–165, 364–384, 416–417, 425, 427–428, 431, 434–438, 529
artificial intelligence (AI)
536, 538, 543,
digitalization
Asia
17, 20–22, 38, 44–48, 50–52, 58–59, 77, 82, 85, 87, 91, 109, 109n14, 138, 239, 311, 329–330, 344, 352, 488, 493–494, 523–525, 530–531, 539, 547
austerity
368, 424, 428, 437, 553–554, 562, 569
Austria
259, 449, 452, 468, 469n18
authoritarianism
282–300, 429, 561
autonomy
64, 98, 122, 127, 166n15, 220, 230, 241–244, 246–247,
socio-spatial autonomy
Bahrain
551
Bangladesh
7, 57, 321–322, 338, 342, 488
Beck, Ulrich
10, 133, 284, 286, 480–481, 495
Belgium
84, 449, 452, 468
biodiversity
244, 311, 326
Black Lives Matter
550, 557–560, 565, 568–569
Bolivia
152, 352
bordering
63, 65
Bourdieu, Pierre
9–10, 19, 25, 120, 126–136, 141–142, 168, 170, 172, 188–190, 195–196, 198–199, 201–202, 218–219, 224, 253, 256, 259, 264, 267–268, 299, 390–392, 395, 421, 444–450, 454, 462, 472, 475n20
bourgeoisie
13n4, 14–15, 38, 81, 112, 121, 140, 188, 196, 220, 451, 456, 480, 570.
class, dominant class, elites, established class, Marxism, ruling class, upper class(es)
Brazil
10, 18–19, 20n5, 25–26, 55, 58, 84, 137, 151n3, 157, 160–161, 163, 172–173, 187–188, 194–203, 282–300, 312, 342, 352, 368–369, 390, 392, 424, 493, 550, 561, 566–567, 569–570
Bretton Woods
233–234
Brexit
220
BRICS
58, 529
capital
accumulation
3, 49, 64, 106, 110, 112, 121, 123–124, 194, 230, 327, 352, 354, 377, 379, 381, 391, 394, 499, 503–504, 533, 540, 548
cultural
126–128, 129n8, 132, 134, 136, 139, 162, 189, 221, 265, 270, 390, 392, 446, 448, 451, 470.
distinction
economic
10–11, 19, 43, 56–57, 81, 100, 101n5, 109, 119, 126–128, 189, 221, 233, 255, 268, 305, 312–313, 390, 392, 446, 451, 457, 470
financial
98, 517, 521, 523, 528, 530, 537–538
forms
9, 10, 19, 126, 129, 140, 173, 189, 196, 198, 390–391, 400, 405, 407–410, 421, 439, 446–447, 451
human
258, 318
industrial
50, 51
market(s)
8, 62, 197
merchant
51, 355
social
126, 127n6, 139, 221, 244–246, 266–267, 296, 377, 390, 392, 446
symbolic
126n5, 266, 271, 390, 392, 407
capitalism
3–4, 7, 9, 11–15, 19–20, 24–26, 38–39, 42, 47–49, 60, 64, 82, 96–102, 106, 108–115, 119–128, 131–132, 136–142, 172n18, 173, 187–188, 190–191, 197, 202–205, 208–210, 213, 215–216, 218–222, 224, 229, 231–234, 236–248, 282–300, 316–318, 323–324, 332, 338–358, 364–365, 367, 374, 377–379, 381–383, 394–396, 403, 415–416, 419, 423–424, 432, 438, 480–482, 484, 496, 499–504, 514–517, 521, 527, 533, 537, 540, 547–550, 556, 568–570.
crisis (economic/capitalist), modernity (capitalist), neoliberal capitalism, production ((capitalist) mode of)
camps
26, 49, 271n6, 444–449, 464–473
carbon dioxide (CO2)
21, 311, 325, 490–492, 497, 501–502.
climate change, greenhouse gas (emissions)
Caribbean
20, 38, 62, 163, 240, 547
caste
5, 7, 36, 111n17, 426, 429, 435n5
center-periphery system
3–4, 9, 12–13, 25, 39–42, 46, 48–49, 55, 58–60, 64, 108, 136, 174, 204, 234, 236, 238–239, 241, 283n6, 285, 293, 312, 316, 322, 331, 354, 364–365, 373–374, 379–381.
core, periphery
Chad
7
Chancel, Lucas
16–21, 24, 69, 73, 75–82, 84–86, 90, 491, 497, 502
children
20–21, 78, 128, 158, 161n11, 166n15, 167n16, 189, 196–199, 224, 259, 267–268, 295, 328, 371, 376, 391–392
Chile
111, 151n3, 152, 157, 165, 269, 425, 498, 550, 554–556, 565, 567–568
China
13, 15–16, 18–19, 35, 41, 43–48, 50–58, 60–63, 70, 83–85, 87–89, 91, 111, 208n1, 251, 288n11, 308, 310–311, 316, 317, 319, 324–325, 330, 342, 344–345, 352, 490–491, 493–495, 496n14
citizenship
4–5, 14, 22, 24, 37–40, 139, 258, 285
civilization
47, 58, 223, 229, 232, 252, 290, 479
class
analysis
104, 121–122, 125, 141, 218, 224, 288, 480n1, 502, 505
consciousness
119–120, 122, 130, 444, 481
economic
7, 10–11, 59–65, 69, 119, 121–122, 124–125
fractions
123, 125, 127, 132, 134, 138, 141–141, 150–151, 153, 171, 221–222, 224, 445–447, 450, 454, 457, 460–461, 464
habitus
129–130, 189, 195–1965, 295, 444, 446
inequality
26, 213, 223, 293, 481, 568.
inequality
relations
12, 35, 41, 119–121, 124, 129, 136–138, 155, 162, 168, 171–172, 213, 222, 224, 286, 323, 340, 343–345, 348, 353, 356, 358, 445–447, 463, 470, 481–483, 486, 497–498, 500, 502–505
social
4–5, 7, 9–11, 25–26, 35, 39, 97, 100, 104, 110, 114, 128, 138, 155, 160, 164, 166–168, 171–173, 187–190, 193, 196–199, 203, 209, 214–215, 218, 254–256, 260, 267, 271n6, 290, 292n13, 346, 358, 390, 392–394, 396–397, 407, 415–418, 420, 444, 446, 449–450, 464, 482, 486, 522
society
24–25, 119–120, 125, 129, 132, 137, 142, 270, 284, 448, 498
structure
10, 12, 121, 124, 129, 137, 171–173, 221, 288n11, 453–454, 457, 460, 481, 487n8, 498n19, 559.
bourgeoisie, dominant class, established class, fighter class, lower class(es), middle class, occupational groups/classes, ruling class, underclass, upper class(es), working class(es)
struggle
173, 189, 204, 224, 264, 354, 356–358, 450, 454, 479–480, 483, 496n15, 498–499, 502, 504, 554, 559, 565, 568
theory
10, 121–122, 124–125, 127, 129, 155–156, 170, 188–189, 209–210, 218–219, 284, 288, 340, 390, 420–421, 446–447, 450–451, 480–483, 495–496, 502–505
classification
11, 38, 96–98, 101, 104–105, 107, 109–114, 120, 124, 130, 131n9, 135, 139–140, 142, 156, 171, 173, 191, 195, 202, 204, 238, 255, 393, 395, 398, 450, 460–461, 570.
reclassifications
climate change
4, 21–23, 26, 72, 141, 326, 351, 353, 358, 445, 454–465, 479–481, 486, 488–491, 495.
carbon dioxide (CO2), crisis (ecological), greenhouse gas (emissions)
Cold War
56, 58, 190, 424, 428, 566
Colombia
25–26, 229–231, 240–241, 243, 247, 396–398, 401, 405–409, 550, 554–556, 565–568
colonialism
13–17, 37–38, 42–43, 48–53, 56, 58, 69–72, 81–82, 101, 108–112, 140, 190, 208, 229, 234–237, 240–242, 247, 251–253, 290, 316, 331, 344–345, 353–355, 493, 496–497.
coloniality, colonization, decolonization, postcolonialism
coloniality
97, 105–110, 112–115, 229, 234, 237
colonization
14–15, 49, 58, 64, 69–70, 108, 253, 374, 379
communism
57, 99, 231–232, 394, 429, 431n3, 563
conflict
37, 54, 82, 96, 98, 100, 105, 107, 115, 171–173, 212, 219–220, 224, 292, 323, 338, 340, 343, 346, 353, 355–358, 415, 426, 454–455, 464–465, 479–483, 495, 497, 499, 502–505, 510, 517, 532, 538, 540, 543, 564, 568
core
10, 39–42, 47–48, 55–56, 58, 60, 64–65, 110, 188, 208, 210, 213, 220–221, 233, 237–239, 241, 29, 307, 311–314, 316–319, 322, 326, 33–331, 332, 354, 354n14, 356, 371, 380, 399, 422–423, 428–430, 449n5, 480–482, 495, 500, 510, 513.
center-periphery system
corporations
23, 138, 251, 263, 266, 295–299, 305, 308–309, 312–320, 330–331, 354, 365, 373, 380, 479, 485n6, 489, 498, 500, 511, 518, 526, 528, 547, 555, 560
cosmopolitanism
78, 138, 444, 465
Costa Rica
151n3, 157, 162
COVID-19 pandemic
23, 88–89, 119, 217, 364, 383, 397, 449n5, 453, 462–463, 469, 472, 517, 523, 528, 531, 536, 538–539, 548, 555, 560
crisis
debt
152, 157
economic/capitalist
1, 26, 46, 56, 96, 99, 111–112, 152, 163, 210, 284–285, 332, 364, 366, 368–369, 374, 376–377, 383, 429, 431, 438, 520, 524–525, 547–548, 550–552, 557, 568
ecological
217, 479–481, 483, 487–489, 495, 498.
carbon dioxide (CO2), climate change, greenhouse gas (emissions)
financial
82, 85, 217, 305, 416, 419, 424, 438, 502–503, 517–518, 520, 522, 526, 528
food
2.
food (in)security
identity
193
political
99, 153, 217, 425, 428, 548
poly-
208, 512–513, 517, 533
culture
10, 98, 99, 110, 119, 129–134, 137, 156, 163, 188–190, 192, 220, 223, 229–231, 236, 243, 246, 248, 252, 260, 262, 264, 270–271, 287, 293, 421, 433, 500
Czech Republic
259n4, 449, 452, 457, 460, 461n14, 468–469
De Gouges, Olympe
14
debt
71, 152, 157–158, 255, 427–428, 490, 526, 557–558.
crisis (debt)
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Civil Rights
14
decolonization
38, 55–56, 60, 109n14, 113, 253.
postcolonialism
democracy
14, 38, 57, 112–113, 115, 120, 128, 135, 152–153, 161, 167, 202, 232–234, 292, 296, 354, 416, 419, 422–430, 473–474, 553, 555, 559, 561–566
Denmark
259n4, 449, 452, 468–469
dependency theory
3–4, 13, 25, 40–41, 48–49, 140, 153, 160, 193, 238–239, 314, 354
deprivation
131, 198, 200, 221–222, 389
development
3, 12–16, 25, 35, 39, 41–42, 46, 49–51, 54–58, 64, 71–72, 82, 85, 90–91, 101, 112, 132, 137, 141, 150, 160, 170, 219, 229–248, 263, 298, 306–308, 310, 313–316, 322, 331, 338–358, 364–368, 389, 406, 437, 488, 490n10, 494–496, 510–520, 523–526, 529, 534, 536, 539, 541, 569
developmentalism
229–248
dialectical relationship
100, 114, 209–210, 214, 238, 346–347, 354, 366–367, 382, 484–485, 504
dictatorship
111, 114, 152–153, 165n14, 208, 419, 427, 551–553, 568
“Diggers and Levellers” (the egalitarians)
14
digitalization
62, 318, 344n5, 383, 536,
artificial intelligence (AI)
dignity
4, 8, 11, 24–25, 131, 199–201, 282–300, 393
discrimination
5, 8, 39, 139, 173, 204, 222, 259–260, 487n8
distantiation
8, 161, 167–169, 172
distinction
38, 119–141, 161–162, 188–190, 192, 200, 254, 397, 400, 421, 432, 449–450, 500
diversity
6–7, 15, 36, 63, 230, 234–235, 247–248, 250, 252–253, 260, 270–271, 445, 454–467, 473.
biodiversity, sexual diversity
dividing lines
11, 25, 35, 125, 131–132, 137, 140–141, 187–205, 390, 393
dominant class
112, 127, 447n2.
bourgeoisie, elites, ruling class, upper class(es)
domination
4, 9–11, 13, 24–25, 49, 53, 58, 69, 71–72, 98, 105–106, 109–113, 130–131, 141–142, 187–188, 190, 192, 202–204, 238, 290, 373, 378, 395, 448, 480–482, 485n6, 496–497, 502.
dominant class, exploitation
ecology
21–22, 26, 107, 115, 140–141, 208, 217, 240, 242–244, 246–247, 306, 310, 324, 328–331, 338, 342, 346, 353–358, 384, 454, 479–505, 516, 536, 543.
inequality (socio-ecological), sustainability
eco-Marxism
480–484, 495–496, 503–505.
Marxism, neo-Marxism
economy
colonial
52, 353.
colonialism
global
1, 13, 25, 48, 53–54, 56–57, 71–72, 87, 89, 107, 114, 140, 316, 320, 326, 343, 364, 408, 420, 434, 492–493, 495, 525
informal
339, 349, 364, 373, 379, 381.
informality
(international) political
3, 56, 96, 193, 286, 323, 344, 396, 418, 480n1, 481–483 496n15, 500–501, 503–504, 561, 569
local
62, 230, 246, 353, 488
market
15, 57, 84, 100n3, 119, 282, 514–515, 519, 531, 540
national
96, 106, 217, 487, 490, 497
(neo)liberal
101, 105, 402, 424–425, 563, 567.
liberalism, neoliberalism, neoliberal capitalism, transformation (neoliberal)
real
100, 103, 434, 515, 526
Ecuador
352, 569
education
5–6, 8–9, 20–21, 23, 37, 39–40, 43, 56–57, 60, 69, 127–128, 136, 138–139, 151, 156–174, 189–190, 198–199, 201, 219, 222, 243–244, 246–247, 250–272, 283n8, 294, 298, 399–401, 404, 407, 409, 425, 448–449, 554–555, 558–560, 567.
higher education, inequality (educational)
efficiency
24, 258, 314, 324, 340, 402, 408, 515–516, 536–537, 540
Egypt
551, 553
Elephant curve
82–84.
Milanović
elites
38–39, 75, 127–128, 131, 133–134, 138, 140, 173, 190, 235, 250, 254–259, 264–265, 268, 271, 282–300, 380, 416, 419, 422, 426, 429, 437–438, 498, 551, 554, 560, 563.
bourgeoisie, dominant class, established class, ruling class, upper class(es)
emancipation
96, 290, 376–377, 379, 382, 448, 564.
Black Lives Matter, feminism
employment
14, 20, 77, 83, 119, 125, 151–153, 156–161, 164, 192, 198, 201, 210, 218–219, 266–267, 311, 321, 338–358, 364–384, 392, 402, 405–406, 408, 427–428, 548–549, 551.
labor
environment
6, 107n11, 141, 231, 244, 246, 305–307, 310–313, 320, 324–323, 351, 353, 355, 358, 389, 405, 479–505, 528n31, 540, 549, 555–556, 569.
climate change, crisis (ecological), ecology, sustainability
estates
36–37, 191, 268, 419
Estonia
259n4, 449, 452, 460, 468, 469
established class
166, 392–394.
bourgeoisie, class, dominant class, ruling class, upper class(es)
ethnicity
5, 20–21, 24, 36–38, 449, 487n8, 568.
‘race’, racism
eurocentric
47, 49, 108–111, 113–114, 230–231, 242, 246–247, 252, 383, 416
Europe
3, 7, 12–18, 21n7, 22n, 26, 38–39, 44–53, 56–62, 64, 81–84, 97, 99, 108–111, 159, 172, 203, 230, 232–235, 237–239, 247–248, 250–253, 260, 263, 283–287, 312–313, 319–321, 341, 417–418, 427–428, 430–431, 438, 444–475, 488, 491–494, 516, 523, 525–526, 533, 540–543, 547, 552, 561, 564
exclusion
8, 26, 35, 37, 39, 43, 187, 192, 194–195, 202, 205, 223, 262, 285, 288, 324, 346, 366, 390, 426
exploitation
8, 15, 24, 71–72, 101, 110–112, 123–124, 126, 141, 171, 194, 202, 231, 238–239, 306, 320–321, 323, 339n3, 346, 356–358, 382, 382n18, 395, 482n4, 498–499, 504.
domination, super-exploitation
farmers
168, 191, 309, 311–312, 323, 327–328, 331, 343, 345, 349, 351–355, 358, 382–383, 431, 451, 453, 488, 554, 556.
agriculture
far-right politics/movements
26, 210, 282n3, 287, 415–439, 560–562, 568
fascism
99, 210, 417–420, 423, 425, 428, 438.
nazi regime
fear
62, 166n15, 169, 208n1, 210n3, 216, 222, 257, 283n6, 287, 373, 377, 394, 415, 419, 423–424, 433–434, 436–438, 564–565
feminism
3, 194, 211, 223, 314, 322, 331, 357, 556.
emancipation, gender, inequality (gender), sexism, women
fighter class
389–410, 421.
class
Finland
259n4, 449, 42, 460, 468–469
food (in)security
2, 6, 16, 22, 191, 242–247, 309, 312, 321, 327–328, 341, 352–353, 358, 485, 518, 534, 551.
crisis (food)
foreign direct investments (FDIs)
517–521, 527, 533–534, 536
framing/frame
3, 23, 104–108, 113–114, 141, 230, 233–234, 252, 367, 479, 498, 501n22, 557 559, 567
Fraser, Nancy
23, 101–102, 269, 346, 356–357, 429
freedom
8, 22, 36–38, 63, 71, 129n7, 135, 232, 234, 261, 263, 290, 322, 418–419, 423, 559, 563.
liberty
gender
4–5, 7, 10, 15, 19–21, 24, 36–39, 65, 111, 174n20, 193, 215, 220n9, 293, 295, 311, 397–398, 404, 434, 436, 449, 454, 487n8, 559, 568–569.
emancipation, feminism, inequality (gender), women
Germany
7, 10, 19, 25–26, 36, 44–46, 131–132, 137, 172, 187–188, 192–205, 209, 214, 218–219, 224, 233, 255n2, 257, 259n4, 265, 267–268, 286–288, 393, 396–410, 416–419, 421–422, 425–427, 433–437, 447, 449, 452, 460, 464, 468–469, 473n19, 475, 490, 496–497, 542–543
Gini coefficient/index
73, 75–77, 79–81, 86.
inequality (measures of)
global history
42, 49, 58, 64, 69, 91, 253, 366
Global North
5, 7, 20, 22–24, 42, 60–61, 72, 83, 119, 139–140, 142, 172, 174, 208n1, 210, 222, 305–332, 354, 364, 366, 379, 389, 392, 407, 415, 425–426, 428, 431, 438, 483, 489, 493, 495–496, 498, 502, 510, 513–514, 516–518, 522, 524–525, 530, 534, 537, 539–540, 543
Global South
9, 20–21, 23–24, 42, 60, 62–63, 65, 72, 82, 87, 137–142, 190, 193–194, 197, 210, 222, 309–312, 315–316, 319–332, 338–358, 364, 389, 392, 438, 483, 488, 495–498, 502, 513–514, 517, 521–522, 524, 534–535, 537, 539–540, 548
global value chains (GVCs)
305–332, 489, 547
globalization
2–3, 8, 15, 25–26, 49, 56, 71, 82–83, 96–115, 138, 190, 216, 282, 286, 373, 389, 395, 425, 510–543
Great Convergence
47, 53–56, 58, 64–65, 87–88
Great Divergence
49, 49, 52–54, 58, 64, 81, 85
Great Britain
45–47, 51–52, 54, 59, 348,
United Kingdom
Greece
46, 48, 84, 209–210, 217, 251
greenhouse gas (emissions)
21n6, 306, 331, 490n10.
carbon dioxide (CO2), climate change, crisis (ecological)
gross domestic product (GDP)
36, 43–47, 50, 52, 54–57, 64–65, 74, 87–89, 340, 364, 492, 519, 527, 533–534, 541–543
growth rate(s)
18, 44, 46, 58, 70, 82, 84–85, 87, 89, 91, 153, 528
Guatemala
321
habitus
9, 128–131, 135n11, 136–137, 139–140, 170, 172–173, 188–190, 192, 195–198, 200, 234, 237, 255, 283, 291, 295–296, 299–300, 373, 379, 390–393, 396–398, 415, 444, 446.
Bourdieu, class (habitus)
health
4, 6–7, 20, 22–23, 69, 71, 107n11, 151n3, 157–158, 161, 163, 169, 208, 217, 223, 246–247, 329, 372, 372n7, 393, 486–488
hierarchies
8, 11, 13, 13n4, 15, 36–39, 62, 97, 107, 110, 113, 127–128, 131, 140, 142, 165, 173, 201, 203–204, 212, 221, 254, 258, 264, 266, 268, 270, 296, 311, 316, 320, 326, 344, 357, 371n6, 453, 482n4, 484, 504, 522.
domination
higher education
8, 20, 40, 162, 250–254, 256–258, 260–271, 555, 558, 560.
education, inequality (educational)
homosexuality
63, 467, 473.
sexual identity
Honduras
550, 554–556, 565–568
Hong Kong
58, 542, 550, 563–566, 570
housing
6, 22, 75, 166, 166n15, 486, 499n20, 559
high-income groups and countries
17, 20, 23, 55–56, 84, 87–89, 259, 310, 324, 329, 492, 494, 539
Hungary
84, 259n4, 449, 452, 460, 461n14, 468–469
identity
5–6, 8, 22, 63, 108, 159, 171, 193–194, 214, 218, 221, 223–224, 235, 243, 284, 420, 426, 429–431, 433, 435–436, 503, 556, 559, 565–567.
crisis (identity), sexual identity
ideology
11, 51, 96, 192, 202, 204, 217, 235, 261–264, 270, 283n8, 296, 297n22, 423, 566
immigration
454–457, 459–462, 465, 467, 473, 559.
migration
imperialism
14–16, 52, 137, 222, 231, 366, 561
impoverishment
61–62, 119, 153, 157–159, 164, 169, 247, 288, 481
inequality
between and within countries
7, 16, 18–19, 23, 25, 35–36, 39, 42, 59–60, 62–64, 71, 78–86, 89–91, 98, 106, 111, 140, 306, 409, 488, 510
chains
305–307, 312, 326, 330–331
dimensions/forms of
5–8, 10–12, 19–21, 69, 76, 78, 80, 90, 187, 294, 307, 524
educational
20–21, 257, 267.
education, higher education
economic
3, 7, 14–16, 19–22, 25, 69, 112, 114, 142, 188, 307, 396, 481, 488, 558.
economy
environmental
305–306, 311, 330, 502.
environment
extreme
18–19, 73, 77, 115, 313
gender
19, 449.
gender, women
global
1–27, 36, 58–61, 69–91, 139–140, 211, 218, 270, 293, 305–306, 310, 320, 327, 330–331, 358, 485n6, 489, 489n9, 502, 548
history of
4, 11, 13, 59, 76, 85, 132, 239, 320
income
16–19, 23, 69–70, 72–73, 76, 78, 84–85, 89–90, 170, 406, 460n13
international
2, 59–60, 69, 71, 78, 97–98, 188, 327, 409, 510, 528
intersectional
5, 24, 62, 541
measures of
70, 80, 86–87.
Gini coefficient/index, Theil-L index, Top10/Bottom50 ratio
racial
109–110, 252–253, 449
(re)production of of
11, 36, 63, 188, 252, 283–284, 289, 306, 324, 467, 493
regional
35–36, 59
research
6, 8, 10, 213, 218, 483, 503–504, 306
social
1–2, 4–6, 8, 24–26, 35, 61, 100, 105, 114, 119–120, 126, 130, 153, 174n20, 187–188, 203, 211, 214, 223, 250, 253–254, 260, 268–269, 271, 288, 293, 306–307, 309, 312, 356, 366, 380, 383, 415–417, 480–487, 500, 502, 504, 568
socio-ecological
21–22, 26, 100, 107, 483–485, 487, 490n10, 492, 494–495, 497–498, 502–505
structural
5, 11–12, 42, 289, 293, 298–299, 322
wage
312
wealth
12, 18–19, 39, 389, 416, 422, 424, 430, 438, 554, 554
working conditions
7, 331.
labor
urban
193.
housing, segregation
independence
9, 15, 38, 41, 43, 56, 72, 82, 198, 239, 265, 337, 379.
decolonization
India
7, 10, 15–19, 43–46, 48, 51–52, 55, 57–58, 61, 71, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 137, 172, 208n1, 251, 288n11, 311, 316, 324, 393, 415–417, 422, 425–426, 431, 434–439, 490–491, 522, 529, 534
indigenous people/communities
2, 38–39, 240, 426, 487, 487n8, 554–556, 568–596
indignity
201, 283n6, 283n7, 287–292, 298–300, 338–339, 348, 352, 358
individualization
120, 132–133, 135, 141, 202, 419, 447
(industrial) reserve army
197, 341, 548
industrialization
39, 151, 214, 234, 258, 339–345, 351, 358, 368, 490n10, 494, 531
informality
158, 350, 364–367, 370–383, 406.
economy (informal), labor (informal and unpaid)
innovation
3, 48, 50, 53, 97, 208n1, 216, 237, 240, 242, 314, 402, 510–511, 514, 516, 518, 521, 527, 529, 532, 536–537, 540
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
43, 190, 234, 427, 552
intersectionality
5, 36, 219n9, 487n8, 505, 559–560, 568.
inequality (intersectional)
Ireland
259n4, 313, 449, 452, 460, 468
Japan
7, 44–47, 58, 83, 319, 514n12
justice
2, 8, 69, 71–72, 91, 211n4, 223, 253, 297, 313, 358, 374, 384, 485n6, 495, 495n13, 548, 550, 552, 559–560, 567, 569
Kenya
325, 327–328
Keynes, John Maynard
23, 99n1, 516, 521
knowledge
2, 4, 8, 52, 56, 84, 91, 103, 106, 110, 112–115, 132, 136, 197, 199, 201, 204, 219–220, 229–231, 233, 252–254, 260–266, 268, 284, 307, 314, 373, 373n8, 404, 448, 480
labor
capital and labor
81, 100, 121, 189, 233, 284, 298, 306, 312, 322, 324, 331, 339n3, 343, 348, 356, 378, 379, 428, 499
contract
39
control over
111, 354
(global) division of
13, 26, 36, 40–42, 49, 64, 97, 110–112, 131–132, 136, 141–142, 170, 192, 211, 223, 233, 235, 238–239, 269, 290, 305, 307, 311, 316, 323, 340, 344–345, 354, 380, 482n4, 487n8, 489, 504
enslaved and forced
12, 290, 320, 321, 331, 338.
slavery
flexibilisation of
153, 371n6
forms of
13n4, 38, 83, 102, 106, 109, 111, 114, 124, 290, 309
force and power
49, 109, 121, 121n2, 124, 126, 161, 298, 309, 323–324, 381, 394, 482n4, 555.
domination, exploitation
income
19, 77, 310
informal and unpaid
26, 194, 238, 289, 310–311, 319, 321–323, 331, 332, 347, 353–354, 364, 371 379, 382, 406, 488.
economy (informal), informality
intensive labor
56–57, 307, 342–343, 354
market(s)
5, 8, 11, 25–26, 62, 125, 158, 162, 169, 256, 259, 265–268, 271, 285, 296, 339, 353, 355, 364, 368, 376–377, 379, 381, 383, 395, 402, 406–410, 487n8
movements and struggles
39, 316, 323, 379, 550–553, 557, 559–560, 568
price of
75, 378
process
123, 305, 500, 502, 504
reforms and regulations
297, 366, 395, 406, 409, 552, 559
relations
61, 81, 282, 286, 344, 348, 348n9, 352–353, 357
reproductive labor
124, 194, 380n17
skilled labor
65, 341
wage labor(er)
12, 13n4, 121–122, 124–125, 129, 139–14, 194, 200–201, 320, 340–341, 345, 348n9, 349, 356, 371, 379, 419, 498, 500, 504.
working class(es)
language
120n1, 139, 189, 193, 211, 265, 433
Laos
10, 137, 172, 393–394
Latin America
3, 7, 17, 21n7, 25, 38, 44–45, 83, 97, 105–106, 108–115, 150–157, 159, 162–165, 167–169, 171–174, 193, 239, 241, 311, 329, 342, 344–345, 348n9, 352, 354–355, 364, 366, 380, 550, 554, 568
less developed countries
83, 329, 354, 488, 490–91n10, 522
liberal democracies
56, 234, 423–424, 426, 563
liberalism
14, 99n1, 217, 239, 423
liberty
6, 37, 263, 428, 554.
freedom
life chances
4, 6, 9, 299, 437
life expectancy
6–7, 460n13
lifestyle
12, 129–139, 141–142, 164–165, 167n16, 169, 190, 195, 201, 220–221, 233, 283, 294–295, 309, 407, 447, 457, 492, 495, 502–504
livelihoods
8, 233, 349, 376, 486, 488, 554–555
lower class(es)
36, 39, 61, 114, 121, 133, 156, 160–162, 168, 173, 189–190, 192, 352, 444, 451, 456–457, 460–461, 532
lower-income groups and countries
35, 75, 84, 87–88, 90, 161, 260, 324, 345, 488, 494
marginalization
20, 62, 112, 174, 187, 190, 193–205, 238, 240–241, 247, 269, 339, 351, 393–395, 487, 552, 554, 559, 568, 570
Marx, Karl
10, 12, 12n3, 13n4, 35 109n13, 119–126, 128–129, 170, 188, 192, 194, 197, 339–341, 354n14, 356, 358, 390, 446, 480
Marxism
113, 120, 153, 284, 479–481, 483–484.
eco-Marxism, neo-Marxism
meritocracy
11, 190, 202, 204, 252–253, 255–256, 268, 285n9, 289, 294–300, 391, 395–396, 426
Mexico
19, 153n3, 157, 157n8, 529
middle ages
254–255, 258–259, 261–262, 264, 268, 270, 419
middle class
7, 25, 60–63, 65, 83, 121–123, 125, 127, 131, 135–138, 140, 150–174, 189–190, 196, 200, 209, 219–224, 264, 288, 293, 295, 296, 299, 394, 407, 415, 418–423, 425–426, 433–435, 437–438, 444, 456–460, 475, 510, 522–525, 530–532, 539–540, 543, 548–549, 554, 557–561, 563–565, 570.
class, established class, fighter class, petty bourgeoisie
Middle East
18, 45, 84, 251, 517n17, 525, 526n26, 536, 547, 550
migration
4–5, 40, 43, 60–63, 65, 138–140, 158, 169, 193, 198, 213, 445, 449, 457, 460–462, 464–467, 523, 531.
immigration
Milanović, Branko
5, 12, 16, 18, 59–65, 73–86, 89–91, 138, 140.
Elephant curve
Milei, Javier
383, 427–428, 431, 434, 437–438
milieu
131–132, 137–138, 141, 382, 444, 447, 450, 482, 504, 548
modernity
capitalist
109–110, 232, 239, 432
late
122, 133, 141, 208n1, 209, 216–221, 224, 432
trans-
230–231, 234, 241–243, 245–248
Western
108, 170, 239, 234–236, 238
modernization
3, 13n4, 49, 62, 110n15, 153, 190, 193, 208n1, 339, 341, 354, 358, 365, 474
money
24, 61, 75, 100–102, 200, 245, 321, 356, 364, 372n7, 375, 375n14, 390, 399–402, 408–409, 424, 566
morality
70–71, 113, 173, 191–192, 199, 203–204, 220, 223, 282, 286, 290–291, 293, 297–298, 490
Morocco
2, 321, 551
nationalism
107, 115, 210, 287, 434, 435, 435n5, 569
methodological
42, 138
Hindu
57, 426, 435n5, 436
nation state
1, 3, 5, 9–11, 19–20, 56, 71, 98, 108n12, 109, 114, 119, 121, 136, 139–140, 190, 197, 234, 252, 416, 426, 432–433, 435, 498, 491
natural disasters
107, 213, 326
nazi regime
255, 418–419, 433.
far-right politics/movements, fascism
need-based sector
338, 340, 346–347, 349–358
neoliberalism
56, 111–112, 114, 119–120, 135, 142, 216, 230, 241, 263, 289, 366, 390, 395, 408–410, 425, 547, 564.
economy ((neo)liberal), transformation (neoliberal)
neoliberal capitalism
26, 102, 125, 394, 547–550, 556, 568–569.
economy ((neo)liberal), transformation (neoliberal)
neo-Marxism
123, 314, 381.
Marxism
Netherlands
7, 259n4, 313, 449, 452, 468, 488, 527, 542
North America
17, 21n7, 22n, 61, 81, 87–88, 159, 193, 234, 285, 319, 491, 493–494, 525, 547
Norway
7, 73, 259n4, 449, 452, 468
occupation
6–7, 125, 127, 141, 156, 160, 162–164, 168–170, 193, 240, 254, 265, 307, 393, 426, 439, 448–449, 452, 498.
labor
occupational groups/classes
26, 155–156, 164, 168, 445, 448–454, 456–457, 460–461, 464, 470, 472–473.
class, labor
Occupy Wall Street
550, 557–558, 568
outsourcing
40, 56, 62, 140, 307, 310–312, 316–317, 324–326, 328–330, 355, 371–372, 378, 380, 380n17, 395, 494
Oxfam
309, 389, 485n6, 492, 563
participation
5, 8, 35, 37, 39–40, 61, 170, 243, 269, 311, 326, 356, 393, 449n6, 475n20, 548, 550–554, 557, 560, 562–563, 565–568, 570
periphery
9, 12, 25, 40–42, 48, 58, 60, 108, 136, 174, 204, 236, 238–239, 248, 321–323, 331, 365, 373–374.
center-periphery system, core
petty bourgeoisie
123, 152, 155, 471.
bourgeoisie, class, middle class, fighter class
Piketty, Thomas
24, 60, 73–74, 76–82, 84–87, 90, 119, 416, 422, 424, 428, 491, 497
Poland
259n4, 449, 449n5, 452, 457–458, 460, 461n14, 468–469
Polanyi, Karl
13, 25, 96–105, 110, 110n15, 112–115, 119, 238
polarization
3, 64, 119, 122, 164, 209, 216, 221, 425–426, 444, 463–465, 467, 472, 481
political
attitudes
444–448, 450, 454, 456–457, 460–463, 466, 470, 473–475
ecology
480n1, 481, 484, 487, 495n13, 496n15, 505.
ecology
economy
96, 193, 286, 323, 344, 396, 418, 482, 482n4, 483, 500–501, 503–504, 561, 596
mobilization
173, 550–551, 553, 568
power
42, 54, 56, 241, 251, 454, 485n6
representation
7 104, 474, 554, 347
science
154, 154n6, 164n13, 253, 447
Portugal
259n4, 321, 449, 452, 458, 460, 468
postcolonialism
4, 9, 38–39, 56, 109n14, 253, 349–350.
decolonization
poverty
2, 10, 15, 23, 61, 71, 75, 77, 87, 153, 155, 157–159, 161, 163, 169, 171, 191–192, 195, 197–198, 229, 232, 241–242, 260, 320, 322–323, 331, 344, 350–351, 380, 393, 404, 496, 526, 536, 563, 566
precapitalist
11, 13–14, 132
precariat
285, 339, 379, 422, 558
precarity/precariousness
158–159, 163, 174, 197, 221, 282n3, 283n6, 283n7, 285–289, 377, 379, 415, 548–549, 552
precarization
62, 119, 125, 150, 153, 157, 157n7, 159, 164, 169, 223, 282, 377n16, 379, 395, 402
prestige
6, 35, 126n5, 190, 261, 266
privatization
61–62, 152, 165n14, 166–167, 402, 405, 516, 518, 547
privilege
5, 20, 24–26, 37, 51, 157, 159, 163, 172–173, 189–190, 192, 197, 199–200, 204, 222–223, 250–251, 254, 257–259, 262, 266–267, 271, 286–289, 296–297, 300, 367, 371, 394, 404, 426, 436, 439, 474, 485n6, 549, 554–557, 565, 568.
domination, hierarchies
production
chains
71, 307, 316, 318, 324, 326, 328, 330.
global value chains (GVCs)
global
16, 140, 309–310, 314, 321, 331, 494, 547–548
industrial
40, 46–47, 50–51, 57, 60–61, 342, 368–369, 374, 379, 381, 485, 489, 491, 493–494, 496, 500, 504
international
26, 305, 373, 501
knowledge
56, 110, 253, 307.
higher education, knowledge
means of
11, 121–123, 128, 188, 341, 348n9, 350, 352, 382, 482n4, 485n7, 500, 549
(capitalist) mode of
12, 12n3, 13n4, 15, 24, 109, 123, 137–138, 202, 286, 323, 339–340, 345, 347, 355, 365, 374, 379, 380n17, 381–382, 500–502, 550.
capitalism
networks
305, 314, 317, 331, 367, 370, 378, 380–381, 383
non- and pre-capitalist
78, 151n3, 349–350, 366, 382
process
36, 121, 194, 305, 321, 328–329, 354, 446, 494, 499–500, 502
relations/varieties
13n4, 110, 112, 121–122, 132, 345, 347, 353, 375, 377, 382, 482, 485n7, 487n8, 500–501, 503–505
sites
305, 311, 322, 372, 486, 541, 550
sphere
10, 52, 57, 203, 312, 358, 364, 376, 427, 479, 499
subsistence
76, 194
surplus
48, 126
workers
451–454, 456–457, 460, 464, 470–474
productivity
15, 24, 52, 232, 241, 247, 322, 340, 365, 487–488, 502, 504, 548, 556
proletariat
121–122, 124 170, 188, 257–258, 480.
production (workers), working class(es)
proletarianization
12, 50, 339–346, 351, 357–358, 481
property
9, 14–15, 35–37, 39, 69, 79, 126, 130–131, 258, 271, 316, 318–319, 329, 341, 446, 449, 450n9, 483, 486, 556
protectionism
51–53, 57, 343, 405–406, 516, 525, 532, 537
protest
20, 37, 269, 338, 338n1, 431, 547, 550–555, 557–570
psychoanalysis
209, 211–213, 292n13, 432
public sector
252, 374, 426, 549
public services
61, 152, 157, 169, 338, 402, 405, 547, 556
qualitative research
54, 65, 163, 166, 211, 213, 283n8, 296n22, 365, 369–371, 396, 486
Quijano, Aníbal
25, 96–98, 102, 104–105, 108–115, 339, 347
‘race’
5, 37–38, 63, 71, 109–111, 193, 215, 229, 236, 290, 295, 297, 559, 565, 567–568, 570
racism
39, 111n17, 173, 174n20, 190, 193, 222, 247, 282–283, 286–290, 292–300, 487n8, 560
Reagan, Ronald
83, 424, 438
Reckwitz, Andreas
125, 137, 209, 216–224, 416, 420, 424, 433
reclassifications
97–98, 101, 104–105, 107, 110–114, 395.
classifications
recognition
126n5, 129–130, 139, 167n16, 189, 201–204, 251–252, 259, 282, 286, 393, 415, 421, 426–427, 429–430, 484, 518, 535
redistribution
39, 61, 70–72, 78, 82, 84, 86–87, 100–101, 114, 429–430, 438, 445, 454–459, 461–462, 464–467, 473–474, 524, 554, 559–561, 568–569
reforms
24, 57, 153, 165n14, 269, 297–298, 396, 401–406, 408–409, 438, 485, 498, 549, 555, 565–566
regression
444, 454, 460–461, 463, 472–474, 485n6
Rehbein, Boike
1, 8, 10–15, 26, 97, 100, 131–132, 137, 140, 171–173, 188, 19, 193, 195, 203, 389–394, 396, 421, 522
religion
5, 21, 101, 223–224, 257, 263, 287, 416, 419, 426, 436, 449
reproduction
social
101–102, 124, 126–127, 132, 136, 161n11, 191, 194, 217, 267, 323, 331, 345–346, 349, 352, 356–357, 398, 390, 395–396, 487
means of
126, 244
of class (relations)
119–121, 129, 134, 137, 141, 188, 196, 203
of inequality
26, 120, 136, 188, 197, 203, 283, 288–289, 447.
inequality
of labor power
124, 320, 322, 350, 357, 375–376, 499 499n20
resistance
25, 109, 142, 229–230, 269, 382, 431
respectability
131, 140, 187–188, 191–193, 195, 197–200, 203–204, 220
revolution
of 1848
38
bourgeois
15, 38, 83, 289
French
14, 37
‘green’
343, 355
Haitian
14, 38
industrial
15, 37, 51, 58, 395
Orange/Maidan
561
neolithic
48
socialist
82, 84, 99, 205
rights
5–6, 8, 14, 38–39, 71, 119, 139, 192, 233, 241, 243, 258, 286, 295, 298, 316, 318, 321, 367, 371, 383, 405–406, 428, 438, 465, 522, 555–557, 559, 564–565
ruling class
127, 129–130, 138, 171, 187, 199, 202, 256, 262–263, 288, 556, 569.
bourgeoisie, dominant class, elites, upper class(es)
rural
40, 61, 161n11, 220n9, 240–241, 341, 343–345, 352–353, 404, 419, 427, 435n5, 488, 531, 555
Russia
21n7, 45–46, 58, 84, 89, 342, 449n6, 517, 522, 535, 561, 569
Savage, Mike
6, 119–120, 133, 168, 421, 449
segregation
164–167, 389.
inequality (urban)
self-employment
121, 152–153, 156, 158, 164, 168, 196, 300, 339, 344–345, 348–351, 365–367, 371–375, 377, 451–460, 464, 474
sexual abuse
195–196, 419
sexual diversity
63, 445, 454–457, 459–462, 464–467, 473
sexual identity
5.
homosexuality
sexism
222, 292, 487n8.
feminism
slavery
12–15, 38, 109, 240, 289–291, 293.
labor (enslaved and forced)
Slovakia
449, 452, 460, 468–469
Slovenia
259n4, 449, 452, 468
small business(es)
339, 348, 355, 451–453, 456–457, 461, 470
social
boundaries/borders
35–36, 39–41, 59–60, 62, 396.
bordering, dividing lines
change
37, 39, 61, 150–151, 169–171, 196, 204, 216, 269, 284, 384, 482–483, 504, 522, 530, 539–540, 552.
transformation
conflict
171, 482, 503.
conflict
context
9, 409
configuration
106, 112, 168, 424
condition
141, 174n20, 212, 269, 501n22
cohesion
167, 169, 174, 481
decline
35, 52, 62, 159, 169, 198
mobility
1, 10–11, 15, 130, 161n11, 164, 170–171, 211, 258, 376, 390–391, 404, 406–410
movements
37, 39, 108, 112, 258, 284, 383, 497, 547–551, 553–558, 560–562, 565–570
origin
161n11, 283, 283n8, 291, 294, 296
security
39, 61, 74, 139, 153, 157–158, 160, 169, 344, 366n3, 371, 377n16
space
9, 121, 126–127, 129, 131, 133–141, 164, 166, 203, 224, 444–448, 450–451, 456–457, 461–462, 464, 470, 472, 474.
Bourdieu
status
5, 35, 60, 137, 266, 270, 376n15, 408, 420–422, 427, 454
structure
1, 9, 120, 123–127, 129, 131, 135–136, 153–155, 162, 168–170, 173–174, 174n20, 188, 218, 219n9, 233, 250, 344–345, 369, 390, 394, 416–419, 421–422, 447, 486, 513n11, 521, 539
struggle
2–3, 14, 204.
class (struggle), labor (movements and struggles), struggles
socialism
8, 56, 60, 82, 84, 96, 284, 419, 480.
revolution (socialist)
socialization
128, 130, 172, 200, 261–262, 499, 501n22
socioculture
11, 470
socio-spatial autonomy
9, 128, 137, 139–142, 166, 445, 450
sociology
1, 4, 10, 25, 98, 107, 120, 172, 193, 211–212, 253, 292, 480, 495
solidarity
24, 167n16, 203, 215, 245, 287–288, 382
South Africa
18, 20n5, 55, 58, 73, 342
South Korea
58, 319, 514n12
Souza, Jessé
9–11, 13–15, 25, 131–132, 137, 140, 171–173, 188, 193, 195, 203, 285, 288, 291–293, 299, 389–390, 392–396, 522
Soviet Union (USSR)
15, 44, 46, 82–84, 96, 428–429, 521
standard of living
158, 169, 232, 552
stratification
1, 36, 38, 127, 151, 153, 156, 218, 224, 396, 449, 451–453, 456, 459, 462–463, 466, 468–469, 472
struggles
1–3, 14, 23, 25–26, 39, 72, 82, 111, 200, 202, 204, 224, 242, 248, 264, 354–358, 404, 408, 420, 431, 446, 450, 470, 480, 498, 553–554, 556, 558, 560, 567.
class (struggle), labor (movements and struggles), social struggles
subaltern
14, 53, 112, 197, 242, 297, 427
subsistence
12, 15, 43, 50, 76, 238, 291, 315, 322–323, 341, 345, 347–349, 354–357, 375–376, 379, 488, 549
super-exploitation
121n2, 139–140, 323.
exploitation
super-rich
61, 119, 128, 131n9, 497
surplus population(s)
121n2, 125, 338, 340–341, 343, 345–346, 350, 355, 357
surplus value
121–122, 126, 140, 315, 354n14
sustainability
230, 243, 309–310, 324, 326–327, 351, 524n24, 526, 536, 540, 549.
ecology, environment
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). United Nations
Sweden
7, 17, 259n4, 449, 449n5, 452, 458, 461n14, 468–469
Switzerland
259n4, 449, 452, 458, 468–469
taxation
23, 39, 81, 406, 524, 547
technology
53, 106, 216, 233, 282n4, 312, 319, 321, 342–344, 351, 365, 488, 526n27, 536, 538, 543
technological change
40, 50, 83, 536
technological processes
3, 15, 62, 99, 283n8, 318, 324, 490n10
technological infrastructure and dependency
13, 48, 142, 284, 318, 526
Thatcher, Margaret
83, 424, 430, 438
Theil-L index
16, 78, 78n1, 79–80, 86, 89.
inequality (measures of)
Therborn, Göran
4, 8, 69, 548, 550
Third World
3, 42, 56, 60, 197, 365
Tilly, Charles
3, 5, 267
Top10/Bottom50 ratio
73, 79, 86.
inequality (measures of)
trade
agreements
5, 71
balance
52, 369, 494–495
foreign
152
free
51, 62, 405
international
4, 24, 43, 52, 71, 75, 203, 234, 309, 515, 518, 521, 526, 543
policy
15, 151
traditional
312, 324
unequal
13, 82, 240, 345
waste
326, 328–330
word/global
52, 64, 193–194, 232, 305 492n12, 493, 533.
economy (global), globalization
trade unions
61, 156, 203, 210, 223, 365, 367–368, 370–371, 371n6, 376–377, 383, 530, 550–551, 553–556, 563–566, 568–569.
labor (movements and struggles)
transformation
capitalist
11, 13–14, 96, 127, 283
market
169, 401, 408, 419, 448
neoliberal
136, 153, 395, 397, 400, 415, 417, 421–422, 426, 434, 438–439.
economy ((neo)liberal), neoliberalism, neoliberal capitalism
social
1, 97, 150, 155, 168, 170, 216, 240, 242, 270, 390, 405, 419, 448
(socio-)economic
24, 164, 166, 218, 331, 383, 396, 420, 424, 454, 474, 559
transnational
5, 8, 11, 49, 106, 121, 136–138, 252, 305, 317–319, 323, 330–331, 368, 373–374, 380, 433, 466–467, 469, 485n6, 489, 511, 518, 526, 547, 550
trauma
25, 208, 208–218, 221–224
Truman, Harry S.
231–233, 235, 239
Trump, Donald
430, 432, 528, 528n30, 537
Tunisia
57, 551–554, 568
Ukraine
89, 517, 517n17, 532, 535–536, 561–563, 569
underclass
125, 131, 161, 192, 195–196, 221, 285, 290, 299.
class, exclusion, marginalization, precarity/precariousness, precarization
underdevelopment
3, 12, 105, 229, 232–239, 364, 366
unemployment
14, 77, 83, 125, 153, 158, 201–202, 267, 287n10, 341, 344, 402, 427, 449, 551, 553
unequal exchange
51, 64, 72, 309–310, 320, 322–323, 328, 331, 358, 381, 493, 495n13.
exploitation
United Kingdom (UK)
44, 220, 327, 424, 431, 449, 452, 468.
Great Britain
United Nations (UN)
21, 89, 232–233, 237, 353.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
United States (U.S.)
19, 38–39, 44, 47, 52, 54–55, 58, 61, 88, 91, 106, 111, 114, 231–235, 237–238, 259, 287, 308–309, 313, 318, 340, 429, 460n13, 492, 555, 557–559, 562–564, 566–567, 569–570
universalism
230–231, 233, 235, 242–243, 248
universality
114, 189, 241
upper class(es)
131, 133, 136, 156, 161n11, 168, 189–190, 199, 219, 222, 267, 427, 444–445, 457–458, 461, 472, 497n17, 532, 560–561, 565–567.
bourgeoisie, class, dominant class, elites, established class, ruling class
urbanization
40, 151, 152n3, 234.
inequality (urban), segregation
Uruguay
18, 152, 156–157, 157n8
Vester, Michael
120, 122, 127, 131–132, 135, 137, 170, 192, 392, 444, 446–448, 450–451, 461–462, 464, 472, 474
Vietnam
16, 58, 83, 321, 534
Vietnam War
2, 208
violence
4, 14, 192, 198, 210, 218, 253, 262, 270, 299, 341, 436, 559
vulnerability
61, 159, 160n10, 169, 174, 282, 291, 485–487, 487n8, 497, 502, 504, 538
wages
13n4, 40–41, 50, 65, 71, 152, 160, 162, 194, 305–307, 309–310, 315–316, 320–323, 326, 331, 341–342, 348n9, 354, 356, 365, 368, 399, 399, 402–403, 424, 489, 547–548, 550, 558
Wallerstein, Immanuel
3, 9, 12, 39, 47–49, 53, 71, 109–110, 111n17, 314–315, 345, 358, 364n1, 365, 374, 376, 379
Washington Consensus
152, 405, 512n9, 518, 566, 568
wealth
5–6, 10, 12, 15, 18–19, 21, 23, 37, 39, 58, 69, 72, 119, 128, 158, 187, 237, 313, 389, 393–394, 408, 416, 421–422, 424–425, 428–430, 438, 449, 487, 490n10, 497, 549, 554–555, 563, 569
welfare
36, 39, 60–61, 82, 99, 142, 192, 202, 284, 351, 393, 405, 438, 536, 547, 554
welfare state
9, 56, 61, 83, 96, 107, 111–112, 165n13, 271, 284–286, 379, 401, 409, 423–424, 428
well-being
4n1, 223, 229–232, 240–248, 433
women
2, 7, 14, 19–20, 21n6, 37–39, 111, 124, 161, 194, 197, 256, 293, 295, 295n20, 311, 322, 331, 348n9, 366, 373, 419, 454, 487n8, 558, 559.
emancipation, gender, feminism, inequality (gender), sexism
working class(es)
7, 26, 61, 69, 81–83, 122–125, 131, 210, 217, 220–224, 267, 282, 284–285, 287–288, 300, 354, 378, 389–390, 393–397, 401–402, 406–407, 409–410, 419, 421, 428, 430, 431n3, 437, 445, 454, 460–461, 479, 482n4, 487n8, 497–499, 548–563, 565–570.
class, lower class(es), production (workers), proletariat
working conditions
6–7, 20, 39–40, 62, 170, 282, 286, 306, 310, 316, 321, 356, 367–368, 399, 408, 487, 487n8, 558, 566
World Bank
2, 15–16, 23, 89, 154n5, 190, 234, 305, 307, 324, 330, 348, 351, 438, 512n9, 534
World Income Inequality Database (WIID)
73–74, 77, 83–84, 85n2, 88–89
World Inequality Database (WID)
17–18, 73–74, 77, 80, 82, 86
World Inequality Report
17–18, 491
world-system
40, 47–49, 53, 64, 232–233, 236–239, 248, 344, 381
world-system theory
47–49, 314, 316.
Wallerstein
World War I
54
World War II
25, 46, 58, 61, 82, 127, 229, 231–237, 239, 256, 284, 418, 424, 514, 516–517, 532
Wright, Erik Olin
10, 124, 125, 170, 218, 219.
class
Zapatista Movement
24